Adapting to Life on Land Chapter 21.1 Hickox: Baker High School1.

Adapting to Life on LandChapter 21.1

Hickox: Baker High School 1

Characteristics of Plants (233)

Multicellular eukaryote Nucleus has true nucleus Membrane-bound organelles Thick cell walls of cellulose Stem and leaves have waxy waterproof

coating called _______________. The cuticle helps plants to reduce water loss

Hickox: Baker High School

cuticle

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Review Photosynthesis Video

Cuticle of a stem

3Hickox: Baker High School


What are the basic plant organs? (234)

A ________ is a plant organ that grows from the stem. Photosynthesis usually occurs here Plants have uniquely different shapes & sizes

leaf

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Plant video: Form and Structure Photosynthesis RAP


What are the basic plant organs? (234)

_________ are the plant organ

that absorbs water and nutrients

Tissues transport Anchor a plant to ground Some function as food

storage (sweet potatoes)

Roots

Root hairs increase absorption area

5


Basic plant organs (234) A __________ provides support for growth

Moves water from roots to leaves Moves sugar (food) from leaves to roots Contains tissues for transporting food, water and

other materials Sometimes contain food storage or photosynthesis

stem

6


Non-seed Vascular Plants 22.2

What is the structure of ferns?

1. (has roots, stems, and leaves)

2. The main stem is underground and is called a ________.

3. On the under area of a frond, the leaves you may see tiny brown circles. These clusters are spore-producing __________. Each cluster forms a _______.

rhizome

sorus

sporangia

7


Most plants we are familiar with have stems made of tube-like, long cells for transporting water and food called ________ ______ Most of the vascular tissue is found in the trunk and stems

Vascular tissue

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Water Transport Video


Vascular and Nonvascular Plants (235) Plants that contain vascular tissue are called

___________ _________. Can transport water a _________ _________ Have fibers to be able to grow tall

Nonvascular plants include mosses, hornworts, and liverworts and do not contain vascular tissue. Reproduce with alternations of generations Only are a few cells thick Water and nutrients travel by osmosis Live close to the ground

Vascular plantslong distance

10


Hornwort (Nonvascular plant)

11


Nonvascular Plants Liverworts

12


Nonvascular Plants Moss

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Reproduction in Mosses Video


What is a seed? (235)29)A __________ is a plant organ that contains an

embryo and food supply covered in a hard protective coat.

30) Protects the embryo from drying out31) Seed are __________, since they contain two of

each kind of chromosome.

32) In non-seed plants such as in mosses and fern, the sperm require a film of water on the plant in order to reach the EGG. This is why moist habitats are required

seed

diploid

14


Seed Embryo

Seed coat

Food supplyCOTYLEDON

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33) Includes two stages, one generation is the ____________ generation, which produces gametes of ___________ cells.

34) During the sporophyte generation, _______ are produced, which are _________.

35) In non-seed vascular plants such as ferns, spores are released and grow into ____________ gametophyte plants, producing _______ and _________ gametes.

What is alternation of generations in plants? (235)

gametophytehaploid

spores

diploid

haploid

male female16

Alternation of Generations


Hickox: Baker High School Biology.

Asexual reproduction(2n)

Sexual reproduction(1n)

17


Fern Life Cycle (alternation of generations)

36) In non-seed vascular plants such as ferns,

spores are released and grow into haploid

gametophyte plants, produce male and female gametes.

18


21


27

Alternation of Generations


31


Mature Fern

Sorus under frond Sporangium with spore

Spore Germinates

ProthallusArchegonia & antheridium on Prothallus

Young sporophyte

Egg and Sperm unite producing Sporophyte

haploid diploid

32


Non-seed Vascular Plants 22.2 Sporangia

(spores) Frond

Under frond

- Sorus

sporangia

33


Chapter 22.1 Reinforcement and Study Guide page 979. Nonvascular plants are not as common or as widespread as vascular plants (B) the life functions of nonvascular plants require a close association with water.10. The life cycle of nonvascular plants includes an alternation of generation between a (c) diploid sporophyte and a haploid gametophyte)11. Fossil and genetic evidence suggests that the first land plants were

(C) liverworts.

