BIOMASS to GAS - · PDF fileBiomass to Gas . Bram van der Drift . Presented at the Future...
Transcript of BIOMASS to GAS - · PDF fileBiomass to Gas . Bram van der Drift . Presented at the Future...
Biomass to Gas
Bram van der Drift
Presented at the Future World of Biogas: Europe 2011, 24 November 2011, London, United Kingdom
ECN-L--11-122 November 2011
www.ecn.nl
BIOMASS to GAS
Bram van der Drift
2 Biogas - London -
24/Nov/2011
CONTENTS
• Digestion and gasification
• Processes, difference, synergy
• Status of gasification
• Costs
• Future/ambitions
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24/Nov/2011
TERMINOLOGY
• Biogas Gas from digestion (CH4, CO2)
• Syngas Gas from gasification (CH4, CO2, H2, CO, .. )
• Bio-methane Upgraded gas to essentially 100% CH4
• SNG Substitute/Synthetic Natural Gas, biogas or
syngas upgraded to Natural Gas quality
can be made from coal or biomass (bioSNG)
4 Biogas - London -
24/Nov/2011
DIGESTION and GASIFICATION of biomass characteristics
technology: digestion gasification
status: commercially available in development (biomass)
scale: small (<1 MW) large (>100 MW)
fuel: wet biomass (local) dry biomass (local or import)
potential: limited (< 60 PJ in NL) “unlimited”
SYNGAS BIOGAS
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24/Nov/2011
DIGESTION and GASIFICATION of biomass process
temperature: < 100°C > 500°C
process biological chemical
gas: CH4 CH4
CO2 CO2
… H2
CO
….
SYNGAS BIOGAS
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24/Nov/2011
DIGESTION and GASIFICATION of biomass final products
CHP CHP
bio-methane bio-methane
Netherlands (2010): Netherlands (2010)
2.0 PJ heat 0
3.3 PJ power 1.5 PJ power
0.9 PJ bio-methane 0
SYNGAS BIOGAS
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24/Nov/2011
DIGESTION a biological process BIOGAS
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GASIFICATION a thermal process SYNGAS
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PRODUCING BIO-METHANE
digestion
upgrading to
NG specification gas cleaning
solid/liquid
fuel
gaseous
fuel
contaminated
clean gaseous
fuel
NG quality
gas
10 Biogas - London -
24/Nov/2011
PRODUCING BIO-METHANE
digestion
upgrading to
NG specification gas cleaning
solid/liquid
fuel
gaseous
fuel
contaminated
clean gaseous
fuel
NG quality
gas
gasification
upgrading to
NG specification gas cleaning
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digestion
upgrading to
NG specification gas cleaning
gasification
upgrading to
NG specification gas cleaning
C2H4 … H2 + CO
3H2 + CO CH4 + H2O
tar removal
CO2 removal
water removal
S removal
dust removal
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24/Nov/2011
digestion
upgrading to
NG specification gas cleaning
gasification
upgrading to
NG specification gas cleaning
C2H4 … H2 + CO
3H2 + CO CH4 + H2O
tar removal
CO2 removal
water removal
S removal
dust removal
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24/Nov/2011
PRODUCTION of BIO-METHANE digestion and gasification compared
• Many differences (size, residence time, process,
technology status, type of biomass, conversion, …)
• Similarities in gas cleaning/upgrading:
- S-removal
- CO2-removal
• Synergy:
- NG-specs development (e.g. H2 content)
- Certification
- Digestate gasification
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24/Nov/2011
GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Air Air
Gas
Drying
Oxidation
Pyrolysis
Reduction
Fuel
Air
Fuel
Ash
Gas
Gas
& Steam
Oxygen
Slag
Fuel
Fixed bed Circulating fluidized bed Entrained flow
simple
cheap
tar in gas
limited scale
limited fuel choice
fuel flexible
up-scalable
tar in gas
conversion not 100%
commercial large scale
no tar in gas
O2-plant required
fuel milling <0.1 mm
too high T for biomass
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24/Nov/2011
TECHNOLOGIES
Air Air
Gas
Drying
Oxidation
Pyrolysis
Reduction
Fuel
Gas
& Steam
Oxygen
Slag
Fuel
Fixed bed Indirect fluidized bed Entrained flow
simple
tar in gas
limited scale
limited fuel choice
fuel flexible
up-scalable
conversion is not 100%
tar in gas
no N2 in gas
commercial large scale
no tar in gas
O2-plant required
fuel milling <0.1 mm
too high T for biomass
raw producer gas
flue gas
air
biomass
pyrolysis
combustion
steam or CO2 or …
16 Biogas - London -
24/Nov/2011
STATUS OF GASIFICATION gasifier without gas cleaning
CFB FW, Lahti
(Fin), co-firing
PF boiler,
45 MWth_biomass
CFB Metso, Varo (Swe),
co-firing lime kiln,
35 MWth_biomass
Updraft Nexterra, Tolko
(Can), boiler,
12 MWth_biomass
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24/Nov/2011
STATUS OF GASIFICATION gasifier without gas cleaning
Updraft Bioneer, 8
plants with boiler,
4-5 MWth_biomass
PRME, # plants with
boiler, 1-30 MWth_biomass
Indirect fluidized bed
FERCO, Burlington (US),
boiler, 40 MWth_biomass
18 Biogas - London -
24/Nov/2011
STATUS OF GASIFICATION combined heat and power (engine)
