Biotech Sciences and The Saints Individual Viewpoints of Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of...

Biotech Sciences and The SaintsIndividual Viewpoints of Members of

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints about Stem Cell Research

and Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)

Biotech Sciences and The SaintsIndividual Viewpoints of Members of

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints about Stem Cell Research

and Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)

ContentsContents

Module information.……………….…….…..slide 3Background information on LDS Church..…slide 6

Stem Cell ResearchLDS principles.……………………………...slide 12Social considerations.……………………...slide 39

PGDLDS principles…………………….………....slide 60Social considerations……………….……….slide 74

Trends….……………………….…………….slide 88Impressions….……….………………………slide 94Conclusions…….….………….……………...slide 97References….………………..……………..slide 106

Module information.……………….…….…..slide 3Background information on LDS Church..…slide 6

Stem Cell ResearchLDS principles.……………………………...slide 12Social considerations.……………………...slide 39

PGDLDS principles…………………….………....slide 60Social considerations……………….……….slide 74

Trends….……………………….…………….slide 88Impressions….……….………………………slide 94Conclusions…….….………….……………...slide 97References….………………..……………..slide 106

This ModuleThis Module

This module outlines information gathered as part of a study investigating individual viewpoints of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints regarding stem cell research and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD).

The study was conducted over a two week period in June 2008 in Utah. This study included 9 interviews with LDS experts in various fields including genetics, law, and philosophy; as well as an interview with an LDS congressman. In addition, the study included three focus groups, two of which where conducted with a general population, and one with a college student population.

This module outlines information gathered as part of a study investigating individual viewpoints of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints regarding stem cell research and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD).

The study was conducted over a two week period in June 2008 in Utah. This study included 9 interviews with LDS experts in various fields including genetics, law, and philosophy; as well as an interview with an LDS congressman. In addition, the study included three focus groups, two of which where conducted with a general population, and one with a college student population.

This ModuleThis ModuleThis module will detail several unique principles of the LDS faith identified by participants of the study as aiding in the formation of their individual viewpoints about stem cell research and PGD. These principles are:

Personal RevelationGaining KnowledgeSanctity of LifePre-mortal Life/ Plan of Salvation

This module will also discuss how the LDS church’s policy on abortion impacted how the LDS participants viewed stem cell research and PGD.

The principles and abortion policy will be discussed in detailed throughout this module

This module will detail several unique principles of the LDS faith identified by participants of the study as aiding in the formation of their individual viewpoints about stem cell research and PGD. These principles are:

Personal RevelationGaining KnowledgeSanctity of LifePre-mortal Life/ Plan of Salvation

This module will also discuss how the LDS church’s policy on abortion impacted how the LDS participants viewed stem cell research and PGD.

The principles and abortion policy will be discussed in detailed throughout this module

This ModuleThis Module

In addition, this module will discuss how members of the LDS faith view the social and ethical considerations associated with stem cell research and PGD.

Please note that while this module will use direct quotes from specific individuals, name will not be associated with any statements in an effort to maintain confidentiality. What will be presented with the quote is an explanatory note giving some information in order to establish a general idea as to who is giving the quote.

In addition, this module will discuss how members of the LDS faith view the social and ethical considerations associated with stem cell research and PGD.

Please note that while this module will use direct quotes from specific individuals, name will not be associated with any statements in an effort to maintain confidentiality. What will be presented with the quote is an explanatory note giving some information in order to establish a general idea as to who is giving the quote.

Background Informationon The Church of Jesus Christ of

Latter-day Saints

Background Informationon The Church of Jesus Christ of

Latter-day Saints

LDS ChurchLDS Church

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, commonly called the LDS or Mormon Church, has been steadily growing in prominence and numbers since its establishment in 1830.

The Church has grown to be the fourth largest church in the United States according to the 2007 edition of the Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches [1]

As of December 31, 2007 membership of the Church reached 13,193,999 [2]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, commonly called the LDS or Mormon Church, has been steadily growing in prominence and numbers since its establishment in 1830.

The Church has grown to be the fourth largest church in the United States according to the 2007 edition of the Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches [1]

As of December 31, 2007 membership of the Church reached 13,193,999 [2]


Despite the growing prominence of the LDS church, there are many misunderstandings in the public about doctrine and beliefs of the Church.

One area of misunderstanding is the Church's view of stem cell research and dogma about when human life begins.

Despite the growing prominence of the LDS church, there are many misunderstandings in the public about doctrine and beliefs of the Church.

One area of misunderstanding is the Church's view of stem cell research and dogma about when human life begins.


For Example, on May 26th 2005 the Lincoln Journal Star stated that “Mormons, for example, oppose abortion, but find some embryonic stem cell research morally acceptable. According to Mormon belief, life does not begin until a human embryo attaches to the mother's uterus after about 14 days. That is the moment, according to Mormon theology, at which the human spirit joined with human flesh and a resulting full human being is created.” [3]

In response the LDS Church stated that “The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has no official position on the moment that human life begins. Further, the Church has not taken a position on the issue of embryonic stem-cell research.” [4]

For Example, on May 26th 2005 the Lincoln Journal Star stated that “Mormons, for example, oppose abortion, but find some embryonic stem cell research morally acceptable. According to Mormon belief, life does not begin until a human embryo attaches to the mother's uterus after about 14 days. That is the moment, according to Mormon theology, at which the human spirit joined with human flesh and a resulting full human being is created.” [3]

In response the LDS Church stated that “The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has no official position on the moment that human life begins. Further, the Church has not taken a position on the issue of embryonic stem-cell research.” [4]


Officially the LDS Church has stated:

“The First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has not taken a position regarding the use of embryonic stem cells for research purposes. The absence of a position should not be interpreted as support for or opposition to any other statement made by Church members, whether they are for or against embryonic stem cell research” [5]

It has been left to the individual members of the LDS church to use their own discretion and inspiration when forming opinions about stem cell research and other biotechnologies such as Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD).

Therefore, gathering individual viewpoints of members of the LDS about stem cell research and PGD is the most potent method for properly understanding how the LDS population evaluates these biotechnologies.

Officially the LDS Church has stated:

“The First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has not taken a position regarding the use of embryonic stem cells for research purposes. The absence of a position should not be interpreted as support for or opposition to any other statement made by Church members, whether they are for or against embryonic stem cell research” [5]

It has been left to the individual members of the LDS church to use their own discretion and inspiration when forming opinions about stem cell research and other biotechnologies such as Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD).

Therefore, gathering individual viewpoints of members of the LDS about stem cell research and PGD is the most potent method for properly understanding how the LDS population evaluates these biotechnologies.

Stem Cell Research: LDS Principles, policy, & Social

Considerations

Stem Cell Research: LDS Principles, policy, & Social

Considerations

LDS Principles and Policy Associated with

Stem Cell Research

LDS Principles and Policy Associated with

Stem Cell Research

Principles and PolicyPrinciples and Policy

During interviews with experts and focus group discussions, participants were asked what LDS principles helped form their opinions about stem cell research.

The following LDS principles were identified as being relevant to stem cell research:

Personal revelationGaining knowledgeSanctity of Life

The LDS Church’s Abortion policy was also considered important to the LDS participants when forming opinions about stem cell research

During interviews with experts and focus group discussions, participants were asked what LDS principles helped form their opinions about stem cell research.


Personal revelationGaining knowledgeSanctity of Life

The LDS Church’s Abortion policy was also considered important to the LDS participants when forming opinions about stem cell research

Personal RevelationPersonal Revelation

The LDS faith is strongly established on the idea of revelation. They view their belief of continued revelation from God as a hallmark of the Church. [6]

In the ninth Article of Faith, a document produced by the LDS faith’s first prophet and founder Joseph Smith outlining thirteen basic beliefs of the Church, it states: “We believe all that God has revealed, all that He does now reveal, and we believe that He will yet reveal many great and important things pertaining to the Kingdom of God.” [7]

The LDS faith is strongly established on the idea of revelation. They view their belief of continued revelation from God as a hallmark of the Church. [6]

In the ninth Article of Faith, a document produced by the LDS faith’s first prophet and founder Joseph Smith outlining thirteen basic beliefs of the Church, it states: “We believe all that God has revealed, all that He does now reveal, and we believe that He will yet reveal many great and important things pertaining to the Kingdom of God.” [7]


The Priesthood organization of the LDS Church is based on the idea of revelations and stewardships. The top three governing bodies of the LDS Church are involved with the need of the Church as a whole.

First Presidency (Prophet, and Counselors (traditionally two, could be more)) is the highest governing body of the Church and is involved in revelation for the whole church, setting doctrine, organizational aspects for the whole church, and spiritual welfare of whole church; sustained as prophets, seers, and revelators for the general church by the general church.

Quorum of the Twelve is also sustained as prophets, seers, and revelators for the general church. The Quorum acts as an advising body for the First Presidency. Individual members of the Quorum are stewards over certain aspects of the general church, such as missionary work or geographic areas.

Quorums of the Seventy are stewards over geographic areas, and mainly assist the Quorum of the Twelve and to advise Stake Presidents. [8]

The Priesthood organization of the LDS Church is based on the idea of revelations and stewardships. The top three governing bodies of the LDS Church are involved with the need of the Church as a whole.

First Presidency (Prophet, and Counselors (traditionally two, could be more)) is the highest governing body of the Church and is involved in revelation for the whole church, setting doctrine, organizational aspects for the whole church, and spiritual welfare of whole church; sustained as prophets, seers, and revelators for the general church by the general church.

Quorum of the Twelve is also sustained as prophets, seers, and revelators for the general church. The Quorum acts as an advising body for the First Presidency. Individual members of the Quorum are stewards over certain aspects of the general church, such as missionary work or geographic areas.

Quorums of the Seventy are stewards over geographic areas, and mainly assist the Quorum of the Twelve and to advise Stake Presidents. [8]


The lower levels of LDS priesthood organization are concerned with small, well-defined geographic areas.

Stake Presidents are stewards over multiple wards (congregations); concerned with the organizational aspects of the stake and the wards, and the spiritual welfare of members of the wards. Stake Presidents can receive revelation for the stake but not the whole church and cannot receive revelation for members of the stake outside of organizational aspects. Stake Presidents are not involved with setting doctrine.