Chapter 22.2 Reinforcement and Study Guide page 98

Unlike vascular plants, the spore-producing (1) sporophyte is the dominant generation in vascular plants. A major advance in vascular plants was the adaptation of (2) leaves to form structures that protect the developing (3) reproductive cells or zygote.

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What is a plant? (21.1 Adapting to Life on Land)(Alternation of Generations) (6 – 18)The lives of all plants consist of two alternating stages, or (6) generations. The gametophyte generation of a plant is responsible for development of (7) gametes. All cells of the gametophyte, including the gametes are haploid. The (9) sporophyte generation is responsible for the production of spores. All cells of the sporophyte are (10) diploid . The spores are produced by the sporophyte plant by (11) meiosis and are, therefore, haploid. 12. The lives of seed plants include two generations that

alternate.13. The generation of a plant responsible for producing

gametes is the gametophyte generation.14. Gametophyte spores are haploid and sporophyte tissue

cells are diploid.35


What is a plant? (21.1 Adapting to Life on Land)15. Non-seed plants release spores into the environment that

grow into gametophytes. 16. What is the difference between vascular and nonvascular

plants? Vascular plants have long, tube-like cells that form tissues that transport food, water, and other materials. Nonvascular plants have thin tissues that allow nutrients and water to travel from one cell to another by osmosis and diffusion.

17. Some land plants produce seeds. What is their function? How do they differ from spores? Seeds protect the embryos and spores protect haploid cells and keep them from drying out. Seeds have a diploid embryo and a food supply that are covered with a protective coat. Spores have a haploid cell with a hard protective covering.

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What is a plant? (21.1 Adapting to Life on Land)18. How do algae and land plants take in substances? Algae

live in water and absorb dissolved substances directly into their cells. Most land plants absorb dissolved substances from the soil.

37


Survey of the Plant Kingdom 21.2 (238)

37) Phylogeny of Plants (evolutionary history) Scientists who study plants are ________

38) Non-seed Plants: use spores to reproduce.

39) Hepaticophytes: non-seed plants called liverworts; nonvascular, use osmosis and diffusion, to absorb water & nutrients

40) May be ancestors to all plants.

Botanists

38


Survey of the Plant Kingdom 21.2 (239)41) Anthocerophytes are very small, nonvascular and

grow in damp shady habitats. They rely on osmosis and diffusion to transport nutrients. Are also called _____________ (resemble horns of animals)Hornworts

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42) Bryophytes: are the mosses; are nonvascular; have cells that transport water and sugar. Usually less than 5 cm. tall.


Mosses

40

Vascular plants

43) Lycophytes: Vascular plants that have stems, roots, and leaves. Another name are the ______________


Club mosses

41

Seed Plants:

44) Seed Plants: Have a seed that consists of a plant embryo and a food supply and covered by a hard protective coat. All seed plants have vascular tissue



Vascular plants

Cycads:

45) Look like palm trees but are not.46) Produce male and female ________, are

scaly structures that support male or female reproductive structures.

47) Commonly called ________________

cones

Sega palms 43


Cycads

44



Ginkgophytes: Ginkgo biloba are small trees with fan-shaped leaves. Male and female reproductive structures on separate trees.

45


Ginkgo biloba: male Ginkgo biloba: female

Ginkgo biloba: sperm

46


Conifers

47) Conifers are _________ bearing trees.

