Biotic Interactions
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Transcript of Biotic Interactions
Biotic InteractionsBiotic Interactions
Remember: biotic = living things (in Remember: biotic = living things (in an ecosystem or environment)an ecosystem or environment)
Holiday homework, Holiday homework, revisitedrevisited
Community = many populationsCommunity = many populations
Community: all living things in an area
Population = all members of one species living in an area
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Ecosystem = community + abiotic factors Ecosystem = community + abiotic factors + interactions between components+ interactions between components
Naming ecosystems is usually done by Naming ecosystems is usually done by describing dominant plant types (eg. An describing dominant plant types (eg. An open grassland). Other quantifiers may open grassland). Other quantifiers may be added, such as “dense”be added, such as “dense”
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Organisms in community can be grouped Organisms in community can be grouped into producers, consumers, decomposersinto producers, consumers, decomposers
Grass: producers
Eucalypts: producers
Koalas: consumers
Snakes: consumers
Anaerobic bacteria: decomposers
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Producer: uses sunlight to build organic Producer: uses sunlight to build organic compoundscompounds
Consumer: obtain energy and nutrients Consumer: obtain energy and nutrients by eating other living (or dead) thingsby eating other living (or dead) things
Decomposers: break down organic Decomposers: break down organic matter to simple mineral nutrientsmatter to simple mineral nutrients
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Herbivores: eat plantsHerbivores: eat plants Carnivores: eat animalsCarnivores: eat animals
Omnivores: eat plants Omnivores: eat plants and animalsand animals
Detritivores: eat rotten Detritivores: eat rotten organic matterorganic matter
Consumer groups:
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Guilds are groups of organisms of Guilds are groups of organisms of different species that exploit the same different species that exploit the same food sourcefood source
Examples:Examples: Birds that eat insects from under tree Birds that eat insects from under tree
barkbark Nectar eating insectsNectar eating insects
Interactions in Interactions in ecosystemsecosystems
1.1. Between living community and Between living community and surroundingssurroundings
Eg. Inputs (oxygen, water, food) and Eg. Inputs (oxygen, water, food) and outputs (CO2, urine, faeces)outputs (CO2, urine, faeces)
This tree has been shaped by the strong coastal winds. This is an example of an interaction between a living organism and its surroundings
Thousands of fish were affected by contamination of this lake
Interactions in Interactions in communitiescommunities
May be within a species (INTRA-May be within a species (INTRA-SPECIFIC), or between different species SPECIFIC), or between different species (INTER-SPECIFIC)(INTER-SPECIFIC) CompetitionCompetition Predator-preyPredator-prey ParasitismParasitism MutualismMutualism CommensalismCommensalism
Competition Competition
A fight for resources (eg. Food, shelter A fight for resources (eg. Food, shelter etc)etc)
Inevitably, there will be a winner and a Inevitably, there will be a winner and a loser. Loser must die, leave or change loser. Loser must die, leave or change the way it uses resources (niche the way it uses resources (niche separation)separation)
Examples of competitionExamples of competitionMale antelope fight for mating resources
The penicillium fungus inhibits growth of other organisms by secreting a toxin (penicillin), as a competition for space
Faster growing seedlings will shade slower growers, preventing them from receiving adequate sunlight
Adult hippopotami will have territorial fights
Predator-prey Predator-prey relationshipsrelationships
One One species species (the (the predator) predator) kills kills another another animal animal species species (the prey)(the prey)
PredatorPredator PreyPrey-ClawsClaws-Sharp teethSharp teeth-SpeedSpeed-WebsWebs-PoisonPoison-Enhanced sense Enhanced sense organsorgans-LuresLures-Hunting strategiesHunting strategies
-CamouflageCamouflage-SpeedSpeed-Poison/repellant Poison/repellant glandsglands-Hiding strategiesHiding strategies-Safety in numbersSafety in numbers-Spikes/hard shellSpikes/hard shell-Mimicry (look like Mimicry (look like something foul)something foul)-Play deadPlay dead-Keep lookoutKeep lookout
Predators vs preyPredators vs prey
Spider weaves a web, which is sticky and catches flying insects. Spider may also have venom.
The green python hunts for tree dwelling animals, like birds, bats and small mammals at night. It senses them using heat sensing pits. It constricts its prey.
Herbivore-plant Herbivore-plant relationshiprelationship
Some plants prevent being eaten. They Some plants prevent being eaten. They may do it by:may do it by: Tasting or smelling terribleTasting or smelling terrible Having poisonous structuresHaving poisonous structures Having thorns/spikesHaving thorns/spikes Stinging with nettlesStinging with nettles
Parasite-host Parasite-host relationshipsrelationships
One organism (parasite) lives on or in One organism (parasite) lives on or in another (host). another (host).
Parasite is benefited, while host is Parasite is benefited, while host is harmed in some wayharmed in some way
ON host = exoparasiteON host = exoparasite IN host = endoparasiteIN host = endoparasite
Parasites and their hostsParasites and their hosts
Mistletoe grows on and inside a eucalypt. It takes its nutrients, but appears as a healthy part of the tree
The mouth of a parasitic flat worm, which attaches to a host’s skin (humans!!), and enters their bloodstream
A fully engorged paralysis tick. These feed on the blood of mammals, and can cause paralysis of the muscles around where it enters the body.
MutualismMutualism An interaction where both organisms An interaction where both organisms
benefit in some waybenefit in some way
The mistletoe bird eats mistletoe berries. Before they defecate, they turn their bodies parallel to the branch, which means the seed does not fall to the ground, but gets lodged in the branch
Bacteria living in the lure of an anglerfish get a stable environment, while the anglerfish is a more efficient predator
Nitrogen fixing bacteria lives in the root nodules of some plants. These bacterium remove nitrogen from the air and turn it into a usable compound for the plant.
CommensalismCommensalism
One member of the interaction benefits, One member of the interaction benefits, while the other is neither harmed nor while the other is neither harmed nor benefited.benefited.
Anenome fish make their home within stinging anenomes. They are immune to the sting, but it keeps predators away. The anenome, though, will have the same quality of life with or without the anenome fish
SymbiosisSymbiosis
These interactions are called SYMBIOSISThese interactions are called SYMBIOSIS
InteractionInteraction Species 1Species 1 Species 2Species 2
ParasitismParasitism Parasite: Parasite: benefitsbenefits
Host: harmedHost: harmed
MutualismMutualism benefitsbenefits BenefitsBenefits
CommensalismCommensalism benefitsbenefits No harm or No harm or benefitbenefit
ActivitiesActivities
Glossary words: inter-specific, intra-Glossary words: inter-specific, intra-specific, competition, predator, prey, specific, competition, predator, prey, mimicry, camouflage, parasite, host, mimicry, camouflage, parasite, host, exoparasite, endoparasite, mutualism, exoparasite, endoparasite, mutualism, nitrogen fixing bacteria, commensalism, nitrogen fixing bacteria, commensalism, symbiosis.symbiosis.
Quick Check pg 433Quick Check pg 433