Bishops are stewards over an individual ward. Bishops can receive revelation for the ward, but not the stake nor the whole church. Bishops can receive revelation for individual members for only organizational aspects of the ward. Bishops are heavily involved in the spiritual welfare of the individual members. Bishops cannot set doctrine. [9]

The lower levels of LDS priesthood organization are concerned with small, well-defined geographic areas.

Stake Presidents are stewards over multiple wards (congregations); concerned with the organizational aspects of the stake and the wards, and the spiritual welfare of members of the wards. Stake Presidents can receive revelation for the stake but not the whole church and cannot receive revelation for members of the stake outside of organizational aspects. Stake Presidents are not involved with setting doctrine.

Bishops are stewards over an individual ward. Bishops can receive revelation for the ward, but not the stake nor the whole church. Bishops can receive revelation for individual members for only organizational aspects of the ward. Bishops are heavily involved in the spiritual welfare of the individual members. Bishops cannot set doctrine. [9]


Members are stewards over themselves and, if they are parents, a family. Individual members cannot receive revelation for wards, stakes, or the general church. Members can receive personal and familial revelations. In addition there are many matters, including many social issues, that the First Presidency entreats individual members to use personal revelation in order to guide their lives and opinions

Because the First Presidency has stated it’s neutrality about stem cell research and reproductive measures, members are left to use their best judgment and any personal revelation. Lower governing bodies, such as Stake Presidents of Bishops, cannot establish contrary guidelines about stem cell research for their congregations.

Members are stewards over themselves and, if they are parents, a family. Individual members cannot receive revelation for wards, stakes, or the general church. Members can receive personal and familial revelations. In addition there are many matters, including many social issues, that the First Presidency entreats individual members to use personal revelation in order to guide their lives and opinions

Because the First Presidency has stated it’s neutrality about stem cell research and reproductive measures, members are left to use their best judgment and any personal revelation. Lower governing bodies, such as Stake Presidents of Bishops, cannot establish contrary guidelines about stem cell research for their congregations.


All of the participants in the three focus groups and 8 of the interviewed experts specifically stated that their beliefs about personal revelation helped guide their opinions about stem cell research.

All of the participants in the three focus groups and 8 of the interviewed experts specifically stated that their beliefs about personal revelation helped guide their opinions about stem cell research.


“Anytime the church doesn’t have a stance, i.e. the Lord hasn’t said anything about evolution, some need to have an open mind and educate themselves…[this] influences me to open my mind, to research as much as I can and to make the best decision I can based on my research and perhaps personal revelation”--Student focus group member

“The church, by not being solid on a certain position shows the trust they place in its members. Joseph Smith taught ‘We teach them correct principles, and let them govern themselves.” Self government means using God given intelligence, inspiration, and discussion with the spouse.”--General population focus group member

“Anytime the church doesn’t have a stance, i.e. the Lord hasn’t said anything about evolution, some need to have an open mind and educate themselves…[this] influences me to open my mind, to research as much as I can and to make the best decision I can based on my research and perhaps personal revelation”--Student focus group member

“The church, by not being solid on a certain position shows the trust they place in its members. Joseph Smith taught ‘We teach them correct principles, and let them govern themselves.” Self government means using God given intelligence, inspiration, and discussion with the spouse.”--General population focus group member


“Because we believe in personal revelation and revelation to our priesthood leaders, I feel that I can always look to that; not to tell me what to think, but to know what the bottom line is, what are the lines that we do not cross. With stem cell research what we are told by our faith is to use our own judgment”

“There is no clear answers, which is why I think that the Church has not given an official policy saying this [stem cell research] is considered a bad thing. There are many things that we are told what’s right or wrong, but in many instances we are told to use our own judgment”

--LDS Genetics Professor

“Because we believe in personal revelation and revelation to our priesthood leaders, I feel that I can always look to that; not to tell me what to think, but to know what the bottom line is, what are the lines that we do not cross. With stem cell research what we are told by our faith is to use our own judgment”

“There is no clear answers, which is why I think that the Church has not given an official policy saying this [stem cell research] is considered a bad thing. There are many things that we are told what’s right or wrong, but in many instances we are told to use our own judgment”

--LDS Genetics Professor


LDS people feel very strongly that God is invested in their well-being, and that He will reveal to each individual what is right for him or her and their family. [10] There are occasions, as in the case of stem cell research, in which different LDS individuals will feel very differently about what is right or wrong for their particular situation.

LDS people feel very strongly that God is invested in their well-being, and that He will reveal to each individual what is right for him or her and their family. [10] There are occasions, as in the case of stem cell research, in which different LDS individuals will feel very differently about what is right or wrong for their particular situation.

Gaining KnowledgeGaining Knowledge

LDS scripture has taught that “if a person gains more knowledge and in telligence in this life through his diligence and obedience than another, he will have so much the advantage in the world to come”. [10]

Members of the LDS Church believe that God mandated that they “teach one another words of wisdom; yea, seek ye out of the best books words of wisdom, seek learning even by study and also by faith” [11] about “Of things both in heaven and in the earth, and under the earth; things which have been, things which are, things which must shortly come to pass; things which are at home, things which are abroad; the wars and the perplexities of the nations, and the judgments which are on the land; and a knowledge also of countries and of kingdoms”. [12]

LDS scripture has taught that “if a person gains more knowledge and in telligence in this life through his diligence and obedience than another, he will have so much the advantage in the world to come”. [10]

Members of the LDS Church believe that God mandated that they “teach one another words of wisdom; yea, seek ye out of the best books words of wisdom, seek learning even by study and also by faith” [11] about “Of things both in heaven and in the earth, and under the earth; things which have been, things which are, things which must shortly come to pass; things which are at home, things which are abroad; the wars and the perplexities of the nations, and the judgments which are on the land; and a knowledge also of countries and of kingdoms”. [12]


Brigham Young, the LDS Church’s second president and prophet, taught:

“How gladly would we understand every principle pertaining to science and art, and become thoroughly acquainted with every intricate operation of nature, and with all the chemical changes that are constantly going on around us! How delightful this would be, and what a boundless field of truth and power is open for us to explore! We are only just approaching the shores of the vast ocean of information that pertains to this physical world, to say nothing of that which pertains to the heavens, to angels and celestial beings, to the place of their habitation, to the manner of their life and their progress to still higher degrees of perfection.” [13]

Brigham Young, the LDS Church’s second president and prophet, taught:

“How gladly would we understand every principle pertaining to science and art, and become thoroughly acquainted with every intricate operation of nature, and with all the chemical changes that are constantly going on around us! How delightful this would be, and what a boundless field of truth and power is open for us to explore! We are only just approaching the shores of the vast ocean of information that pertains to this physical world, to say nothing of that which pertains to the heavens, to angels and celestial beings, to the place of their habitation, to the manner of their life and their progress to still higher degrees of perfection.” [13]


Eight of the interviewed experts believed that the mandate from Providence to gain knowledge factored greatly into their opinion about stem cell research.

Five of those eight experts were genetic professors, some used this principle to validate stem cell research and scientific research in general.

Eight of the interviewed experts believed that the mandate from Providence to gain knowledge factored greatly into their opinion about stem cell research.

Five of those eight experts were genetic professors, some used this principle to validate stem cell research and scientific research in general.


“My personal views [about stem cell research] from our scriptures is the importance of seeking out knowledge. I think that our faith is very compatible with science, that we should learn as much as we can about stem cells or any subject matter, because there is value in knowledge.I think that the LDS view is more supportive of stem cell research and research in general.”--LDS genetics professor

“As an LDS scientist, I believe all light and knowledge – including both scriptural and scientific truths – is revealed by God, albeit through distinct revelatory means. Therefore, to my reckoning, the Lord can reveal ways for healing genetic abnormalities, paralysis, neurodegenerative disorders, etc., if we as scientists and as society can responsibly and diligently conduct research involving stem cells.”--LDS genetics professor

“My personal views [about stem cell research] from our scriptures is the importance of seeking out knowledge. I think that our faith is very compatible with science, that we should learn as much as we can about stem cells or any subject matter, because there is value in knowledge.I think that the LDS view is more supportive of stem cell research and research in general.”--LDS genetics professor

“As an LDS scientist, I believe all light and knowledge – including both scriptural and scientific truths – is revealed by God, albeit through distinct revelatory means. Therefore, to my reckoning, the Lord can reveal ways for healing genetic abnormalities, paralysis, neurodegenerative disorders, etc., if we as scientists and as society can responsibly and diligently conduct research involving stem cells.”--LDS genetics professor


Some of the interviewed experts viewed gaining knowledge as an important LDS principle, Most felt that the principle is valid with stem cell research but were hesitant about the other ethical considerations that need to be discussed.

Some of the interviewed experts viewed gaining knowledge as an important LDS principle, Most felt that the principle is valid with stem cell research but were hesitant about the other ethical considerations that need to be discussed.


“I believe that Heavenly Father continues to inspire scientists to make inlays into better health… and stem cell research has great promise for better health, but my understanding of God is that he is a just God but he lives by rules himself. I really think that procreation, which would create a healthy body for a spirit to enter into, if that were untimely harvested for stem cell production instead of going on to produce that body with its spirit would be against the plan of God.”--LDS public health professor

“We need to use those tools [stem cell research] and we need to use them appropriately. The Church certainly teaches that we are stewards over the knowledge that we have.”“I have read about this [stem cell research] and I am not sure if the risks involved are going to outweigh the rewards.”--LDS plant genetic professor

“I believe that Heavenly Father continues to inspire scientists to make inlays into better health… and stem cell research has great promise for better health, but my understanding of God is that he is a just God but he lives by rules himself. I really think that procreation, which would create a healthy body for a spirit to enter into, if that were untimely harvested for stem cell production instead of going on to produce that body with its spirit would be against the plan of God.”--LDS public health professor

“We need to use those tools [stem cell research] and we need to use them appropriately. The Church certainly teaches that we are stewards over the knowledge that we have.”“I have read about this [stem cell research] and I am not sure if the risks involved are going to outweigh the rewards.”--LDS plant genetic professor


Participants in all three of the focus group discussed the importance of gaining knowledge.

