Birth of Marine ScienceBirth of Marine Science

Cook’s ExpeditionCook’s Expedition1.1. Methodical Scientific oceanography Methodical Scientific oceanography

and Exploration were the only goals and Exploration were the only goals of these expeditionsof these expeditions

• Prior sea expeditions were focused on Prior sea expeditions were focused on new routes whose goals were new routes whose goals were financially motivatedfinancially motivated

2.2. ____________, invented in 1735, was ____________, invented in 1735, was an accurate clock that was used to an accurate clock that was used to determine longitude at seadetermine longitude at sea

• ..

3.3. He was an agent of the British Navy He was an agent of the British Navy and was ordered to locate the and was ordered to locate the southern most continent assumed to southern most continent assumed to exist. exist.

A.A. It was one of their Exploratory goalsIt was one of their Exploratory goals

B.B. Discovered and explored many islandsDiscovered and explored many islandsa)a) One of them was Australia but concluded One of them was Australia but concluded

that it was not the assumed southern that it was not the assumed southern continentcontinent

b)b) Others were New Zealand, Hawaiian islands, Others were New Zealand, Hawaiian islands, West Coast of U.S. and Canada, Bering West Coast of U.S. and Canada, Bering Strait, Antarctic circle, and many South Strait, Antarctic circle, and many South Pacific IslandPacific Island

C.C. He never found Antarctica He never found Antarctica • He had numerous attemptsHe had numerous attempts

D.D. Died in the Hawaiian islands after a Died in the Hawaiian islands after a failed attempt to find NW passage failed attempt to find NW passage connecting Pacific and Atlantic oceans connecting Pacific and Atlantic oceans above N. Americaabove N. America

US explorationUS exploration

1.1. Authorized by Congress in 1836, Authorized by Congress in 1836, expedition of five ships were to expedition of five ships were to explore the Southern oceans for explore the Southern oceans for almost 4 yearsalmost 4 years

A.A. Lt Wilkes was in charge of Lt Wilkes was in charge of _______________________, _______________________, ____________, i____________, ____________, i____________, and providing text to and providing text to document any discoveriesdocument any discoveries• Coasts of S. America, and Coasts of S. America, and

west coast of the U.S. were west coast of the U.S. were among the many lands among the many lands explored.explored.

• ________________________, ________________________, test, and illustrations were test, and illustrations were included in the final report included in the final report that documented the that documented the expedition discoveries expedition discoveries

B.B. It proved the existence of It proved the existence of ________________________

The (God) Father of Physical The (God) Father of Physical OceanographyOceanography

1.1. Matthew Maury became established Matthew Maury became established as an authority on ocean as an authority on ocean explorationexploration

A.A. Published detailed research on Published detailed research on oceanography and meteorologyoceanography and meteorology

B.B. Presented a system for recording Presented a system for recording oceanographic dataoceanographic data

C.C. Envisioned worldwide Envisioned worldwide patterns for ____________ patterns for ____________ and ____________ that and ____________ that could be used to make could be used to make sailing ____________sailing ____________

D.D. Published “Published “The Physical The Physical Geography of the SeaGeography of the Sea””• Considered to be the first Considered to be the first

text on modern physical text on modern physical oceanographyoceanography

Darwin and the H.M.S. Darwin and the H.M.S. BeagleBeagle

1.1. 5 year voyage as the H.M.S. Beagle’s 5 year voyage as the H.M.S. Beagle’s naturalist led to ultimately circling Earth naturalist led to ultimately circling Earth

2.2. voyage provided the observations he used voyage provided the observations he used to conclude to conclude ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Coral grows in shallow, upper zone seawater, Coral grows in shallow, upper zone seawater, but coral reefs extend much deeper than this but coral reefs extend much deeper than this zonezone

• They grow from the base up to remain hereThey grow from the base up to remain here

3.3. His observations, His observations, especially in the especially in the ____________________, ____________________, led to his theories on led to his theories on Natural Selection and Natural Selection and evolutionevolution

• Published “Origin of Published “Origin of Species” in 1859Species” in 1859

The Challenger I ExpeditionThe Challenger I Expedition1.1. First expedition devoted solely to First expedition devoted solely to

________________________________________________

2.2. Sir Charles Wyville Thomson and Sir Sir Charles Wyville Thomson and Sir John Murray collected physical, John Murray collected physical, geological, chemical, and biological geological, chemical, and biological oceanographic data in its 4 year oceanographic data in its 4 year missionmission

• Report took 23 years to complete and Report took 23 years to complete and 50 volumes50 volumes

Major Accomplishments:Major Accomplishments:

• Took first soundings Took first soundings deeper than 4000 m deeper than 4000 m (13,123 ft) in the (13,123 ft) in the ____________at 8200 m ____________at 8200 m (26,900 ft)(26,900 ft)– Also found the Also found the

______________________________________

• Captured biological Captured biological specimens from mid-specimens from mid-water and floor bottom water and floor bottom with a towed devicewith a towed device

• Discovered marine organisms in the Discovered marine organisms in the deepest parts of the ocean contrary deepest parts of the ocean contrary to popular belief to popular belief

• Sampled and illustrated plankton Sampled and illustrated plankton from locations not previously studiedfrom locations not previously studied

• Identified 715 new genera and 4717 Identified 715 new genera and 4717 new speciesnew species

• NASA challenger was named in it NASA challenger was named in it honorhonor

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution1.1. Spearheaded the growth and Spearheaded the growth and

expansion of marine scienceexpansion of marine science2.2. Revolutionary ships made of Revolutionary ships made of

____________ and ran with ____________ and ran with ________________________

3.3. ____________, ____________, and ____________, ____________, and ____________ made useful ____________ made useful submarines possiblesubmarines possible

4.4. Increased economic development Increased economic development and warfare motivated and warfare motivated oceanographic researchoceanographic research

3 major expeditions3 major expeditions1.1. The German The German MeteorMeteor

expeditionexpedition• Crossed the Atlantic 14 times Crossed the Atlantic 14 times

in 2 yearsin 2 years• Collected temperature, Collected temperature,

salinity, and depth salinity, and depth information that established information that established patterns for ocean water patterns for ocean water circulation, nutrient dispersal, circulation, nutrient dispersal, and plankton growth in the and plankton growth in the AtlanticAtlantic

• Used 67,400 echo-soundings Used 67,400 echo-soundings to create first detailed ocean to create first detailed ocean floor mapfloor map• Used an echo sounderUsed an echo sounder

2.2. U.S.S. AtlantisU.S.S. Atlantis• First ship specifically designed and First ship specifically designed and

built for ocean studiesbuilt for ocean studies• Design was based on the Meteor's Design was based on the Meteor's

findingsfindings• Confirmed the existence of the Mid-Confirmed the existence of the Mid-

Atlantic Ridge and mapped itAtlantic Ridge and mapped it

3.3. H.M.S. Challenger II H.M.S. Challenger II • Mission was to measure the depth of Mission was to measure the depth of

the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceanthe Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean• Used echo-sounding technology in order to Used echo-sounding technology in order to

mapmap

• Found the deepest known partFound the deepest known part