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What is Life Made of?Everything is made up of atoms.

Living things are made up of cells.

Cells are made up of atoms.

: - -moleculesmolecules

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Bio-moleculesBio-molecules

1.1. Structure of WaterStructure of Water

1.1. Organic moleculesOrganic molecules CarbohydratesCarbohydrates LipidsLipids

ProteinsProteins

Nucleic acidsNucleic acids

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Life exists on Earth because of the abundantLife exists on Earth because of the abundant

li uid !aterli uid !ater ..

Water has been referred to as theWater has been referred to as the uni"ersaluni"ersalsol"entsol"ent ..

# ueous solutions$#

ueous solutions$ are solutionsare solutions

that ha"e materials dissol"ed in !ater%that ha"e materials dissol"ed in !ater%

So& it has slightlySo& it has slightly positi"epositi"e and a slightlyand a slightly

negati"enegati"e sidessides ..

II - Water - Water

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'ydrophilic'

ydrophilic

! ! ()lucose%()lucose% $$*s any substance that has an a+nity for !ater*s any substance that has an a+nity for !ater

..

'ydrophobic'

ydrophobic " #" # (Lipid%(L

ipid% $$*s the substances that ha"e no a+nity for !ater $

$ . ,ecausethey ha"e non-ionic and non-polar co"alent bonds.

!hus" #ater molecules cannot form hydrogen $onds #ith thesemolecules.

#mphipathic#

mphipathic ! " # ! " # (Phospholipid%(Phos

pholipid% $$'as end !ith a+nity for !ater and the other end !ith no a+nity'as end !ith a+nit

y for !ater and the other end !ith no a+nityfor !aterfor !ater

he 'ydrophobic molecules are the ma/or

ingredients of cell membranes.

Types of solutionsTypes of solutions

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Organisms are sensiti"e to changes in p'Organisms are sensiti"e to changes in p'

he acid$he acid$ *s a substance that increasesincreases the hydrogen ion

( ' 0 % concentration in a solution.

When hydrochloric acid is added to #ater" hydrogenions dissociate %&' from chloride ions:

'Cl ' 0 0 Cl -

#ddition of an acid ma es a solution more#ddition of an acid ma es a solution more

acidic.acidic.

he base$he base$*s any substance that reducesreduces the hydrogen ionconcentration in a solution.

%ome $ases reduce '0

directly $y acceptinghydrogen ions.&ther $ases reduce ' 0 indirectly $y releasing O' - that com$ines #ith ' 0 to form #ater.

NaO' 2 Na 0 0 O' - O' - 0 ' 0 2 ' 3 O

Solutions !ith more O'O' -- than '' 00 are basicsolutions.

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2. Biomolecules'. Car$ohydrates2. Lipids(. )roteins*. +ucleic ,cids

4 main molecules4 main moleculesinvolved in lifeinvolved in life

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(Carbohydrates& Lipids& Proteins and nucleic

acids%

4ono-mer 5i-mer Poly-mer

PolymerPol ymer is a long molecule consists of a chain ofis a long molecule consists of a chain ofsimilar $uilding molecules similar $uilding molecules monomersmonomerscovalently $ounded together.covalently $ounded together.

)olymer can $e $ro/en do#n)olymer can $e $ro/en do#n to itsto its

monomers $y hydrolysis adding 0monomers $y hydrolysis adding 0 33 & .& .

)olymer)ol ymer can $ecan $e built upbuilt u p $y lin/ing its$y lin/ing itsmonomersmonomers $y dehydration removing 0$y dehydration removing 0 33 & .& .

! " # #$

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MonomersMacromolecule

Car$ohydrates

Lipids

)roteins

+ucleic acids

Monomer

Monosaccharide sugar

0ydrocar$on chains

,mino acids

+ucleotides

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Car$ohydratesMade of: car$on" hydrogen" and o1ygenatoms

o$: provide living things #ith energy

E1amples: sugars and starches corn" rice"potato" $read

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Consisted of fe!Consisted of fe! hundredshundreds to fe!to fe!thousandsthousands of monosaccharides.of monosaccharides.

hey are t!o types$h ey are t!o types$

1- Storage1- Storage .. Provide sugar Provid e sugar for cell by hydrolysisfor cell by hydrolysis !" #!$%!" #!$%&&

asas 'tarch ('tarch ( in )lantsin )lants ** !+ ,!+ , andand %ly&o'en%ly&o'en (in animals * . /012 3 ,. /012 3 ,

3- Structural3- Structural 5 6 7 .. 'erve as'erve as building materialsbuilding materials for the organism&for the organism&

asas 8ellulose in8ellulose in pl(nts )&ell *(ll+ (n,pl(nts )&ell *(ll+ (n, -.itin-.itin /010 2/010 2 in t.ein t.e&uti&le #03 4 2 of inse&ts

PolysaccharidesPol ysaccharides 9 9:, 72;,9 9:, 72;,

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LipidsMade of: long chains of car$on and hydrogen

atoms #ith some o1ygen .

o$: store energy" repel #ater

E1amples: fats and oils $utter" cheese" oil

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PhospholipidsPhospholipids ha"e t!o fatty acids attached toha"e t!o fatty acids attached toglycerol and aglycerol and a phosphate groupphosphate group at the third position.at the third position.

he phosphate group carries ahe phosphate group carries a negati"enegati"e chargecharge .

PhospholipidsPhospholipids #re ma/or components of cell membranes#re ma/or components of cell membranes

< T.e f(tty (&i,T.e f(tty (&i, t(ilst(ils (7e(7e.y,7op.o8i&.y,7op.o8i& = 8ut t.e= 8ut t.ep.osp.(te '7oup (n,p.osp.(te '7oup (n,its (tt(&.6ents fo76 (its (tt(&.6ents fo76 (

.y,7op.ili&.y,7op.ili& .e(,.e(, 99

< T.us= it isT.us= it is (6p.ip(t.i&( 6p.ip(t.i&

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)roteinsMade of: +itrogen" Car$on" 0ydrogen" and

other atoms

o$: Many di3erent 4o$s in our $odies includeincludestructural support& storage& transport of otherstructural support& storage& transport of other

substances& intercellular signalingsubstances& intercellular signaling &&mo"ement& and defense against microbes.mo"ement& and defense against microbes.

E1amples: en5ymes" muscles" hair

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+ucleic ,cidsMade of: )hosphorous" Car$on" +itrogen"

&1ygen" and 0ydrogen atoms

o$: %tore genetic information

E1amples: 6+," 7+,