In the student focus group some felt that an appropriate use of stem cell research is to gain knowledge: “Anything that can help us figure out more.” Some used the LDS principle “knowledge is used for a benefit, man is suppose to act upon the knowledge." A common concern was what could be done with the knowledge gained from stem cell research.

Participants in all three of the focus group discussed the importance of gaining knowledge.

In the student focus group some felt that an appropriate use of stem cell research is to gain knowledge: “Anything that can help us figure out more.” Some used the LDS principle “knowledge is used for a benefit, man is suppose to act upon the knowledge." A common concern was what could be done with the knowledge gained from stem cell research.


Similar to the student focus group, both of the general public focus groups were torn between the importance of gaining knowledge and the concern about acting appropriately with that knowledge.

Some in the general population focus groups were very much in favor of using stem cell research:

“I believe that God is the source of all intelligence. He also directs us to be able to make scientific programs. If God disagreed with a program, He would not allow that sort of information to be revealed. But He has revealed it, and expects us to use it for the benefit of His children.”

However, most were more hesitant about the use of stem cells for research.

Similar to the student focus group, both of the general public focus groups were torn between the importance of gaining knowledge and the concern about acting appropriately with that knowledge.

Some in the general population focus groups were very much in favor of using stem cell research:

“I believe that God is the source of all intelligence. He also directs us to be able to make scientific programs. If God disagreed with a program, He would not allow that sort of information to be revealed. But He has revealed it, and expects us to use it for the benefit of His children.”

However, most were more hesitant about the use of stem cells for research.

Sanctity of LifeSanctity of Life

LDS scripture teaches to “remember the worth of souls is great in the sight of God” [16]

In 1995, the First Presidency issued a declaration which included the statement that “we declare the means by which mortal life is created to be divinely appointed. We affirm the sanctity of life and of its importance in God’s eternal plan” [17]

LDS scripture teaches to “remember the worth of souls is great in the sight of God” [16]

In 1995, the First Presidency issued a declaration which included the statement that “we declare the means by which mortal life is created to be divinely appointed. We affirm the sanctity of life and of its importance in God’s eternal plan” [17]


Sanctity of life was a major theme in 9 of the interviewed experts along with all three focus groups. Sanctity of life was a concern for stem cell research.

Interestingly, both proponents and opponents of stem cell research used the principle of sanctity of life to justify their views.

Sanctity of life was a major theme in 9 of the interviewed experts along with all three focus groups. Sanctity of life was a concern for stem cell research.

Interestingly, both proponents and opponents of stem cell research used the principle of sanctity of life to justify their views.


Proponents of stem cell research:

“My understanding of human life and my beliefs about human rights and access to medicine lead me to believe that we have a moral obligation to conduct human embryonic stem cell research with the ultimate goal of treating debilitating disease. However, I also believe that the research (and in fact all research involving human subjects) should be strictly governed by established scientific, ethical, and legal guidelines.”--LDS Genetics Professor

“Christian principles of loving others, doing good. Using technology to further and improve the quality of life.” --General population focus group member

Proponents of stem cell research:

“My understanding of human life and my beliefs about human rights and access to medicine lead me to believe that we have a moral obligation to conduct human embryonic stem cell research with the ultimate goal of treating debilitating disease. However, I also believe that the research (and in fact all research involving human subjects) should be strictly governed by established scientific, ethical, and legal guidelines.”--LDS Genetics Professor

“Christian principles of loving others, doing good. Using technology to further and improve the quality of life.” --General population focus group member


Opponents of stem cell research:

“I believe that a belief that the body is a temple and a blessing to house our spirit, if I didn’t have these beliefs, if I didn’t believe that we are not physical beings having a spiritual experiences but spiritual being having an earthly experience, I believe that I would have no problem with stem cell research as a health scientist, but I do have those very strong beliefs, so if we could find sources for juvenile stem cells, not adult stem cells, that does not disrupt the plan of our Heavenly Father, I am very much for that. If we start to create embryos just for the use of harvesting for stem cells I am against that.”--LDS public health professor

“Whenever the possibility of life exists, we err on the side of life.”--LDS congressman

Opponents of stem cell research:

“I believe that a belief that the body is a temple and a blessing to house our spirit, if I didn’t have these beliefs, if I didn’t believe that we are not physical beings having a spiritual experiences but spiritual being having an earthly experience, I believe that I would have no problem with stem cell research as a health scientist, but I do have those very strong beliefs, so if we could find sources for juvenile stem cells, not adult stem cells, that does not disrupt the plan of our Heavenly Father, I am very much for that. If we start to create embryos just for the use of harvesting for stem cells I am against that.”--LDS public health professor

“Whenever the possibility of life exists, we err on the side of life.”--LDS congressman

Abortion PolicyAbortion Policy

Based on the principles of sanctity of life and personal revelation, the LDS Church’s official abortion policy is as follows:

“The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believes in the sanctity of human life. Therefore, the Church opposes elective abortion for personal or social convenience, and counsels its members not to submit to, perform, encourage, pay for, or arrange for such abortions.

The Church allows for possible exceptions for its members when: Pregnancy results from rape or incest, or

A competent physician determines that the life or health of the mother is in serious jeopardy, or

A competent physician determines that the fetus has severe defects that will not allow the baby to survive beyond birth.” [14]

Based on the principles of sanctity of life and personal revelation, the LDS Church’s official abortion policy is as follows:

“The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believes in the sanctity of human life. Therefore, the Church opposes elective abortion for personal or social convenience, and counsels its members not to submit to, perform, encourage, pay for, or arrange for such abortions.

The Church allows for possible exceptions for its members when: Pregnancy results from rape or incest, or

A competent physician determines that the life or health of the mother is in serious jeopardy, or

A competent physician determines that the fetus has severe defects that will not allow the baby to survive beyond birth.” [14]


LDS abortion policy continues:

“The Church teaches its members that even these rare exceptions do not justify abortion automatically. Abortion is a most serious matter and should be considered only after the persons involved have consulted with their local church leaders and feel through personal prayer that their decision is correct.”

“The Church has not favored or opposed legislative proposals or public demonstrations concerning abortion.” [15]

LDS abortion policy continues:

“The Church teaches its members that even these rare exceptions do not justify abortion automatically. Abortion is a most serious matter and should be considered only after the persons involved have consulted with their local church leaders and feel through personal prayer that their decision is correct.”

“The Church has not favored or opposed legislative proposals or public demonstrations concerning abortion.” [15]


Five of the interviewed experts also explicitly spoke about how the Church’s policy on abortion effected their stance on stem cell research. Their responses were centered on the possible destruction of early embryos or blastocysts.

Five of the interviewed experts also explicitly spoke about how the Church’s policy on abortion effected their stance on stem cell research. Their responses were centered on the possible destruction of early embryos or blastocysts.


“I would hate to ever see science be mired with the abortion issue, and this [stem cell research] is tip toeing on the line, and I think that that would be bad for all scientists. I think that scientists are sometimes viewed as being amoral, as being willing to do anything for the sake of knowledge.”“We [as a Church] are certainly vocal about abortion, and I think that that’s our only guideline for making these types of decisions.”--LDS plant genetics professor

“The Church may not have an official response for stem cell research, but the membership of the Church can use what the Church has taught about abortion to guide them in their decision making.”--LDS law professor

“I would hate to ever see science be mired with the abortion issue, and this [stem cell research] is tip toeing on the line, and I think that that would be bad for all scientists. I think that scientists are sometimes viewed as being amoral, as being willing to do anything for the sake of knowledge.”“We [as a Church] are certainly vocal about abortion, and I think that that’s our only guideline for making these types of decisions.”--LDS plant genetics professor

“The Church may not have an official response for stem cell research, but the membership of the Church can use what the Church has taught about abortion to guide them in their decision making.”--LDS law professor

Social Considerations of Stem Cell Research

Social Considerations of Stem Cell Research

ConsiderationsConsiderations

Beyond LDS principles, the focus groups as well as the experts that were interviewed discussed other ethical and social considerations surrounding the use of stem cell research These considerations included:

The appropriateness of stem cell researchAvailability of stem cell linesMonetary incentivesConsentPublic education

Beyond LDS principles, the focus groups as well as the experts that were interviewed discussed other ethical and social considerations surrounding the use of stem cell research These considerations included:

The appropriateness of stem cell researchAvailability of stem cell linesMonetary incentivesConsentPublic education

AppropriatenessAppropriateness

All three focus groups were divided about the appropriateness of embryonic stem cell research.

That is not to say that there wasn’t agreement about the use of embryonic stem cells for research among individuals within and between groups; but as a whole, none of the three focus groups were unanimous in their support or denial of embryonic stem cell research.

A lot of the discussion within the focus groups centered on how the use of in vitro fertilization correlates with embryonic stem cell research.

All three focus groups were divided about the appropriateness of embryonic stem cell research.

That is not to say that there wasn’t agreement about the use of embryonic stem cells for research among individuals within and between groups; but as a whole, none of the three focus groups were unanimous in their support or denial of embryonic stem cell research.

A lot of the discussion within the focus groups centered on how the use of in vitro fertilization correlates with embryonic stem cell research.


“[The] extra embryos from IVF are going to be destroyed anyway, so use them.”--Student focus group member

“Because the use of IVF needs to harvest early embryos, if we outlaw embryonic stem cell research with blastocysts we should also outlaw IVF”

--Student focus group member

“If IVF is right then stem cell research is right, if IVF is wrong then stem cell research is wrong”--General population focus group member

“[The] extra embryos from IVF are going to be destroyed anyway, so use them.”--Student focus group member

“Because the use of IVF needs to harvest early embryos, if we outlaw embryonic stem cell research with blastocysts we should also outlaw IVF”


“If IVF is right then stem cell research is right, if IVF is wrong then stem cell research is wrong”--General population focus group member


“My views [supporting stem cell research] only apply to embryos created for IVF which would otherwise be discarded. I oppose strongly the creation of embryos for research purposes.”


“The point isn’t ‘is 5 days life?’ the point is did the Lord have a purpose with that embryo? Was that supposed to be someone’s life?”


