Biomass Harvesting and Forest Site Productivity
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Transcript of Biomass Harvesting and Forest Site Productivity
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Biomass Harvesting and Forest Site Productivity
Eric D. VanceNational Council for Air and Stream Improvement
(NCASI)Biomass/Bioenergy Workshop
February 24-25, Houston, TX
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Biomass Harvesting
• Emerging markets for bioenergy
• Removal of biomass previously left on site
• Shorter rotations• Concerns over site
productivity, water, wildlife
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Sustaining Site Productivity by Manipulating Site Resources
• Water, nutrients, sunlight• Allocation of existing site resources
– Competing vegetation, root growth• Increasing site resources
– Artificially removing biomass and nutrients– Cannot always rely on natural replacement
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Management Intensity and Site Resources
ResourceCapital
Extensive
AvailableResources
Intensive
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Intensive Utilization of Harvest Residues in Southern Pine PlantationsM.H. Eisenbies, E.D. Vance, W.M. Aust, J.R. Seiler
Bioenergy Research (2009) 2:90-98
• 32 million Mg yr-1 residues available in the South
• 50-85 Mg ha-1 on site after stem-only harvest
• 45-60% increase in mid-rotation fertilization may be needed to replace nutrients if residues removed
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South Carolina Wet/Dry Harvest Study
(Virginia Tech, MeadWestvaco, NCASI)
Residue-Soil Disturbance MatrixBedded
Flat Planted
MinimalHeavy Moderate
Soil Physical Disturbance
Har
vest
ing
Res
idue
Dis
turb
ance
Cla
ss II
IC
lass
IC
lass
II
Hypoth
esize
d Inc
reasin
g Prod
uctiv
ity
Bedded
Flat Planted
MinimalHeavy Moderate
Soil Physical Disturbance
Har
vest
ing
Res
idue
Dis
turb
ance
Cla
ss II
IC
lass
IC
lass
II
Hypoth
esize
d Inc
reasin
g Prod
uctiv
ity
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Ten-Year Effects of Harvest Residue Removal on Relative Rank of Stand
Biomass
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Fall River Long-Term Soil Productivity Project
Univ. of Washington, Weyerhaeuser, USFS, NCASI
• Conventional bole-only removal
• Total stem (bole-only to a 5cm top)
• Total-tree removal• Total-tree + legacy-
wood removal • All cable-yarded
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Fall River StudyDouglas-fir Age 5 Tree Volume Index
SVO
L (c
m3 /1
000)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
BO BO BO BO5 TT+ TT BOnoVC C C T
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Forest Service Long-Term Soil Productivity Network
Core SitesAffiliated Sites
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Competing Vegetation: A Critical Factor
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Lake States AspenNutrient Depletion and Rotation Length
• Deficiencies rare• Older studies
– Multiple, short-rotation cycles
– Concluded 10-15 yr rotations sustainable
• Reduced soil/foliar Ca on some sites
• Indices underdeveloped
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Aspen in the Lake StatesNutrient Budgets for Whole-tree
Harvesting over 50 years(Mineral soils (lb/ac); Minnesota GEIS, Grigal 2004))
0500
1000150020002500300035004000
N P K Ca Mg
InputsOutputsCapital
Ca capital = 15,125
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Short Rotation Aspen on Sandy Soils: A Worst-Case Scenario?
• < 1% Ca drain– (Grigal, 2004)
• Three 20-yr rotations– < 5% Ca removed
• 1 ton/ac wood ash
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The Forest Calcium Cycle(Likens et al. 1998)
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Over a Century of Forest Nutrition Management in Scandinavia
• Science-based• Forest productivity• Forest health• Nutrient imbalances
– Foliar, soil analysis• Biomass harvesting
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Intensive Harvest and Site Productivity: What Do We Know?
• Many sites remarkably resilient
• Little evidence for productivity declines
• Preconceived notions often incorrect
• Managers often know best
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But, More Work is Needed!
• Sensitive sites• Fundamental impacts• Long-term, repeated
removals• Indicators• Prevention, mitigation
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A Range of Management Intensities to Meet Society’s Needs