Biology of FUNgi - Kansas State University...1 Biology of FUNgi Lecture 1 Diversity of fungi Fungus...
Transcript of Biology of FUNgi - Kansas State University...1 Biology of FUNgi Lecture 1 Diversity of fungi Fungus...
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Biology of FUNgi
Lecture 1Diversity of fungi
Fungus of the day - Saccharomyces cerevisae
Taxonomy: Phylum (subphylum) Ascomycota Order - Saccharomycetales Family - Saccharomycetaceae
Importance: Eukaryotic micro-organism (rapid generationtime), pet organism for genetics (relatively small genomesize, easy mutant selection, haploid and diploid buddingstages), marvel of a molecular biology tool (yac),ferments glucose (CO2 in bread, alcohol)
Related organisms: Candida albicans (human pathogen),Dekkera sp. (spontaneous fermentation for beer),Kluyveromyces sp. (strains that produce enzymesremoving lactose from milk products) S. cerevisae buds from
multiple locations andleave distinct buddingscars
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In the works today (objectives)
• We motivate ourselves by looking into howdiverse and abundant fungi are
• Then, we will sincerely attempt to confuseourselves with the fact how little we knowabout fungi
Fungi are everywhereInsects (1,000,000 species)and plants (250,000species) may be mostnumerous by record. Fungieasily take the third placewith 74,000 species.
Let’s build an argumentwhy fungi may actually bemore numerous than eitherof these groups.
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• In bacterial systems, as little as 1-5 % ofthe true, resident diversity is detected byconventional methods that rely ongrowing bacteria on pure culture media.
• Usually, direct molecular methods detectgreater diversity.
• Some of this diversity is often comprisedof “new organisms” which may representhigher taxa (phyla, divisions, orders).
How many species of fungi may exist?
Num
ber
of
bact
eria
Culturable Non-culturable + culturable
Detectedmolecularly
Detected bypure culturing
• Let’s look into a couple of potentialsources of fungal diversity
– In U.K., in an extensive botanical andmycological survey, it was estimatedthat for each species of plants there areca. 6 species of fungi
– 6 x 250,000 plants = 1,500,000 fungi– These studies focused on known
macroscopic and microscopic fungi,i.e. they may not have included all thatexist.
How many speciesof fungi may exist?
Num
ber
of
fung
i
Known Estimated total
Estimated taxa1.5 x 106
(5 x 105 – 9.9 x106)
Describedtaxa 7.4 x104
9.9 x106
5 x 105
Fungi are common endophytes ofplant root sand leaves
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• Let’s look into a couple of potentialsources of fungal diversity
– How about insects? Many flies carry asocial disease.
– If we assume that even half of theinsects (500,000) would have uniquefungi associated with them, we wouldarrive at some 500,000 fungal species.
How many speciesof fungi may exist?
Num
ber
of
fung
iKnown Estimated total
Estimated taxa1.5 x 106
(5 x 105 – 9.9 x106)
Describedtaxa 7.4 x104
9.9 x106
5 x 105
Laboulbenia spp are social diseasesof insects
• No matter how you look at it, numberof described taxa (74,000) is minusculeto estimated potential number offungal species 500,000 or 1,500,000.
• The number of estimated taxa varieswidely, but working hypothesis of 1.5 x106 has been proposed (Hawkswort,2001).
• This means that only ca. 5% ofexisting taxa are known and described.
• Are these estimates reasonable?
How many speciesof fungi may exist?
Num
ber
of
fung
i
Known Estimated total
Estimated taxa1.5 x 106
(5 x 105 – 9.9 x106)
Describedtaxa 7.4 x104
9.9 x106
5 x105
Laboulbenia spp are social diseasesof insects
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An Australian study on fungal diversity
• Collect truffles in southeastern Australia and recordnumber of species
• Let’s look why the trufflesare important
Chamonixia vittatispora -a basidiomycete truffle
Hydnoplicata whitei -an ascomycete truffle
Why are these truffles important – somemarsupials depend on truffles
Long-nosed potoroo (Potorous sp.)
Brown Bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) Swamp wallaby (Wallabia sp.)
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Fungivory or mycophagy is not just a “down-under” anomaly
California red back vole (Clethrionomyscalifornicus) andnorthern flying squirrel (Glaucomyssabrinius) are North American examplesof fungivorous animals
So, animals eat truffles. What do the trufflesget in return?
Most truffles emit odors that animalsfind attractive
More rarely, the truffles mimic the foodsupply: Paurocystis pila and Weraroaerythrocephala mimic Podocarpus coneseaten by the kiwi-bird
Chamonixia vittatisporasmells like dog poop
Paurocystis pila andWeraroaerythrocephala looklike Podocarpus cones
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So, animals eat truffles. What do the trufflesget in return?
Animals that consume the trufflesunknowingly stratify the fungal spores intheir gut and disperse them with theirfeces
Some have developed clever aerialdispersal mechanisms
Elaphomyces sp.disperses aeriallyonce the sterileouter core is eaten
Mesophelliaceae are even moreclever than Elaphomyces spp.:animals need to get to the innersterile tissue through the sporemass
Predators candisperse spores evenlonger distances
In this Australian study...