“My views [supporting stem cell research] only apply to embryos created for IVF which would otherwise be discarded. I oppose strongly the creation of embryos for research purposes.”


“The point isn’t ‘is 5 days life?’ the point is did the Lord have a purpose with that embryo? Was that supposed to be someone’s life?”



A survey question asked members of the focus groups to indicate the level that they agree with the statement: “overall, the potential therapies resulting from stem cell research justify the destruction of embryos.”

The results for all the questions on the survey where scored on a summative scale ranging from 4 (highly agree), 3 (Somewhat agree), 2 (Somewhat disagree), 1 (Highly disagree).

The student focus group scores on that question ranged from 2 to 4, with a mean score of 2.82; the first general population scores ranged from 2 to 4, with five unsure non-scored answers and a mean of 2.67; the second general population scores ranged from 1 to 4 with 1 non-scored unsure answer and a mean of 2.92.

A survey question asked members of the focus groups to indicate the level that they agree with the statement: “overall, the potential therapies resulting from stem cell research justify the destruction of embryos.”

The results for all the questions on the survey where scored on a summative scale ranging from 4 (highly agree), 3 (Somewhat agree), 2 (Somewhat disagree), 1 (Highly disagree).

The student focus group scores on that question ranged from 2 to 4, with a mean score of 2.82; the first general population scores ranged from 2 to 4, with five unsure non-scored answers and a mean of 2.67; the second general population scores ranged from 1 to 4 with 1 non-scored unsure answer and a mean of 2.92.


Similar to the focus groups, the interviewed experts also were divided about the appropriateness of embryonic stem cell research:

“I am totally against embryonic stem cell research because it destroys a human embryo. I think that people that are both pro-life and pro stem cell research are just confused”

--LDS philosophy professor

“I have read about this [stem cell research] and I am not sure if the risks involved are going to outweigh the rewards.”

--LDS plant genetics professor

Similar to the focus groups, the interviewed experts also were divided about the appropriateness of embryonic stem cell research:

“I am totally against embryonic stem cell research because it destroys a human embryo. I think that people that are both pro-life and pro stem cell research are just confused”


“I have read about this [stem cell research] and I am not sure if the risks involved are going to outweigh the rewards.”

--LDS plant genetics professor


“I feel that the disease treatment benefits of embryonic stem cell research justify the destruction of blastocysts, provided established guidelines are followed”--LDS Genetics professor

“I don’t have a problem with destruction of very early human embryonic stem cells for legitimate biomedical research purposes, any more than I have a problem with the creation of human cell cultures or interspecies/radiation hybrid cultures. To me, these are merely cells and are not humans. A human being in an LDS perspective is defined as a human body animated by a divine spirit that is literally the spirit-offspring of God. I do not believe that God would send one of His spirit-offspring to inhabit a non-implanted cell mass.”--LDS Genetics Professor

“I am not sure when life begins. But I think that the safest way to ensure that we so not cross moral lines is to define the right to life as starting at conception.”--LDS political science professor

“I feel that the disease treatment benefits of embryonic stem cell research justify the destruction of blastocysts, provided established guidelines are followed”--LDS Genetics professor

“I don’t have a problem with destruction of very early human embryonic stem cells for legitimate biomedical research purposes, any more than I have a problem with the creation of human cell cultures or interspecies/radiation hybrid cultures. To me, these are merely cells and are not humans. A human being in an LDS perspective is defined as a human body animated by a divine spirit that is literally the spirit-offspring of God. I do not believe that God would send one of His spirit-offspring to inhabit a non-implanted cell mass.”--LDS Genetics Professor

“I am not sure when life begins. But I think that the safest way to ensure that we so not cross moral lines is to define the right to life as starting at conception.”--LDS political science professor

AvailabilityAvailability

Similar to the appropriateness of stem cell research, the focus group participants and the interviewed experts were divided about whether to increase the availability of embryonic stem cell lines for publicly funded research. Some focus group participants and experts that were pro embryonic stem cell research were hesitant about increasing the availability of stem cell lines.

When asked on the previously mentioned survey to indicate the level of agreement with the statement “I would support a policy action that would increase the number of available stem cell lines for research” the resulting means for each focus group were as follows: student, 3.1; general population #1, 2.5 (with 3 unsure); and general population #2, 2.92.

Similar to the appropriateness of stem cell research, the focus group participants and the interviewed experts were divided about whether to increase the availability of embryonic stem cell lines for publicly funded research. Some focus group participants and experts that were pro embryonic stem cell research were hesitant about increasing the availability of stem cell lines.

When asked on the previously mentioned survey to indicate the level of agreement with the statement “I would support a policy action that would increase the number of available stem cell lines for research” the resulting means for each focus group were as follows: student, 3.1; general population #1, 2.5 (with 3 unsure); and general population #2, 2.92.


Some in the general population focus groups would agree with increasing availability, but were concerned as to where to money for increased public funds would come from; however, most were opposed to increased public funding for stem cell research, and would not support a policy action to increase the availability of stem cell lines

Some in the student focus group were very much for a publicly funded increase in embryonic stem cell line availability, others in the student focus group were more comfortable maintaining the current limits on public funded stem cell availability because of the higher availability of stem cells for private research.

Some of students in the focus group were concerned about where the extra embryonic lines would come from, especially if there is an increase in demand for stem cells

Some in the general population focus groups would agree with increasing availability, but were concerned as to where to money for increased public funds would come from; however, most were opposed to increased public funding for stem cell research, and would not support a policy action to increase the availability of stem cell lines

Some in the student focus group were very much for a publicly funded increase in embryonic stem cell line availability, others in the student focus group were more comfortable maintaining the current limits on public funded stem cell availability because of the higher availability of stem cells for private research.

Some of students in the focus group were concerned about where the extra embryonic lines would come from, especially if there is an increase in demand for stem cells


“Allow stem cell research. Provide federal funding for stem cell research.” --General population focus group member

“I don’t want money to go toward uncertainty”--Student focus group member

“My answer for federally funded research is a clear yes. I believe that the legislation passed by Congress and vetoed by President Bush should be enacted, and hope that it will be early in 2009 when a new President and Congress take office.”--LDS genetics professor

“Allow stem cell research. Provide federal funding for stem cell research.” --General population focus group member

“I don’t want money to go toward uncertainty”--Student focus group member

“My answer for federally funded research is a clear yes. I believe that the legislation passed by Congress and vetoed by President Bush should be enacted, and hope that it will be early in 2009 when a new President and Congress take office.”--LDS genetics professor


“I don’t think the big hurdle in embryonic stem cell research is the availability of lines. It’s actually the integrity of those lines, and our inability to maintain a pure culture of embryonic stem cells. For example, I don’t think that we can control spontaneous differentiation.”“I don’t think that we are so good at using what we have now”--LDS genetic professor

“I have worked in the private industry and that loophole [availability of stem cell lines] has not closed and there is plenty of research being done.”--LDS plant genetics professor

“Current policies are correct in spirit; however stem cell research should be contained within a certain moral principles. There could be an expansion of available stem cell lines as long as they reside within certain moral parameters and are scientifically based, not arbitrary”--LDS law professor

“I don’t think the big hurdle in embryonic stem cell research is the availability of lines. It’s actually the integrity of those lines, and our inability to maintain a pure culture of embryonic stem cells. For example, I don’t think that we can control spontaneous differentiation.”“I don’t think that we are so good at using what we have now”--LDS genetic professor

“I have worked in the private industry and that loophole [availability of stem cell lines] has not closed and there is plenty of research being done.”--LDS plant genetics professor

“Current policies are correct in spirit; however stem cell research should be contained within a certain moral principles. There could be an expansion of available stem cell lines as long as they reside within certain moral parameters and are scientifically based, not arbitrary”--LDS law professor

Monetary IncentivesMonetary Incentives

Both of the general population focus groups discussed possible monetary incentives for embryo donations.

Many participants were concerned about monetary incentives for embryos; others thought that donating embryos for money could be similar to organ donation.

A major concern was that giving money for donations could open the flood gates.

Some felt that “monetary value should be completely disregarded, regardless of individual circumstances”.

Both of the general population focus groups discussed possible monetary incentives for embryo donations.

Many participants were concerned about monetary incentives for embryos; others thought that donating embryos for money could be similar to organ donation.

A major concern was that giving money for donations could open the flood gates.

Some felt that “monetary value should be completely disregarded, regardless of individual circumstances”.

ConsentConsent

Along with monetary incentives, another closely related concern for two of the experts and the student focus group is the need to ensure consent for embryo donation in stem cell research.

Some in the student focus group, felt that the embryos right to life was “tied very closely to the right of the parents” to use the extra IVF embryos.

“If women were going to donate miscarried early embryos, they should be educated as to the use of those stem cells”--LDS public health professor

“If consent is given, parents should have the choice if their extra embryos are used for stem cell research.”--Student focus group member

Along with monetary incentives, another closely related concern for two of the experts and the student focus group is the need to ensure consent for embryo donation in stem cell research.

Some in the student focus group, felt that the embryos right to life was “tied very closely to the right of the parents” to use the extra IVF embryos.

“If women were going to donate miscarried early embryos, they should be educated as to the use of those stem cells”--LDS public health professor

“If consent is given, parents should have the choice if their extra embryos are used for stem cell research.”--Student focus group member

Public EducationPublic Education

A large concern, and the only point unanimity among all of the focus group as well as the experts, is the inadequate education of the public in stem cell biology and research. Both proponents and opponents for embryonic stem cell research feel that there is a general level of confusion in the public, especially about the current technology and future applications of stem cell research.

“The general public’s understanding of human embryonic stem cell research is woefully inadequate, and most people appear to be not only uninformed but misinformed. This matters a great deal. Embryonic stem cell research offers potential treatments for serious diseases and these treatments are significantly delayed due to the current restrictions on the use of federal funds for human embryonic stem cell research. If the public were better informed, political opposition would probably not be as strong as it is.”--LDS genetics professor

A large concern, and the only point unanimity among all of the focus group as well as the experts, is the inadequate education of the public in stem cell biology and research. Both proponents and opponents for embryonic stem cell research feel that there is a general level of confusion in the public, especially about the current technology and future applications of stem cell research.

