Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin...
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![Page 1: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biology & Habitats of Native BeesNatural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009
Robbin Thorp, UC Davis
![Page 2: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
A “Not-A” Bee
![Page 3: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Another “Not-A” BeeA Sphecid Wasp (“You are what you eat”)
![Page 4: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
A BeeThe European Honey Bee, Apis mellifera
Honey bee on almond
![Page 5: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What are Bees (Apoidea)?
• Derived wasps that use pollen (not animal) protein to feed their young
• They use nectar as flight fuel• They have branched hairs, and other
adaptations for obtaining food from flowers• They provide an important ecological
service to flowering plants: Pollination• Many are pollen specialists (oligoleges)
![Page 6: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What are Bees (Apoidea)?
• There are over 19,500 species (ca 20-30K)– More diversity than all Mammals + Birds +Reptiles +
Amphibians summed together.
• Greatest diversity is in warm dry areas not wet tropics
• About 75% are solitary• About 15% are cuckoos• About 10% are social
![Page 7: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
You Are What You EatFood gathering devices
![Page 8: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Bee Tongues Forked (Bifid)
• Plasterer bees have bifid tongue like wasp relatives
• Adaptation for brood cell construction used to spread cellophane-like polymer lining
![Page 9: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Bee TonguesShort Tongued Bee
• Mining bee• Short pointed glossa
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Bee TonguesLong Tongued
• Orchid bee– Elongate tongue
longer than body
![Page 11: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Pollen Transport StructuresScopa (Brush of hairs)
• Mining Bee– Most of hind leg plus
sides of thorax
• Digger Bee– Only outer hind leg
![Page 12: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Pollen Transport StructuresPollen Moistened
• Mining bee– Scopa sparse
• Bumble bee– Corbiculum (concave
plate on hind leg)
![Page 13: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Pollen Transport StructuresScopa: Abdominal
• Leafcutting bee– Bum-up position
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Bee DiversityMining Bees
• Mining Bees– Female
– Male
– Sexual dimorphism
– Haplodiploidy
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Bee DiversityMining Bees
• Mining Bee– Female
– Specialist on Sky Blue (Oligolege)
– Unnamed species
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Bee DiversitySweat Bees
• Sweat Bee– Female
• Sweat Bee– Male
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Bee DiversitySweat Bees
• Green Sweat Bee– Female
• Green Sweat Bee– Male
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Bee DiversityLeafcutting & Mason Bees
• Leafcutting Bee– Female collecting
pollen
• Leafcutting Bee– Female cutting leaf
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Bee DiversityLeafcutting & Mason Bees
• Mason Bee– Female
• Cotton Bee– Male
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Bee DiversityDigger, Cuckoo, & Corbiculate Bees
• Cuckoo Bee – Female
• Cuckoo Bee– Female
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Bee DiversityDigger, Cuckoo, & Corbiculate Bees
• Sunflower Bee– Female (Specialist)
• Squash Bee– Female (Specialist)
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Bee DiversityDigger, Cuckoo, & Corbiculate Bees
• Carpenter Bee– Female
• Small Carpenter Bee– Female
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Bee DiversityDigger, Cuckoo, & Corbiculate Bees
• Yellow Face Bumble Bee– Queen
• Orchid Bee– Male
– with orchid pollinia
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Bee DiversityDigger, Cuckoo, & Corbiculate Bees
• European Honey Bee– Worker
• Stingless Bee– Worker
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Habitat Requirements• In addition to food from flowers, bees need
habitats for their nests• Most are solitary soil nesters
– Sand, clay, sandstone, rock– Flat ground, birms, vertical cliffs– Many have specialized habitat requirements
• Many are tubular cavity nesters – E. g., beetle tunnels, hollow stems
• Some excavate their own burrows in wood or pith• Some social bees use large cavities
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Life Cycle of Solitary Bees
• Female Mining Bee on Goldfields flower head in spring
• This bee specializes on Goldfields for pollen (Oligolecty)
![Page 27: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Life Cycle of Solitary Bees
• Nest entrance: – open with tumulus
(excavated soil) surrounding it.
• Nest architecture: – Vertical entry shaft
– Lateral tunnels
– Brood cells:
– 1) Completed with egg
– 2) Under construction
![Page 28: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Life Cycle of Solitary Bees
• Brood cell with food mass being formed
• Brood cell with food mass completed and egg laid on surface
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Life Cycle of Solitary Bees
• Cap of brood cell (inner view)
• Early larva ready to initiate feeding on pollen provisions
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Life Cycle of Solitary Bees
• Post-feeding larva (summer phase)
• Pupa (autumnal phase)
![Page 31: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Life Cycle of Solitary Bees
• Early spring bloom of Goldfields and Yellow Carpet at Jepson Prairie Reserve
• Female Mining bee on pollen host, Goldfields
• Synchronized annual cycles
• www.vernalpools.org/Thorp/
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Other Bees Managed for Crop Pollination
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Bee Nests
• Alkali Bee– Female on alfalfa
– Aggregated nest site
– Tumuli
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Bee Nests
• Alkali Bee– Brood cell
– Pollen provisions with egg on top
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Bee Nests
• Alkali Bee– Post feeding larvae
– Pupa
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Bee Nests
• Alkali Bee– Artificial bee bed
– Road sign to protect bees from becoming road kill
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Bee Nests
• Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee– Female collecting
pollen from alfalfa
– Female cutting leaf
![Page 38: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Bee Nests
• Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee– Cavity nester
– Field domicile with bee boards
• Female into nest with leaf piece
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Bee Nests
• Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee– Female in with pollen
• Female laying egg on pollen provision
![Page 40: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Bee Nests
• Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee – Brood cells with pollen
provisions, egg, larvae
• Fully developed larvae in cocoons
![Page 41: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Bee NestsMason Bee
• Blue Orchard Bee (BOB) female on almond flower
• Drilled hole with mud partitions, pollen, and larvae
![Page 42: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Bee Nests
• Bumble Bee– Corbiculate Bees
– Annual societies
– Queen emerging from hibernation
• Incipient nest– Honey pot
– Initial brood
– Incubated by queen
![Page 43: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Bee Nests
• Bumble Bees– Nest with eggs, pupa,
cocoons
• Nest overview– Egg cups, cocoons
– Eggs, larvae, pupae
– Nectar storage in old cocoons
![Page 44: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Bee Nests
• Bumble Bees– Mating male/queen
• Queens entering into hibernation
![Page 45: Biology & Habitats of Native Bees Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20 August 2009 Robbin Thorp, UC Davis.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051820/56649da85503460f94a94900/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Conclusions
• Other bees may be suited for management
• Unmanaged populations provide valuable services for crop and wildland plants.
• Knowledge about biology and habitat needs of native bees provides keys to managing them and their habitats.