48) Pine, fir, cypress, and redwood

49) Produce seeds in cones

50) Many have needlelike leaves

cone

47


Douglas Fir: Conifer

48


Giant Sequoia: Conifer 49


Pacific yew: Conifer

Common Juniper: Conifer

Pine Tree:Conifer

50


Anthophytes:

Anthophytes:

51) Only Flowering plants

52) Produce flowers from which fruits develop

53) A fruit usually contains one or more seeds

Flowers and Fruits

51

Plant reproduction Methods Video

Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms

Intro to Gymno and Angio


Chapter 22.1 Reinforcement an Study Guide page 971. Nonvascular plants are successful in habitats with adequate water.2. The gametophyte generation is dominant in nonvascular plants.3. Sperm are produced in male reproductive structures called

antheridia, and the eggs are produced in female reproductive structures called archegonia.

4. Mosses have colorless multicellular structures called rhizoids, which help anchor the stem to the soil. (underground stem)

5. Most liverworts have cuticles, or an oily or a shiny surface that helps reduce evaporation of the water from the plant’s tissue.

6. Liverworts occur in many environments and include two groups: the thallose liverworts and the leafy liverworts.

7. One unique feature of hornworts is the presence of one to several chloroplasts in each cell.

8. The common names for the nonvasculare plants in bryophyta, ehpaticophyta, and anthocerphyta are mosses, liverworts,hornworts.

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Chapter 22.2 Reinforcement and Study Guide page 98In some non-seed vascular plants, spore-bearing leaves form a

compact cluster called a(n) (4) strobilus . Spores are released from this compact cluster. These spores then grow to form the gametophyte, called a(n) (5) prothallus. This structure is relatively small and lives in or on soil. The prothallus then forms (6) antheridia, male reproductive structures, and (7) archegonia, female reproductive structures. (8) Sperm are released from an antheridium and swim through a film of water to the (9) egg in an archegonium. (10) Fertilization occurs and a large, dominant sporophyte plant

develops from the (11) zygote. Do not grade 12,13,14,1512. (false) The leafy stems of lycophytes resemble clubs, and their

reproductive structures are moss shaped. 13. (true) The leaves of lycophytes occur as pairs, whorls, or spirals

along the stem.14. (false) Lycophytes are simple vascular plants with creeping leaves.15. (true) The club moss is commonly called ground pine because it

is evergreen and resembles a miniature pine tree.

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Chapter 22.2 Reinforcement and Study Guide page 9916. The hollow-stemmed horsetail appears to be jointed with scalelike

leaves surrounding each joint.17. The most recognized generation of ferns is the sporophyte

generation.18. The gametophyte in most ferns is a thin, flat structure.19. In most ferns, the main stem, called a rhizome is underground. It

contains many starch-filled cells for storage.20. The leaves of a fern are called fronds and grow upward from the

rhizome.21. Fronds are often divided into pinnae , which are attached to a

central rachis. 22. Ferns were the first vascular plants to evolve leaves with

branching veins of vascular ranchis.23. The common names for the seedless vascular plants, lycophyta,

arthrophyta, and pterophyta are club or spike mosses, horsetails, ferns.

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Seed Plants 22.3 (250)What is a seed plant?

Vascular plant that produces seeds. Seeds are surrounded by fruit or scales of a cone. In the sporophyte, the spores develop into male and female

gametophytes. The male gametophyte is inside the ______ _______ The female gametophyte produces the egg cell inside the

__________. The ovule form the _______ after fertilization. (the union of

egg and sperm). After fertilization, the zygote develops into an embryo.

Pollen grain

ovuleseed

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Embryos of seed plants include one or more ____________.

Cotyledons for the developing embryo. Cotyledons are leaf-like structures on the plant’s stems,

when the plant comes through the soil.

Seed Plants 22.3 (251)

cotyledons

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Seed Plants 22.3 (251)

What are the advantages of seeds? A seed is an embryo and its food supply is

inside tough outer coating. Two groups: those whose seeds are not

protected by fruit are called _____________ or “naked seeds”.