“The general public’s understanding of human embryonic stem cell research is woefully inadequate, and most people appear to be not only uninformed but misinformed. This matters a great deal. Embryonic stem cell research offers potential treatments for serious diseases and these treatments are significantly delayed due to the current restrictions on the use of federal funds for human embryonic stem cell research. If the public were better informed, political opposition would probably not be as strong as it is.”--LDS genetics professor


“Where I think most of public and many politicians are not informed is that if that is shown to work, that you can actually take an embryonic stem cell and coax it into becoming an organ or organ patch. If that works, the only way to have that help someone is to clone that person at an early embryonic stage and take the stem cells.”


“People are making judgment calls, sometimes on evidence sometimes based on a gut reaction and are easily swayed by the person framing the question.”

--LDS genetics professor

“Where I think most of public and many politicians are not informed is that if that is shown to work, that you can actually take an embryonic stem cell and coax it into becoming an organ or organ patch. If that works, the only way to have that help someone is to clone that person at an early embryonic stage and take the stem cells.”


“People are making judgment calls, sometimes on evidence sometimes based on a gut reaction and are easily swayed by the person framing the question.”



“Sometimes I think that it’s the fault of the scientists actually [public view on stem cell research] to be overly optimistic to sell their research, to tell people what is possible instead of what they are able to do now.”


“All education in regards to what we are doing in life is important to know”

--LDS public health professor

“Sometimes I think that it’s the fault of the scientists actually [public view on stem cell research] to be overly optimistic to sell their research, to tell people what is possible instead of what they are able to do now.”


“All education in regards to what we are doing in life is important to know”

--LDS public health professor


There was a strong feeling among all the students in the focus group that the public is not adequately educated on stem cell biology.

Some felt that the information is out there, but the population needs to make efforts to educate themselves.

Some felt that the public has over emphasized the current therapeutic potential for stem cells: “The population thinks it’s a cure all, but we don’t have the knowledge to re-grow every cell.”

There was a strong feeling among all the students in the focus group that the public is not adequately educated on stem cell biology.

Some felt that the information is out there, but the population needs to make efforts to educate themselves.

Some felt that the public has over emphasized the current therapeutic potential for stem cells: “The population thinks it’s a cure all, but we don’t have the knowledge to re-grow every cell.”


The general population focus groups were unanimous that the public is not adequately educated on stem cell biology.

Most of the focus group felt that they needed to research these issues more, to “study it out for ourselves”.

Most felt that the public needs to “study it out more before a conclusion”.

The general population focus groups were unanimous that the public is not adequately educated on stem cell biology.

Most of the focus group felt that they needed to research these issues more, to “study it out for ourselves”.

Most felt that the public needs to “study it out more before a conclusion”.

PGD:LDS Principles, Policy, &

Social Considerations

PGD:LDS Principles, Policy, &

Social Considerations

LDS Principles and Policy Associated with PGD

LDS Principles and Policy Associated with PGD

Principles and policyPrinciples and policy

During interviews with experts and focus group discussions, participants were asked what LDS principles helped form their opinions PGD.


Sanctity of LifePre-mortal Life/Plan of Salvation

In addition, the LDS Church’s policy on abortion influenced the formation of opinions about PGD for the LDS participants

Doctrinal background on the principle sanctity of life and the LDS policy on abortion were discussed in the stem cell section of this module.

During interviews with experts and focus group discussions, participants were asked what LDS principles helped form their opinions PGD.


Sanctity of LifePre-mortal Life/Plan of Salvation

In addition, the LDS Church’s policy on abortion influenced the formation of opinions about PGD for the LDS participants

Doctrinal background on the principle sanctity of life and the LDS policy on abortion were discussed in the stem cell section of this module.


Sanctity of life was a major theme in all of the interviews with the experts along with all three focus groups. Sanctity of life was a concern for PGD.

Interestingly, both proponents and opponents of PGD used the principle of sanctity of life to justify their views. However, even proponents of PGD set certain boundaries as to the appropriateness of use, mainly limiting the use of PGD for non-fatal diseases.

Sanctity of life was a major theme in all of the interviews with the experts along with all three focus groups. Sanctity of life was a concern for PGD.

Interestingly, both proponents and opponents of PGD used the principle of sanctity of life to justify their views. However, even proponents of PGD set certain boundaries as to the appropriateness of use, mainly limiting the use of PGD for non-fatal diseases.


Proponents of PGD:

“We should use knowledge and technology to benefit society, but we must be aware of the possibility of abuse of that for evil and inappropriate use”--Student focus group member

“When there are inferior conditions that cause people to suffer and to have disease and to die younger than they would have otherwise I think God expects us to use those methods to be healthy and well; however, if it is a body condition I believe that God has allowed certain bodies to have those conditions for certain spirits” --LDS public health professor

Proponents of PGD:

“We should use knowledge and technology to benefit society, but we must be aware of the possibility of abuse of that for evil and inappropriate use”--Student focus group member

“When there are inferior conditions that cause people to suffer and to have disease and to die younger than they would have otherwise I think God expects us to use those methods to be healthy and well; however, if it is a body condition I believe that God has allowed certain bodies to have those conditions for certain spirits” --LDS public health professor


Opponents of PGD:

“Being pregnant for weeks and then aborting a Down Syndrome baby means that the couple said that ‘we are ready financially, physically, and emotionally for a baby; but we weren’t ready for a damaged one.’” “You are going through in vitro, which is a large expense means that you want to have a baby, and taking a very expensive test [PGD] because you want to make sure that you don’t have one with any problems. What you’re doing is that people with problems, Down Syndrome people, don’t have the same rights as you and me and that to me is obnoxious and repugnant.”“For over 2000 years, we have had the idea that children are a gift. That they are begotten, not made and once you give that up, that you think children are not a gift but a product then we are not begotten, we are made. Then I think the future looks really bleak because we don’t know what goal we are pursuing.” --LDS philosophy professor

Opponents of PGD:

“Being pregnant for weeks and then aborting a Down Syndrome baby means that the couple said that ‘we are ready financially, physically, and emotionally for a baby; but we weren’t ready for a damaged one.’” “You are going through in vitro, which is a large expense means that you want to have a baby, and taking a very expensive test [PGD] because you want to make sure that you don’t have one with any problems. What you’re doing is that people with problems, Down Syndrome people, don’t have the same rights as you and me and that to me is obnoxious and repugnant.”“For over 2000 years, we have had the idea that children are a gift. That they are begotten, not made and once you give that up, that you think children are not a gift but a product then we are not begotten, we are made. Then I think the future looks really bleak because we don’t know what goal we are pursuing.” --LDS philosophy professor

Pre-mortal Life/Plan of SalvationPre-mortal Life/Plan of Salvation

The LDS Church teaches that before we were born on earth, our spirits lived with Heavenly Father in a pre-mortal life or existence. During this time we developed and grew spiritually. In addition, we were taught about God’s plan for us on earth, which is commonly called the Plan of Salvation.

In 1995, the First Presidency issued a declaration stating that “in the pre-mortal realm, spirit sons and daughters knew and worshiped God as their Eternal Father and accepted His plan by which His children could obtain a physical body and gain earthly experience to progress toward perfection and ultimately realize his or her divine destiny as an heir of eternal life.” [18]

The LDS Church teaches that before we were born on earth, our spirits lived with Heavenly Father in a pre-mortal life or existence. During this time we developed and grew spiritually. In addition, we were taught about God’s plan for us on earth, which is commonly called the Plan of Salvation.

In 1995, the First Presidency issued a declaration stating that “in the pre-mortal realm, spirit sons and daughters knew and worshiped God as their Eternal Father and accepted His plan by which His children could obtain a physical body and gain earthly experience to progress toward perfection and ultimately realize his or her divine destiny as an heir of eternal life.” [18]


Members of the LDS Church believe that the plan of salvation was designed to “prove them herewith, to see if they will do all things whatsoever the Lord their God shall command them.” [19] Temptations, pains, and disabilities in this life are intended to test and prepare us. In some cases, disabilities are specifically given to individuals for a special purpose.

Boyd K. Packer, a member of the Twelve Apostles, taught that “even the severe tests of health or a handicapped or disabled body can refine a soul for the glorious day of restoration and healing which surely will come.” [20]

Members of the LDS Church believe that the plan of salvation was designed to “prove them herewith, to see if they will do all things whatsoever the Lord their God shall command them.” [19] Temptations, pains, and disabilities in this life are intended to test and prepare us. In some cases, disabilities are specifically given to individuals for a special purpose.

Boyd K. Packer, a member of the Twelve Apostles, taught that “even the severe tests of health or a handicapped or disabled body can refine a soul for the glorious day of restoration and healing which surely will come.” [20]


Participants in all three focus groups discussed how the pre-existence and God’s plan impacted their viewpoints about stem cell research or PGD; however, most of the discussion centered on PGD.

Some of the student participants feel that it is “not our place to decide what types of diseases children are born with”, this position is strongly influenced by the principle of a pre-mortal life in which people were chosen to have certain disabilities for certain reasons; others disagreed with this position, stating that “Heavenly Father has multiple ways of trying his children”.

Participants in all three focus groups discussed how the pre-existence and God’s plan impacted their viewpoints about stem cell research or PGD; however, most of the discussion centered on PGD.

Some of the student participants feel that it is “not our place to decide what types of diseases children are born with”, this position is strongly influenced by the principle of a pre-mortal life in which people were chosen to have certain disabilities for certain reasons; others disagreed with this position, stating that “Heavenly Father has multiple ways of trying his children”.


The general population focus group discussed how the use of PGD could possibly disrupt a valuable lesson from Heavenly Father

“I believe we will be able to handle anything we have been given. It is hard to have a sick child but I know even if they pass way at a young age we will see them again”

--General population focus group member

“The Lord is in control, things happen for a reason”


The general population focus group discussed how the use of PGD could possibly disrupt a valuable lesson from Heavenly Father

“I believe we will be able to handle anything we have been given. It is hard to have a sick child but I know even if they pass way at a young age we will see them again”


“The Lord is in control, things happen for a reason”



Six of the interviewed experts also viewed the principle of a pre-mortal life and the plan of salvation in being crucial to their viewpoints. Their concerns were similar to those of the student and general population focus groups.

