Biomolecules PAP

8/11/2019 Biomolecules PAP

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C H A P T E R 2 . 3

Carbon Compounds



The Chemistry of Carbon

Carbon

four valence electrons

can form strong covalent bonds withmany other elements

hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus,

sulfur, and nitrogen (H2, O2, P, S, and N2

!iving organisms are made up of molecules that consist of carbon

and these other elements"



The Chemistry of Carbon

Carbon-Carbon Bonds

#an bond to itself

millions of large and complex structures

Single, double, or triple covalent bonds"

$ings also present



Macromolecules

%ranslates into &giant molecules"'

ormed by polymerization)

!arge compounds are built by *oining

smaller ones together



Macromolecules

%he smaller units, or

monomers, *oin together

to form polymers

%he monomers in a

polymer may be

identical or different



Macromolecules

%hese macromolecules get sorted based

upon the chemical composition"

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and

proteins"



Carbohydrates

made up of carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen

atoms, usually in a

ratio of + ) 2 ) +" ie #,H+2O,



Carbohydrates

!iving things use carbohydrates as their

main source of energy" %he brea-down of

sugars, such as glucose, supplies

immediate energy for cell activities"



Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide) Monomer of

carbohydrates

single sugar molecule

glucose, galactose (seen in

mil-, fructose (in fruit



Carbohydrates

Disaccharide) Polymer of carbohydrates

two sugar molecules

bonded

Sucrose)

glucose . fructose

/altose)glucose . glucose



Complex Carbohydrates

Polysaccharide) Polymer of carbohydrates

many monosaccharides bonded together

Starches, glycogen, cellulose




0n animals)

1lycogen is storage of excess sugar

hen the level of glucose in your blood

runs low, glycogen is bro-en down intoglucose, which is then released into the

blood"

%he glycogen stored in your musclessupplies the energy for muscle contraction"




0n plants)

Starch is storage of excess sugar

#ellulose is used in cell wall for strength and

rigidity"




(b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide

Starch

Glycogenmylose

Chloroplast

(a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide

mylopectin

MitochondriaGlycogen gran!les

"#$ %m

& %m



Lipids

/ade mostly from carbon and hydrogen

atoms and are generally not soluble in

water"

%ypically have more carbon and hydrogenatoms, and less oxygen atoms"

ats, oils, waxes



Lipids

3uilding bloc-s of lipids are glycerol and

fatty acids"



Lipids

%here are two types of fatty acids)

saturated and unsaturated"



Lipids

Sat!rated 'atty

acid) only single

bonds are

between thecarbon atoms No empty spaces

for hydrogenatoms to bond to

carbonSat!rated 'at

Str!ct!ral'orm!la o' asat!rated 'atmolec!le



Lipids

nsat!rated

'atty acid) at least

one double bond

between carbon Polyunsaturated if

the fatty acid has

more than onedouble bond

between carbon

nsat!rated 'at

Str!ct!ral 'orm!la

o' an !nsat!rated

'at molec!le

cis do!ble

bond ca!ses

bending



Lipids

5nsaturated fatty

acids are seen in

plant4based

products) nuts,avocado, olive oil,

vegetable oil

!i6uid at roomtemp4good for

younsat!rated 'at

Str!ct!ral 'orm!la

o' an !nsat!rated

'at molec!le

cis do!ble

bond ca!ses

bending



Lipids

ats are the most concentrated energy source

in our diets"

1ive 2"7x the energy that sugar gives

%hey have more chemical bonds, thereforemore chemical energy"

Store energy because carbohydrates are

used as first energy source



Lipids

ats are used by animals for insulation and

protections of organs"

Shoc- absorption as animal moves"

axes are used for protective covering" 8arwax cleans and protects ear canal"

ax in plants made by leaves pro*ects from

water loss hales4 build layers of earwax (up to 9"

#an tell their age after it dies from the wax



Lipids

Phospholipid is important for the cell

membrane"

atty acids

Phosphate

Glycerol



Proteins

/acromolecule with nitrogen as well as

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen" /onomer) amino acid

Polymer) polypeptide (a*a protein)

/any functions) control the rate of reactions

and regulating cell processes, form cellular

structures, transport substances into or outof cells, and help to fight disease"



Proteins

mino acids are compounds with an

amino group (:NH2 on one end and a carboxyl group (:

#OOH on the other end"

minogro!p

Carbo+ylgro!p



Proteins

hen a protein is made (a polymer, the bond

between each amino acid is called a peptide

bond"



Proteins

;ll amino acids are identical in the amino and

carboxyl groups"

;mino acids differ from each other in a side

chain called the $4group, which have a rangeof different properties"



Proteins

/ore than 2< different amino acids are

found in nature"



Levels of Organization of Proteins

Proteins have 9 levels

of structure" Primary Structure)

se6uence of it=s aminoacids

;lso can be shown as a

list) val his leu thr pro glu glu lysser ala val thr ala leu tyr gly lys

val asn val asp glu val gly gly glu

ala leu gly

mino acid

s!b!nits

./

mino end

Primary Str!ct!re




Secondary Structure) folding or coiling of the

polypeptide chain

Secondary Str!ct!re

pleated sheet

heli+




%ertiary Structure) the complete, three4

dimensional arrangement of a polypeptide

chain"




>uaternary Structure) describes the way in

which the different polypeptide chains are

arranged with respect to each other"

0ertiary Str!ct!re 1!aternary Str!ct!re




Seen in hemoglobinHas sub units

eme

2ron




Primary

Str!ct!reSecondary

Str!ct!re

0ertiary

Str!ct!re

pleated sheet

3+amples o'

amino acid

s!b!nits

./

mino end

heli+

1!aternary

Str!ct!re



!ucleic "cids

/acromolecules containing hydrogen,

oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus" /onomer) n!cleotide

Polymer) n!cleic acid

Store and transmit hereditary, or genetic,

information"



!ucleic "cids

/!cleotides consist of

three parts) a

74carbon sugar, a

phosphate group(:PO9, and a nitrogenous base"

adenosine triphosphate (;%P, important for

capturing and transferring chemical energy"



!ucleic "cids

%wo important nucleic

acids) ribonucleic acid ($N;

and deoxyribonucleic acid(?N;"

$N; contains the sugar

ribose and ?N; contains

the sugar deoxyribose" ?N; contains instructions

to ma-e amino acids

which ma-e proteins

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