Seeds that are protected by fruit are called ______________. A fruit includes ripened

ovary of a flower.Hickox: Baker High School

gymnosperms

angiosperms57

Anatomy of a Flower 22.3


pistil

58


StamenMale parts:

anther

filament

pollen113.

59


PistilFemale parts:

Stigma (sticky)

Style (pollen tube)

ovary

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Pollen lands on stigma, travels down pollen

tube until it units with ovary at fertilization.

stigma

style

ovary

filament

anther

61

Monocot vs. DicotsWhat are monocot and dicots?

61) Monocotyledons have one seed leaf or monocot. Monocots also have 1 food source called a cotyledon.

62) Dicotyledons have two seed leaves or dicot. Dicots also have 2 food sources are called cotyledons.


Monocots vs Dicots Video

Flower

flower parts in threesand multiples of three

flower parts in fours orfives and their multiples

Leaf

leaf veins form aparallel pattern

leaf veins form anet pattern

Stem

vascular bundlesscattered in stem

vascular bundlesin a distinct ring

Root

root xylem andphloem in a ring

root phloembetween arms ofxylem

Flowering plants are either monocots or dicots

Seed

Monocots

one cotyledon in seed

two cotyledons in seed

Dicots


Monocot versus Dicot

Monocots (Single cotyledon) Root vascular tissue occurs in ring. Parallel leaf venation. Flowers in 3s or multiple of 3s

Dicots (Two cotyledons) Xylem and phloem scattered Netted leaf venation. Flowers in 4s or 5s or multiples of 4s or 5s


Life Span of a Plant 63). Plants that live for only one year or less;

they sprout from seeds, grow, reproduce and then die are ___________.

64) Most are green stem and have no woody tissue.

65) Examples are _______, peas, _______


annuals

corn beans

65

Life Span of a Plant (255)

66) Plants that have two year life spans are _________. During the first year biennials grow leaves and develop a strong root system. During the second

year, food stored in the roots is used to produce new shoot, flowers, and seeds.

67) Examples are _________, beets, and _______


biennials

carrotsturnips

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Life Span of a Plant (255) 116.

68)___________ live for several years. They produce flowers and seed periodically, usually once a year. They have woody stems and roots remain dormant.

69)Examples are __________ , ___________, and _____________


perennials

asparagus

strawberries

brambles67

Plant Tissues

70) Sclerenchyma cells are thick and rigid.

71) Provide support and strength

72) Source of fiber for rope & linen.

Plant Tissues

73) ___________ functions like the skin of an animal.

74) Protects with waxy cuticle

(prevents water loss)


Epidermis

68

Plant Tissues 75) __________ are openings in the leaf that control the

exchange of gases.

What Gasses? ___________What Molecules? _____

76) Two ___________ surround each stoma and controls the flow of water vapor from the leaf.


Stomata

guard cells

69

STOMATA VIDEO

Stomata


Transport Tissues

What do vascular tissue transport?

77) __________ is made of tube-like cells that transport water.

(xylem up)

78) _________ transports sugars in long tubes arranged end to end with sieve plates.

(phloem down)


Phloem

Xylem

71

Roots, Stems, and Leaves Roots

79) Are plant organs

80) Anchor a plant

81) Absorb water and dissolved minerals

82) Contain vascular tissues

83)____________ are single thick structures with smaller branching roots.84) Store food

85) Examples are beets and carrots


taproots

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Root Hairs Increase Surface Area


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Roots, Stems, and Leaves 23.2Roots

85). ____________ roots have many small branching roots that grow from a central point. Grass is a good example

86) Prop roots, found in corn plants begin above ground and help support.

___________ __________ ____________


Fibrous

75

Fibrous roots Tap roots Prop roots

Roots, Stems, and Leaves 23.2

What is transpiration?

87) The loss of water through the stomata is called ________________

88) The waxy cuticle and stomata help reduce water loss


transpiration

76

Transpiration video

Adapting to Life on Land Chapter 21.1 Hickox: Baker High School1.

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