“A body condition may be a blessing to that person, and if we take that away from them how does that impact that person. As a people, Down Syndrome people have a great capacity to love, and can teach a lot of the so called normal people a lot of lessons … Often times these diseases [adult onset diseases] are great teachers.”

--LDS public health professor and prostate cancer survivor

Six of the interviewed experts also viewed the principle of a pre-mortal life and the plan of salvation in being crucial to their viewpoints. Their concerns were similar to those of the student and general population focus groups.

“A body condition may be a blessing to that person, and if we take that away from them how does that impact that person. As a people, Down Syndrome people have a great capacity to love, and can teach a lot of the so called normal people a lot of lessons … Often times these diseases [adult onset diseases] are great teachers.”

--LDS public health professor and prostate cancer survivor


“Most of the Mormon people I know would not be part of [PGD], whatever we get we get, its God’s gift to us and we were meant to have this child no matter how hard it is.”--LDS philosophy professor

“The purpose of this life is to be tested. There are some people, in my theory, that don’t need the testing part just the body. So are there are some people who are born that have met what, I deem, to be what they need for their eternal progression.”--LDS congressman

“Most of the Mormon people I know would not be part of [PGD], whatever we get we get, its God’s gift to us and we were meant to have this child no matter how hard it is.”--LDS philosophy professor

“The purpose of this life is to be tested. There are some people, in my theory, that don’t need the testing part just the body. So are there are some people who are born that have met what, I deem, to be what they need for their eternal progression.”--LDS congressman


Four of the interviewed experts felt that the LDS Church’s abortion policy effected how they view PGD. In addition, both general population focus groups discussed how the Church’s abortion policy impacted their view of appropriate PGD use.

The abortion policy was especially salient in forming the views of both the general population focus group member’s and the expert’s

view of PGD use for non-fatal disease screening.

Four of the interviewed experts felt that the LDS Church’s abortion policy effected how they view PGD. In addition, both general population focus groups discussed how the Church’s abortion policy impacted their view of appropriate PGD use.

The abortion policy was especially salient in forming the views of both the general population focus group member’s and the expert’s

view of PGD use for non-fatal disease screening.


Specifically many in the general population focus group felt that the eradication effort of Downs Syndrome using PGD conflicts with the LDS principles of abortion. In addition, many feel that the right to life for early embryos are very connected to the Church’s stance on abortion.

“I feel that PGD is in the same spectrum as abortion and other reproductive measures. I feel that there should be limits on its use, such as limiting the use of PGD for non-fatal diseases.” --LDS law professor

Specifically many in the general population focus group felt that the eradication effort of Downs Syndrome using PGD conflicts with the LDS principles of abortion. In addition, many feel that the right to life for early embryos are very connected to the Church’s stance on abortion.

“I feel that PGD is in the same spectrum as abortion and other reproductive measures. I feel that there should be limits on its use, such as limiting the use of PGD for non-fatal diseases.” --LDS law professor

Social Considerations of PGDSocial Considerations of PGD

ConsiderationsConsiderations

Participants of the focus groups and the interviewed experts all discussed the social considerations associated with PGD.

These considerations include:

Parental Choice

Regulation

Societal Concerns

Participants of the focus groups and the interviewed experts all discussed the social considerations associated with PGD.

These considerations include:

Parental Choice

Regulation

Societal Concerns

Parental ChoiceParental Choice

Five of the experts and all three of the focus groups felt that use of PGD should be left up to the prospective parents.

“Although I disapprove on a personal level of PGD involving gender-screening, talent or intelligence screening, Down Syndrome screening, etc., I think it is ultimately the decision of the parents as to whether or not they are going to use PGD to pre-screen their potential offspring” --LDS genetics professor

“I feel that such decisions are best left to parents, provided they make them after being fully informed and in accordance with applicable laws. “--LDS genetics professor

Five of the experts and all three of the focus groups felt that use of PGD should be left up to the prospective parents.

“Although I disapprove on a personal level of PGD involving gender-screening, talent or intelligence screening, Down Syndrome screening, etc., I think it is ultimately the decision of the parents as to whether or not they are going to use PGD to pre-screen their potential offspring” --LDS genetics professor

“I feel that such decisions are best left to parents, provided they make them after being fully informed and in accordance with applicable laws. “--LDS genetics professor


“Allowing people to make choices [about PGD] is safer then letting an entity stepping in.”--LDS genetics professor

“How could we make that decision [about PGD] for someone in the abstract.”--LDs congressman

“The decision should be left to the prospective parents”--Student focus group member

“Each situation deserves consideration”--General population focus group member

“Allowing people to make choices [about PGD] is safer then letting an entity stepping in.”--LDS genetics professor

“How could we make that decision [about PGD] for someone in the abstract.”--LDs congressman

“The decision should be left to the prospective parents”--Student focus group member

“Each situation deserves consideration”--General population focus group member


Despite most participants insistence that the final decisions regarding PGD should be left to the prospective parents, when focus group members were asked about whether they would personally use PGD for given situations the results were as follows:

Student focus group: PGD use to select against a fatal childhood disease: 8 yes, 3 no PGD use to select against a tendency for an adult disease: 2 yes, 9 noPGD use for sex selection: 1 yes, 10 no PGD use for sibling organ donation: 5 yes, 4 noPGD use for trait selection: 11 no

Despite most participants insistence that the final decisions regarding PGD should be left to the prospective parents, when focus group members were asked about whether they would personally use PGD for given situations the results were as follows:

Student focus group: PGD use to select against a fatal childhood disease: 8 yes, 3 no PGD use to select against a tendency for an adult disease: 2 yes, 9 noPGD use for sex selection: 1 yes, 10 no PGD use for sibling organ donation: 5 yes, 4 noPGD use for trait selection: 11 no


General population focus group#1:PGD use to select against a fatal childhood disease: 4 no, 2 yes, 3 don’t know, 2 divided PGD use to select against a tendency for an adult disease: 9 no, 1 don’t know PGD use for sex selection: 11 no PGD use for sibling organ donation: 8 no 3 don’t knowPGD use for trait selection: 11 no

General population focus group #2PGD use to select against a fatal childhood disease: 6 yes, 2 no, 4 don’t know PGD use to select against a tendency for an adult disease: 5 yes, 7 no, 2 don’t knowPGD use for sex selection: 1 yes, 9 no, 3 don’t know PGD use for sibling organ donation: 5 yes, 3 no, 4 don’t knowPGD use for trait selection: 11 no, 2 don’t know

General population focus group#1:PGD use to select against a fatal childhood disease: 4 no, 2 yes, 3 don’t know, 2 divided PGD use to select against a tendency for an adult disease: 9 no, 1 don’t know PGD use for sex selection: 11 no PGD use for sibling organ donation: 8 no 3 don’t knowPGD use for trait selection: 11 no

General population focus group #2PGD use to select against a fatal childhood disease: 6 yes, 2 no, 4 don’t know PGD use to select against a tendency for an adult disease: 5 yes, 7 no, 2 don’t knowPGD use for sex selection: 1 yes, 9 no, 3 don’t know PGD use for sibling organ donation: 5 yes, 3 no, 4 don’t knowPGD use for trait selection: 11 no, 2 don’t know


In the previously mentioned survey, the focus groups were asked for their level of agreement with certain scenarios. Results were scores as before, with a range of 1-4, 4 indicating high agreement and 1 being high disagreement.

The scenarios and means for each group were as follows:

“Using PGD to select against certain embryos in order to avoid fatal a genetic disease such as Tay-Sachs.” Student focus group mean: 3.5 General population focus group #1 mean: 2.8 General population #2 mean: 3.25.

In the previously mentioned survey, the focus groups were asked for their level of agreement with certain scenarios. Results were scores as before, with a range of 1-4, 4 indicating high agreement and 1 being high disagreement.

The scenarios and means for each group were as follows:

“Using PGD to select against certain embryos in order to avoid fatal a genetic disease such as Tay-Sachs.” Student focus group mean: 3.5 General population focus group #1 mean: 2.8 General population #2 mean: 3.25.


“Using PGD to select against certain embryos in order to avoid a non-fatal a genetic disease such as Down Syndrome.”Student focus group mean: 3.1General population focus group #1 mean: 2General population focus group #2 mean: 2.64

“Using PGD to select certain embryos with a desired trait such as intelligence or sex”Student focus group mean: 1.25General population focus group #1: 1General population focus group #2: 1.1

“Using PGD to select against certain embryos in order to avoid a non-fatal a genetic disease such as Down Syndrome.”Student focus group mean: 3.1General population focus group #1 mean: 2General population focus group #2 mean: 2.64

“Using PGD to select certain embryos with a desired trait such as intelligence or sex”Student focus group mean: 1.25General population focus group #1: 1General population focus group #2: 1.1

RegulationRegulation

Another major concern for six of the interviewed experts, as well as both general population focus groups was regulation for PGD.

There were mixed ideas as to how to regulate PGD ranging from no regulations on what parents could do with PGD to stopping PGD altogether. Most of the focus group participants and experts would support regulations that would limit the use of PGD on non-fatal diseases, or human conditions. A large majority of participants would support limiting trait selections with PGD.

Another major concern for six of the interviewed experts, as well as both general population focus groups was regulation for PGD.

There were mixed ideas as to how to regulate PGD ranging from no regulations on what parents could do with PGD to stopping PGD altogether. Most of the focus group participants and experts would support regulations that would limit the use of PGD on non-fatal diseases, or human conditions. A large majority of participants would support limiting trait selections with PGD.


The general population focus groups had a major concern of the about PGD regulation; however they were unsure as to the government’s ability to properly regulate

“I worry about laws”

“[The] technology exists so should regulations. If [biotechnologies] are not allowed, people will turn to other countries (e.g. Thailand, India are provided more and more medical care)”

“I’m not sure the government can do this without major division in society because of religion or non-religion issues. This deals with ethics and government has a hard time forging ethics. Religion does better.”

