Biomechanical Principles of Motion through air and water By Lauren Borg and Tiffany Marygold.
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Transcript of Biomechanical Principles of Motion through air and water By Lauren Borg and Tiffany Marygold.
![Page 1: Biomechanical Principles of Motion through air and water By Lauren Borg and Tiffany Marygold.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56649f205503460f94c38aa7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biomechanical Principles of Motion through air and water
By Lauren Borg and Tiffany Marygold
![Page 2: Biomechanical Principles of Motion through air and water By Lauren Borg and Tiffany Marygold.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56649f205503460f94c38aa7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Biomechanical Principles of Motion through air and water By Lauren Borg and Tiffany Marygold.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56649f205503460f94c38aa7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• The two mediums that us as humans generally perform in are air and water.
• They are both fluids and so both exert forces on the body as it moves through.
• When an object or body travels through the air, it is considered projectile and its flight path is determined by a number of factors.
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Projectile motion!
Contents• Vertical and horizontal components• Factors affecting the path of a projectile• Factors that may influence projectile motion• Angle of projection• Speed of release• Height of release
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• Anything that travels through the air and is affected by the forces of gravity and air resistance is considered as a projectile.
• Projectile motion is the factors that influence the flight path of the projectile.
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Vertical and horizontal components
• Anything that is considered as a projectile will have horizontal and vertical components. This is the easiest way to analyse motion biomechanically.
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Vertical component
• The vertical component of projectile motion is influenced by gravity.
• Gravity causes objects to accelerate towards the earth at a rate of 9.81 m/s²
• It is gravity that gives projectiles the parabolic flight path. (figure 5.2)
• Regardless of size, shape or weight all objects will pick up speed due to gravity.
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Horizontal component
• The horizontal component is affected by air resistance.
• If there was no air resistance, the horizontal velocity of a projectile would remain the same.
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Factors affecting the path of a projectile
The path of a projectile can be affected by three factors:
• Angle of projection (or release) • Speed of release (or projection) • Height of release (or projection)
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Factors that may influence projectile motion
• Flight time• Distance (horizontal) • Distance (vertical) • Flight path
Manipulating these variables helps determine the best combination for optimum performance.
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Angle of projection
• The angle of projection is the angle at which an object is released. This will determine the flight path of the projectile.
• There are three shapes that a flight path can form.
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Vertical trajectory
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Oblique trajectory
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Horizontal trajectory
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Speed of release
• This is the speed at which an object is released.
• Projectiles have both a horizontal and vertical component.
• The vertical component determines the height reached and the flight time of the projectile.
• The horizontal component determines the distance covered by the projectile.
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Height of release
• This is the difference between the height that a projectile is released and the height at which it lands or stops.
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Human movement through air and water
Contents• Laminar and turbulent flow• Buoyancy• Drag force• Lift force (foil shape, angle of attack, Magnus
effect)
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Laminar flow
• When the flow of the fluid is not disturbed much, this is called laminar flow.
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Turbulent flow
• When the layers of fluid near the surface get mixed together, this is called turbulent flow.
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Buoyancy
• Buoyancy is the force that acts vertically upwards on a body that is immersed in water.
• The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid that has been displaced.
• Buoyancy is affected by the density of the fluid, this means it is easier to float in the ocean then fresh water as the buoyancy is greater in sea water.
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Drag force
• When a fluid flows around a stationary object or when an object moves through a liquid, drag force is generated. This slows the object down.
• In air this is called air resistance, and in water this is called hydrodynamic resistance.
• As the velocity of the fluid increases, the pressure decreases. This is known as Bernoulli’s principle.
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Drag is affected by a number of factors:• The shape of an object• The density of the fluid• The cross-sectional area of the object in the
direction of motion• The velocity of the object
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Lift force
Lift force is the perpendicular movement to theflow of the fluid. The factors affecting the liftforce are similar to those that affect drag:• The velocity of the fluid• The density of the fluid• The size, shape and position of the object or
body.
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Lift can occur due to:• The foil shape• The angle of the object relative to the
direction of the flow• The Magnus effect• The unevenness of surface on one side of a
ball compared to another.
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Foil shape
• A foil shape is one that can generate lift when in air or water.
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Angle of attack
• The angle of attack is the angle between the long axis of the object or body and the direction of the air or water flow.
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Magnus effect
• A spinning object creates regions of high and low pressures on either side of an object by increasing the fluid on one side and decreasing on the other, generating lift.
• The pressure difference is called Magnus force, which causes the object to deviate in the direction of the spin. This deviation is known as the Magnus effect.