• 209 different truffle species, only 57 species hadbeen previously described
• almost 75 % of all the species found were new orpreviously unrecorded
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• Study of Arrhenatherum roots; 7 of49 phylotypes 99% similar toGenBank rDNA sequences(Vandenkoornhuyse et al. 2002)
• In other words, 42 out of 49 detectedtaxa (85%) were novel as far asexisting sequence data goes.
• In this study, novel lineages (likenew BIG groups) were detected.
Non-culturable fungi?
• A study at Konza Prairie in Kansasconfirms the novel groups, new groupsnot detected in the previous studywere seen in the Prairie soil.
• In conclusion, there are a few possiblesources of new fungi that have notbeen detected as of now. The number74,000 seems an underestimate.
Locally, similar observations Soil_01_11.txtSoil_02_08.txtSoil_05_07.txtRoot_09_10.txtSoil_01_16.txtSoil_02_06.txtSoil_05_19.txtSoil_10_13.txtSoil_01_10_CHIMER.txt
Soil_05_12.txtSoil_07_02.txtSoil_05_09.txtSoil_01_01.txtEupenicillium_javanicum[U21298]Root_07_19.txtPenicillium_expansum[AF218786]
Soil_03_06.txtCapronia_pilosella[U42473]Root_03_20.txtCeramothyrium_linnaeae[AF022715]Soil_01_03.txtHalosarpheia_retorquens[AF050486]Petriella_setifera[U43908]Soil_03_13.txtRoot_01_12.txtFusarium_merismoides[AF141950]Soil_11_10.txtClaviceps_purpurea[AF281178]Neurospora_crassa[X04971]
Sordaria_fimicola[X69851]Soil_07_08.txtRoot_09_16.txtSoil_01_02.txtPhyllachora_graminis[AF064051]Root_11_11.txtSoil_01_14.txt
Soil_07_10.txtSoil_03_15.txtSoil_10_04.txtSoil_10_10.txtOphiostoma_stenoceras[M85054]Magnaporthe_grisea[AB026819]Root_03_17.txt
Soil_02_11.txtBlumeria_graminis[AB033476]Sphaerotheca_cucurbitae[AB033482]Byssoascus_striatosporus[AB015776]Oidiodendron_tenuissimum[AB015787]Pseudogymnoascus_roseus[AB015778]Root_09_15.txtBulgaria_inquinans[AJ224362]Scutellinia_scutellata[U53387]Soil_02_17.txtRoot_09_17.txtCaloscypha_fulgens[U53374]Root_09_20.txtRoot_10_03.txtSoil_03_05.txtRoot_02_08.txtLeptosphaeria_bicolor[U04202]
Alternaria_longissima[AF229511]Soil_01_19.txtRoot_02_05.txtSaccharomyces_cerevisae[Z75578]Torulaspora_delbrueckii[X98120]Candida_psychrophila[AB013528]Arxula_adeninivorans[AB018123]Soil_01_07.txtSoil_01_12.txt Root_01_13.txtRoot_01_18.txtRoot_01_02.txtLycoperdon_sp.[AF026619]
Entoloma_strictius[AF287832]Root_04_14.txtRoot_07_06.txtRoot_08_13.txtSoil_05_03.txtRoot_02_09.txtSoil_10_03.txt
Soil_02_19.txtSoil_07_09.txtSoil_07_19.txtSoil_10_11.txtTricholoma_myomyces[AF287841]Crucibulum_laeve[AF026624]Hygrophorus_sordidus[AF287834]
Inocybe_geophylla[AF287835]Root_06_02.txtSoil_07_07.txtSoil_09_13.txtRoot_06_06.txtClavaria_acuta[AF184180]Clavaria_zollingeri[AF184182]Soil_04_13.txtSoil_06_05.txtSoil_04_06.txt
Soil_10_19.txtRoot_01_14.txtBoletus_satanas[M94337]Paragyrodon_sphaerosporus[M90826]Xerocomus_chrysenteron[M94340]Rhizoctonia_solani[D85643]Thanatephorus_praticola[M92990]Auricularia_auricula-judae[L22254]Auricularia_polytricha[L22255]Root_01_11.txt
Tilletiopsis_fulvescens[D83189]Ustilago_hordei[U00973]Bensingtonia_phylladus[D38237]Soil_01_15.txtUredinopsis_intermedia[AB011018]Root_11_09.txtRoot_10_15.txt
Soil_05_18.txtNeolecta_vitellina[Z27393]Taphrina_deformans[U00971]Root_01_07.txtGigaspora_gigantea[Z14010]Scutellospora_pellucida[Z14012]Acaulospora_spinosa[Z14004]Glomus_proliferum[AF213462]Root_03_02.txtSoil_05_05.txtDissophora_decumbens[AF157133]Mortierella_alpina[AJ271630]Mortierella_wolfii[AF113425]Endogone_pisiformis[X58724]Spizellomyces_acuminatus[M59759]Corallochytrium_limacisporum[L42528]
Asc.
Bas.
Zyg.Chy.
Putative chimeric sequenceNon-chimeric sequence
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To sum up...
• We know of ca. 74,000 species. This is likely anunderestimate.
• Extrapolation methods estimate 500,000 to9,900,000 species.
• Arriving at a consensus of 1,500,000 speciesinvolved multiplication number of known plantswith estimated number of fungi associated withaverage plant species.
• Insects are a story of their own.