“There has to be some control but I’m not sure the government is capable or able to control it”

The general population focus groups had a major concern of the about PGD regulation; however they were unsure as to the government’s ability to properly regulate

“I worry about laws”

“[The] technology exists so should regulations. If [biotechnologies] are not allowed, people will turn to other countries (e.g. Thailand, India are provided more and more medical care)”

“I’m not sure the government can do this without major division in society because of religion or non-religion issues. This deals with ethics and government has a hard time forging ethics. Religion does better.”

“There has to be some control but I’m not sure the government is capable or able to control it”


“I have neither the authority not the right to determine what guidelines should be adopted. I think that NIH panels composed of scientists, physicians, and ethicists should propose guidelines and update them as technologies progress, and that they should inform lawmakers and the general public to ensure that the guidelines are reasonable”--LDS genetics professor

“This is one of those processes [PGD] where science is in front so fast that we can’t develop moral public policy.”--LDS congressman

“Policy-wise if you are going to approve PGD it’s going to be used for many things…so I don’t think that you can make a policy on how PGD is going to be used. But what you can prevent is forcing people to use PGD. So government or health insurance can not say you have to apply this because that when you get into eugenics issue. Eugenics doesn’t really work unless you do it across the population.” --LDS genetics professor

“I have neither the authority not the right to determine what guidelines should be adopted. I think that NIH panels composed of scientists, physicians, and ethicists should propose guidelines and update them as technologies progress, and that they should inform lawmakers and the general public to ensure that the guidelines are reasonable”--LDS genetics professor

“This is one of those processes [PGD] where science is in front so fast that we can’t develop moral public policy.”--LDS congressman

“Policy-wise if you are going to approve PGD it’s going to be used for many things…so I don’t think that you can make a policy on how PGD is going to be used. But what you can prevent is forcing people to use PGD. So government or health insurance can not say you have to apply this because that when you get into eugenics issue. Eugenics doesn’t really work unless you do it across the population.” --LDS genetics professor

Societal ConcernsSocietal Concerns

There were greater societal concerns that were presented by individual participants or experts that either resonated with the group or was brought up in multiple interviews or focus groups

These societal concerns included the possible discrepancies in access of PGD between the rich and the poor, and the general impact PGD could have on the human population.

“PGD has the possibility of widening the gap between the rich and the poor”--Student focus group member

There were greater societal concerns that were presented by individual participants or experts that either resonated with the group or was brought up in multiple interviews or focus groups

These societal concerns included the possible discrepancies in access of PGD between the rich and the poor, and the general impact PGD could have on the human population.

“PGD has the possibility of widening the gap between the rich and the poor”--Student focus group member


“Because we are instructed to replenish the earth, Stem cell research and PGD could effectively lower the cost of having children, which leads to increased demand; lower price leads to a higher number of children”--Student focus group member

“The biggest fear is not that we are screening for something specific like that, but where do you draw the line in the future. Eliminating certain kinds of people was exactly what I was afraid about when we started doing abortions on demand, when we started talking about euthanasia. We start to focus on what we think is the right kind of life.” --LDS congressman

“Because we are instructed to replenish the earth, Stem cell research and PGD could effectively lower the cost of having children, which leads to increased demand; lower price leads to a higher number of children”--Student focus group member

“The biggest fear is not that we are screening for something specific like that, but where do you draw the line in the future. Eliminating certain kinds of people was exactly what I was afraid about when we started doing abortions on demand, when we started talking about euthanasia. We start to focus on what we think is the right kind of life.” --LDS congressman


“What we are saying is that we don’t want those conditions on this earth because we feel superior to people with those conditions.”“Who is it that is going to decide what are the superior human traits and characteristics and what are the inferior, so what are we going to try and develop and what are we going to get rid of.”--LDS public health professor

“Many times these technologies are promoted as a means to avoid future pains or sorrows, many of which have been historically accepted as a part of normal life, such as sickness and injury. Societal efforts to extend life indefinitely and avoid all pain shows the large tendency our society has toward hedonism.” --LDS political science teacher

“What we are saying is that we don’t want those conditions on this earth because we feel superior to people with those conditions.”“Who is it that is going to decide what are the superior human traits and characteristics and what are the inferior, so what are we going to try and develop and what are we going to get rid of.”--LDS public health professor

“Many times these technologies are promoted as a means to avoid future pains or sorrows, many of which have been historically accepted as a part of normal life, such as sickness and injury. Societal efforts to extend life indefinitely and avoid all pain shows the large tendency our society has toward hedonism.” --LDS political science teacher

TrendsOverall Impressions

& Conclusions

TrendsOverall Impressions

& Conclusions

TrendsTrends

There were several trends that were not directly affiliated with the LDS viewpoint on stem cell research or PGD but are still nonetheless worth noting.

There were several trends that were not directly affiliated with the LDS viewpoint on stem cell research or PGD but are still nonetheless worth noting.

TrendsTrends

The general population focus groups were much more willing to declare that they were unsure or did not know when compared to both the student focus group and the interviewed experts.

For example, in the previously mentioned section when asked about their willingness to use PGD given certain situations, the not one participants in the student focus group felt that they were unsure how they would act in that situation. In contrast, the both of the general population focus groups had multiple unsure answers in the same exercise.

The general population focus groups were much more willing to declare that they were unsure or did not know when compared to both the student focus group and the interviewed experts.

For example, in the previously mentioned section when asked about their willingness to use PGD given certain situations, the not one participants in the student focus group felt that they were unsure how they would act in that situation. In contrast, the both of the general population focus groups had multiple unsure answers in the same exercise.

TrendsTrends

Another trend worth noting was the manner in which participants in different groups responded to questions.

The student focus group used more abstractions when giving their viewpoints, like the use of hypothetical situations and theological postulates. For example, students engaged in discussions centered on if the use of PGD could increase the birthrate because people would be more pleased with the resulting children, or if God had multiple ways of testing us given that we take way the possibility of certain diseases.

Another trend worth noting was the manner in which participants in different groups responded to questions.

The student focus group used more abstractions when giving their viewpoints, like the use of hypothetical situations and theological postulates. For example, students engaged in discussions centered on if the use of PGD could increase the birthrate because people would be more pleased with the resulting children, or if God had multiple ways of testing us given that we take way the possibility of certain diseases.

TrendsTrends

Participants in the general population focus group tended to prefer using life experiences when giving their viewpoints. For example, participants in the general population focus groups spoke of having children or relatives with disabilities and how those experiences molded their opinions.

The different manner in which participants the general focus group and the student focus group responded maybe due to their current life circumstances. Students are in an environment that encourages them to think abstractly about issues and to investigate academically. The general population participants are in situations in which they experience the everyday impact of issues discussed during the focus group.

Participants in the general population focus group tended to prefer using life experiences when giving their viewpoints. For example, participants in the general population focus groups spoke of having children or relatives with disabilities and how those experiences molded their opinions.

The different manner in which participants the general focus group and the student focus group responded maybe due to their current life circumstances. Students are in an environment that encourages them to think abstractly about issues and to investigate academically. The general population participants are in situations in which they experience the everyday impact of issues discussed during the focus group.

TrendsTrends

Finally, there seemed to be a general hesitation among all participants of the study when expressing their opinions about PGD; however, when participants expressed opinions about stem cell research they seemed to have more comfort in their answers.

Participant hesitation was manifest by the need for participants to take longer to answer questions about PGD than they did to answer similar questions about stem cell research. In addition, participants were more unsure about their expressed opinions about PGD than stem cell research.

Finally, there seemed to be a general hesitation among all participants of the study when expressing their opinions about PGD; however, when participants expressed opinions about stem cell research they seemed to have more comfort in their answers.

Participant hesitation was manifest by the need for participants to take longer to answer questions about PGD than they did to answer similar questions about stem cell research. In addition, participants were more unsure about their expressed opinions about PGD than stem cell research.

TrendsTrends

The difference in comfort participants had with stem cell research verses PGD maybe a product of exposure stem cell research has had in the mainstream media. Many participants were unaware of PGD technology, and therefore had not had the same amount of time to consider the societal impact PGD may exhibit. Many participants felt that questions asked about PGD were harder when compared to similar questions about stem cell research. Prolonged exposure in the media about stem cell research may have galvanized some participant's stem cell research opinions.

However, when confronted with new information many participants in the study felt that they needed to reconsider their pervious opinions about stem cell research. For example, a general population focus group member stated: “At first I would have said ‘no’ to stem cell research, but now maybe”

The difference in comfort participants had with stem cell research verses PGD maybe a product of exposure stem cell research has had in the mainstream media. Many participants were unaware of PGD technology, and therefore had not had the same amount of time to consider the societal impact PGD may exhibit. Many participants felt that questions asked about PGD were harder when compared to similar questions about stem cell research. Prolonged exposure in the media about stem cell research may have galvanized some participant's stem cell research opinions.

However, when confronted with new information many participants in the study felt that they needed to reconsider their pervious opinions about stem cell research. For example, a general population focus group member stated: “At first I would have said ‘no’ to stem cell research, but now maybe”

ImpressionsImpressions

The purpose of this study was to gather individual viewpoints of people with the LDS faith tradition about stem cell research and PGD. Even though the purpose of the study was merely to gather information, several general impressions can be drawn from the information.

It is important to reiterate that this study was not designed to produce an official LDS response to stem cell research or PGD, therefore any conclusions stated in this module are a reflection on the individual LDS participants of the study and not of the LDS church as a whole.

The purpose of this study was to gather individual viewpoints of people with the LDS faith tradition about stem cell research and PGD. Even though the purpose of the study was merely to gather information, several general impressions can be drawn from the information.

It is important to reiterate that this study was not designed to produce an official LDS response to stem cell research or PGD, therefore any conclusions stated in this module are a reflection on the individual LDS participants of the study and not of the LDS church as a whole.


The LDS study participants rely on personal revelation to guide many of their life decisions, but ultimately feel that the final decisions about the use of embryos should be left to the parents/prospective parents. This is especially true with PGD.

A majority of the LDS participants felt a need for regulations related to stem cell research and PGD; however, many are concerned about the government’s ability to properly regulate human genetic biotechnologies

The LDS study participants rely on personal revelation to guide many of their life decisions, but ultimately feel that the final decisions about the use of embryos should be left to the parents/prospective parents. This is especially true with PGD.