Volund updraft
gasifier, Harboore
(Denmark), 1 MWe
Repotec indirect
gasifier, Gussing
(Austria), 2 MWe
Ortner indirect
gasifier, Villach
(Austria), 3.7 MWe
Ortner indirect
gasifier, Oberwart
(Austria), 2.8 MWe
19 Biogas - London -
24/Nov/2011
STATUS OF GASIFICATION combined heat and power (engine)
Carbona fluidized bed
gasifier, Skive
(Denmark),
6 MWe Weiss 3-stage gasifier,
Hadsund (Denmark),
0.15 MWe
Pyroforce downdraft
gasifier, Stans
(Switzerland), 1.2 MWe
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STATUS OF GASIFICATION (ambitious) plans
• 20 MW production of SNG (Goteborg Energi, Sweden)
• 300 MW production of SNG (E.On, Sweden)
• 12 MW production of SNG (Dahlman, Netherlands)
• …
• 200 MW FT diesel (Carbona, UPM, Finland or France)
• 200 MW FT diesel (Foster Wheeler, Neste Oil, Finland)
• 75 MW methanol (Uhde, Sweden)
• 25 MW ethanol (Enerkem, US)
• …
• 55 MWe power IGCC (Rentech, US)
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24/Nov/2011
GASIFICATION for SNG SNG: Substitute Natural Gas (bio-methane)
- Entrained Flow (oxygen-blown)
- CFB: Circulating Fluidized Bed (oxygen-blown)
- Indirect Fluidized bed
53%
64%
70%
50%
60%
70%
Entrained Flow CFB MILENA
eff
icie
ncy
Ba
sis
: w
oo
d (
20
%
mo
istu
re)
to S
NG
,
gro
ss e
ffic
ien
cy L
HV
C. M. van der Meijden et.al., Biomass
and Bioenergy 34, pp 302-311, 2010.
22
INDIRECT FLUIDIZED BED MILENA technology
Complete conversion
High methane yield
Fuel flexible
www.milenatechnology.com
raw producer gas
flue gas
air
biomass
pyrolysis
combustion
steam or CO2 or …
Biogas - London -
24/Nov/2011
23
TAR REMOVAL OLGA technology
collecto
r
raw gas
absorb
er
str
ipper
tar free gas
tar tar
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24/Nov/2011
Complete tar removal
No methane removal
Tar recycle
www.olgatechnology.com
24
MILENA gasification
OLGA tar removal
25 kW
800 kW
2 m3/h
200 m3/h
2 000 m3/h
2 000 m3/h
Biogas - London -
24/Nov/2011
25 Biogas - London -
24/Nov/2011
SNG DEMONSTRATION PLANT
- First phase 12 MW: ~900 Nm3/h bio-methane
from waste wood
- Second phase 50-100 MW
- HVC main partner
www.hvcgroep.nl
26 Biogas - London -
24/Nov/2011
SNG PLANTS in SWEDEN
• Goteborg Energi: recently started construction of 20
MWSNG from clean wood
• E.On Sweden aims at 10 TWh/a in 2020 (1200 MWSNG)
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24/Nov/2011
SNG PLANTS on COAL
• 3 GW plant in US since 1984, ~180 000 Nm3/h SNG
• Several large-scale coal plants planned or under
construction in China, Korea, …
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24/Nov/2011
WHAT DOES bioSNG COST? total capital investment
• Total Capital Investment (TCI) of the 10th bioSNG plant
with 1 GWth_biomass capacity
(1 GWth_biomass = 20 PJSNG/y = 0.6 bcm/y)
• Investment is estimated by:
- Assuming existing/planned GtL, IGCC, CtL, and
CtSNG as references
- Expressing investment per kW input capacity
- Quantifying differences in scale, technology, time, …
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24/Nov/2011
arrows indicate actual plants or plants under construction
$/k
W-i
np
ut
GtL BtL IGCC CtL CtSNG BtSNG
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WHAT DOES bioSNG COST? total capital investment large commercial plant
• Average from references: 1400 $/kW (thermal input)
• After learning: 1000 $/kW (thermal input)
• Translating to 15 $/GJ (bioSNG) production costs
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GREEN DEAL GREEN GAS a deal between NL government and industry
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Gre
en G
as i
n N
L [b
cm/y
]
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24/Nov/2011
EU AMBITIONS on BIOGAS/BIOMETHANE
• National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP-
EU27): projected 535 PJ/y in 2020
• NL: 25 PJ/y in 2020 (1200 MWSNG), 700 PJ/y in 2050
• S: 36 PJ/y in 2020
• D: 200 PJ/y in 2020, 360 PJ/y in 2030
• Only NL mentions biomethane as a product
33 Biogas - London -
24/Nov/2011
SUMMARY
• Digestion and gasification are non-competing
processes
• Very different in feedstock, scale, …
• Both however can be used for CHP and
SNG/biomethane
• Happening now: digestion for SNG/biomethane
• Gasification will follow for the larger quantities
• Gasification still needs technological development
and upscaling, but benefits from coal-based
technologies
• Do not forget BECCS: bioenergy with CCS
34 Biogas - London -
24/Nov/2011
MORE INFORMATION
Bram van der Drift
e: [email protected] PO Box 1
t: +31 224 56 4515 NL 1755 ZG Petten
w: www.ecn.nl the Netherlands
publications: www.ecn.nl/publications
fuel composition database: www.phyllis.nl
tar dew point calculator: www.thersites.nl
IEA bioenergy/gasification: www.ieatask33.org
Milena indirect gasifier: www.milenatechnology.com
OLGA: www.olgatechnology.com / www.renewableenergy.nl
SNG: www.bioSNG.com and www.bioCNG.com