Biological school1
Transcript of Biological school1
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Biological School
It is all about the body!!!!
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The Nervous System
It starts with an individual nerve cell called a NEURON.
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NeuroanatomySynapseSynapse
Neurotransmitters (chemicals held in terminal buttons that travel through synaptic gap)
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How does a Neuron fire?• Resting Potential: slightly
negative charge.• Reach the threshold when
enough neurotransmitters reach dendrites.
• Go into Action Potential.• All-or-none response.• Transfer of ions across
axon’s membrane causes electrical charge.
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TYPES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS
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Acetylcholine (ACH)• Deals with motor
movement and memory.
• Too much and you will….
• Too little and you will…
• Lack of ACH has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease.
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Dopamine• Deals with motor
movement and alertness.
• Lack of dopamine has been linked to Parkinson’s disease.
• Too much has been linked to schizophrenia.
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Serotonin• Involved in mood
control.• Lack of serotonin
has been linked to clinical depression.
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Endorphins• Involved in pain
control.• Many of our most
addictive drugs deal with endorphins.
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Drugs can be…..• Agonists- make neuron fire• Antagonists- stop neural firing• Reuptake Inhibitors- block
reuptake
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Types of Neurons• Efferent (Motor)
Neurons• Interneurons• Afferent (Sensory)
Neurons
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The Nervous System
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Central Nervous System
•The Brain and spinal cord•CNS
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Peripheral Nervous System• All nerves that are
not encased in bone.• Everything but the
brain and spinal cord.• Is divided into two
categories….somatic and autonomic.
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Somatic Nervous System• Controls voluntary
muscle movement.• Uses motor
(efferent) neurons.
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Autonomic Nervous System• Controls the
automatic functions of the body.
• Divided into two categories…the sympathetic and the parasympathetic
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Sympathetic Nervous System• Fight or Flight
Response.• Automatically
accelerates heart rate, breathing, dilates pupils, slows down digestion.
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Parasympathetic Nervous System• Automatically slows
the body down after a stressful event.
• Heart rate and breathing slow down, pupils constrict and digestion speeds up.
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Reflexes• Normally, sensory
(afferent) neurons take info up through spine to the brain.
• Some reactions occur when sensory neurons reach just the spinal cord.
• Survival adaptation.
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The Brain• Made up of neurons
and glial cells.• Glial cells support
neural cells.
My wife is my glial cell. She takes care of me!!!
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Ways to study the Brain!!!• Accidents: Phineas
Gage.
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LesionsCutting into the brain and looking for change.
Brain tumors also lesion brain tissue.
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Less Invasive ways to study the Brain
• Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
• Functional MRI
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Brain Structures• Some scientists
divide the brain up into three parts.
• Hindbrain• Midbrain• Forebrain
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Medulla Oblongata
• Heart rate• Breathing• Blood Pressure
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Pons• Connects hindbrain,
midbrain and forebrain together.
• Involved in facial expressions.
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Cerebellum• Located in the back
of our head- means little brain.
• Coordinates muscle movements.
• Like tracking a target.
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Midbrain• Coordinates simple
movements with sensory information.
• Contains the reticular formation: arousal and ability to focus attention.
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Thalamus• In Forebrain• Receives sensory
information and sends them to appropriate areas of forebrain.
• Like a switchboard.• Everything but smell.
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Limbic System• EMOTIONAL
CONTROL CENTER of the brain.
• Made up of Hypothalamus, Amygdala and Hippocampus.
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Hypothalamus• Pea sized in brain, but
plays a not so pea sized role.
• Body temperature• Hunger• Thirst• Sexual Arousal (libido)• Endocrine System
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Hippocampus and Amygdala• Hippocampus is
involved in memory processing.
• Amygdala is vital for our basic emotions.
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Cerebral Cortex• Top layer of our
brain.• Contains wrinkles
called fissures.• The fissures
increase surface area of our brain.
• Laid out it would be about the size of a large pizza.
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Hemispheres• Divided into a left and
right hemisphere.• Contralateral controlled-
left controls right side of body and vice versa.
• Brain Lateralization.• Lefties are better at
spatial and creative tasks.• Righties are better at
logic.
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Split-Brain Patients• Corpus Collosum
attaches the two hemispheres of cerebral cortex.
• When removed you have a split-brain patient.
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Areas of the Cerebral Cortex• Divided into eight lobes,
four in each hemisphere (frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal).
• Any area not dealing with our senses or muscle movements are called association areas.
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Frontal Lobe• Deals with planning,
maintaining emotional control and abstract thought.
• Contains Broca’s Area.• Broca’s Aphasia.• Contains Motor
Cortex.
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Parietal Lobes• Located at the top
of our head.• Contains the somato-
sensory cortex.• Rest are association
areas.
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Temporal Lobes• Process sound
sensed by ears.• Not lateralized.• Contains Wernicke’s
area.• Wernicke’s Aphasia.
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Occipital Lobes• In the back of our
head.• Handles visual input
from eyes.• Right half of each
retina goes to left occipital lobe and vice versa.
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Brain Plasticity• The ability for our
brains to form new connections after the neurons are damaged.
• The younger you are, the more plastic your brain is.
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Endocrine System• System of glands
that secrete hormones.
• Controlled by the hypothalamus.
• Ovaries and Testes.• Adrenal Gland
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Genetics• Every human cell
contains 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
• Made up of deoxyribonucleic acid- DNA.
• Made up of Genes.• Made up of nucleotides.
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Twins• Best way to really study
genetics because they come from the same zygote.
• Bouchard Study• .69 Correlational
coefficient for IQ tests of identical twins raised apart.
• .88 raised together.
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Chromosomal Abnormalities• Gender comes from
23rd pair of chromosomes…men have XY…woman have XX.
• Turner’s syndrome is single X.
• Klinefelter’s syndrome is extra X…XXY
• Down syndrome….extra chromosome on 21st pair.