A majority of the LDS participants felt a need for regulations related to stem cell research and PGD; however, many are concerned about the government’s ability to properly regulate human genetic biotechnologies


LDS participants hold very strongly to the principles and doctrines taught in the LDS church. Many of the participants use these teachings to guide them when forming opinions about stem cell research and PGD. The most salient LDS principles for the participants of this study included personal revelation, gaining knowledge, abortion, sanctity of life, and the pre-mortal life/plan of salvation.

Because of the principle of gaining knowledge taught in the LDS faith, public health genomic education efforts may find particular success among the Church’s membership. Similarly, policy actions may want to utilize education elements when working with members of the LDS faith.

LDS participants hold very strongly to the principles and doctrines taught in the LDS church. Many of the participants use these teachings to guide them when forming opinions about stem cell research and PGD. The most salient LDS principles for the participants of this study included personal revelation, gaining knowledge, abortion, sanctity of life, and the pre-mortal life/plan of salvation.

Because of the principle of gaining knowledge taught in the LDS faith, public health genomic education efforts may find particular success among the Church’s membership. Similarly, policy actions may want to utilize education elements when working with members of the LDS faith.

ConclusionsConclusions


The previously mentioned LDS principles and social considerations were all significant factors in the discussion of both the focus group participants, and the experts who were interviewed; however, some of the LDS principles and social considerations were more salient than others.

The previously mentioned LDS principles and social considerations were all significant factors in the discussion of both the focus group participants, and the experts who were interviewed; however, some of the LDS principles and social considerations were more salient than others.


The most prominent LDS principle discussed was sanctity of life. 90% of the interviewed experts and all three focus groups felt that the principle of sanctity of life influenced their opinions about stem cell research and PGD.

The influence of the sanctity of life principle was higher for those focus group participants and experts that were opposed to stem cell research and PGD use. Of the 90% of the interviewed experts who felt that this principle was influential in forming their opinions, 60% felt that the principle lead to their opposition of stem cell research, and 70% felt that the principle lead to them to oppose PGD use for non-fatal disease screenings.

The most prominent LDS principle discussed was sanctity of life. 90% of the interviewed experts and all three focus groups felt that the principle of sanctity of life influenced their opinions about stem cell research and PGD.

The influence of the sanctity of life principle was higher for those focus group participants and experts that were opposed to stem cell research and PGD use. Of the 90% of the interviewed experts who felt that this principle was influential in forming their opinions, 60% felt that the principle lead to their opposition of stem cell research, and 70% felt that the principle lead to them to oppose PGD use for non-fatal disease screenings.


The other principles ranked in prominence as follows:

80% of the experts and all three focus groups felt that the principle of personal revelation influenced their views on stem cell research

80% of the experts and all three focus groups felt that the principle of gaining knowledge influenced their views on stem cell research

60% of the experts and all three focus groups felt that the principle of the pre-mortal life/plan of salvation influenced their views on PGD

50% of the experts and the two general population focus groups felt that the LDS Church’s policy on abortion influenced their views on stem cell research and PGD

The other principles ranked in prominence as follows:

80% of the experts and all three focus groups felt that the principle of personal revelation influenced their views on stem cell research

80% of the experts and all three focus groups felt that the principle of gaining knowledge influenced their views on stem cell research

60% of the experts and all three focus groups felt that the principle of the pre-mortal life/plan of salvation influenced their views on PGD

50% of the experts and the two general population focus groups felt that the LDS Church’s policy on abortion influenced their views on stem cell research and PGD


The experts that were interviewed and the participants of the focus groups were directly asked questions about some previously mentioned social considerations; namely, participants were asked about the appropriate use of stem cell research, increasing the availability of stem cell lines for publicly funded research, public education on stem cell research, and regulations for PGD.

Therefore, analysis of these considerations are gauged according to the level of agreement among the focus group members and experts.

The experts that were interviewed and the participants of the focus groups were directly asked questions about some previously mentioned social considerations; namely, participants were asked about the appropriate use of stem cell research, increasing the availability of stem cell lines for publicly funded research, public education on stem cell research, and regulations for PGD.

Therefore, analysis of these considerations are gauged according to the level of agreement among the focus group members and experts.


The social consideration with the highest level of agreement among the respondents was public education on stem cell research. 100% of the experts and every participant in the three focus groups felt that the public was inadequately education about stem cell research.

The consideration with the next highest level of agreement was the appropriateness of stem cell research. 70% of the experts and participants from all three focus groups felt that there was proper applications for stem cell research. A survey question asked members of the focus groups to indicate the level that they agree with the statement: “overall, the potential therapies resulting from stem cell research justify the destruction of embryos.” The overall mean for all three focus groups was a 2.803, indicating somewhat agreement.

The social consideration with the highest level of agreement among the respondents was public education on stem cell research. 100% of the experts and every participant in the three focus groups felt that the public was inadequately education about stem cell research.

The consideration with the next highest level of agreement was the appropriateness of stem cell research. 70% of the experts and participants from all three focus groups felt that there was proper applications for stem cell research. A survey question asked members of the focus groups to indicate the level that they agree with the statement: “overall, the potential therapies resulting from stem cell research justify the destruction of embryos.” The overall mean for all three focus groups was a 2.803, indicating somewhat agreement.


50% of the interviewed experts felt that there should not be an expansion in the availability of stem cell lines for publicly funded research, 20% felt that there should be an increase in availability and 30% of the experts were unsure.

When the participants of the focus groups were asked on a survey “I would support a policy action that would increase the number of available stem cell lines for research” the overall mean was 2.84 indicating somewhat agreement

50% of the interviewed experts felt that there should not be an expansion in the availability of stem cell lines for publicly funded research, 20% felt that there should be an increase in availability and 30% of the experts were unsure.

When the participants of the focus groups were asked on a survey “I would support a policy action that would increase the number of available stem cell lines for research” the overall mean was 2.84 indicating somewhat agreement


30% of interviewed experts thought that the government should limit the use of PGD on non-fatal diseases and trait selection. 30% of the experts felt that if PGD is allowed it cannot be regulated. 20% felt that the government should at least convene committees to discuss possible regulations. 20% were unsure if regulations should occur.

In addition, 30% of the experts and the student focus group felt that consent for embryo donations was a major consideration for stem cell research, and the two general population focus groups felt that monetary incentives for embryo donations was an important

consideration.

30% of interviewed experts thought that the government should limit the use of PGD on non-fatal diseases and trait selection. 30% of the experts felt that if PGD is allowed it cannot be regulated. 20% felt that the government should at least convene committees to discuss possible regulations. 20% were unsure if regulations should occur.

In addition, 30% of the experts and the student focus group felt that consent for embryo donations was a major consideration for stem cell research, and the two general population focus groups felt that monetary incentives for embryo donations was an important

consideration.


The rankings of the most salient LDS principles and social considerations reflect some prominent factors associated with the viewpoints of stem cell research and PGD of focus group members and experts as a whole; however, no single respondent corresponds exactly with these results.

Therefore, it is important to recognize that members of the LDS faith are not a homogenous group, but are a mosaic of different ethical temperaments. It cannot be assumed that members of the LDS faith will uniformly support any specific ethical position or policy action.

The rankings of the most salient LDS principles and social considerations reflect some prominent factors associated with the viewpoints of stem cell research and PGD of focus group members and experts as a whole; however, no single respondent corresponds exactly with these results.

Therefore, it is important to recognize that members of the LDS faith are not a homogenous group, but are a mosaic of different ethical temperaments. It cannot be assumed that members of the LDS faith will uniformly support any specific ethical position or policy action.

ReferencesReferences

#1 http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,660201952,00.html#2 http://www.lds.org/ldsorg/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid#3http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/commentary/embryonic-stem-cell-research#4 http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/commentary/embryonic-stem-cell-research#5 http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/public-issues/embryonic-stem-cell-research#6 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. (1995). Gospel Principles. Salt Lake City: Author #7 Articles of Faith 1:9#8 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. (1995). Gospel Principles. Salt Lake City: Author #9 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. (1995). Gospel Principles. Salt Lake City: Author #10 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. (1995). Gospel Principles. Salt Lake City: Author #11 Doctrine and Covenants 130:19

#1 http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,660201952,00.html#2 http://www.lds.org/ldsorg/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid#3http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/commentary/embryonic-stem-cell-research#4 http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/commentary/embryonic-stem-cell-research#5 http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/public-issues/embryonic-stem-cell-research#6 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. (1995). Gospel Principles. Salt Lake City: Author #7 Articles of Faith 1:9#8 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. (1995). Gospel Principles. Salt Lake City: Author #9 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. (1995). Gospel Principles. Salt Lake City: Author #10 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. (1995). Gospel Principles. Salt Lake City: Author #11 Doctrine and Covenants 130:19

ReferencesReferences

#12 Doctrine & Covenants 109:7#13 Doctrine & Covenants 88:79#14 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. (1997). Teachings of the presidents of the church, Brigham Young. Salt Lake City:Author.#15 http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/public-issues/abortion#16 http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/public-issues/abortion#17 Doctrine & Covenants 18:10#18 The Family: A Proclamation to the World, The First Presidency and Council of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1995)#19 The Family: A Proclamation to the World, The First Presidency and Council of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1995)#20 Abraham 3:25 #21 President Boyd K. Packer, Ye Are the Temple of God. General Conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Oct. 2000.#22 Doctrine & Covenants 101:78#23 President Thomas S. Monson, Choose You This Day. General Conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Oct. 2004.

#12 Doctrine & Covenants 109:7#13 Doctrine & Covenants 88:79#14 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. (1997). Teachings of the presidents of the church, Brigham Young. Salt Lake City:Author.#15 http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/public-issues/abortion#16 http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/public-issues/abortion#17 Doctrine & Covenants 18:10#18 The Family: A Proclamation to the World, The First Presidency and Council of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1995)#19 The Family: A Proclamation to the World, The First Presidency and Council of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1995)#20 Abraham 3:25 #21 President Boyd K. Packer, Ye Are the Temple of God. General Conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Oct. 2000.#22 Doctrine & Covenants 101:78#23 President Thomas S. Monson, Choose You This Day. General Conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Oct. 2004.

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