Biological proxies. Plants as indicators of terrestrial environments Tissue/organs: Support --> wood...
Transcript of Biological proxies. Plants as indicators of terrestrial environments Tissue/organs: Support --> wood...
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Biological proxies
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Plants as indicators of terrestrial environments
Tissue/organs:Support --> wood (tree rings)
Photosynthetic --> leaf anatomy (stomata)
Reproductive --> pollen, (cones) seeds
Detritus --> charcoal
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Dendroclimatology:basics
• Plants are responsive to variations in the ambient physical environment;
• Response is expressed by variations in growth, reproductive effort, etc.;
• Growth response is recorded in woody (nontropical) trees by variations in the thickness of annual rings;
• The environmental stimuli can be revealed by analyzing ring widths of living or fossil trees from sensitive sites.
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Environment - site interactions
temperature-sensitive
annual ringsbark
drought-sensitive
complacent
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Tree rings as proxies
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Measuringtree ringwidths
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Tree ring records, N. Eurasia (AD 0 - 2000)
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Spatial patterns:
the megadrought of 1863 in
the USA
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Reconstructing fire history from scars
and wounds
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Fire history sites, SW USA
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Constructing regional
fire histories
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Tree rings and volcanismdust veil
‘frost ring’
e.g. LaMarche and Hirschboeck, 1984, Nature 307, 121-126
narrow/frost rings recorderuptions in spring/summer only?
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Hemispheric analysesof tree ring density reveal
annual and spatial variations in climate
[Northern hemisphere; AD 1815-1817]
“The year without a summer”
Eruption ofTambora continues
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Palynology: pollen proxies
• Plants produce morphologically distinctive pollen grains.
• Pollen “rain” is representative of the local plant community (apart from non-anemophilous spp.).
• Pollen grains are extremely resistant to decay in anoxic conditions (e.g. lake sediments, peat bogs, wetland soils).
• Pre-existing plant communities can be reconstructed by sampling fossil assemblages in these sedimentaryarchives.
• Palaeoclimates can be derived from the ecological ranges of the constituent species.
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Pollen morphology I
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Pollen morphology II
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Pollen typesPinus
Tsuga
Poaceae
Achillea
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Tsuga occidentalis range limits % isopolls
Species range, pollen rain and environment
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
Temperature (°C)
Ann.Jan.
July
Precipitation (mm)
Ann.Jan.
July
1 10 100 1000 10000
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Relative pollen %
and summer
temperature (Yukon)
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Pollen capture by lakes
EXTRA-LOCAL(20 TO SEVERAL
HUNDREDMETRES
FROM LAKE)
LOCAL(<20 METRES FROM LAKE)
0 100 200 300 1000
REGIONAL(UP TO SEVERAL HUNDREDKILOMETRES FROM LAKE)
LAKE DIAMETER (M)
% T
OTA
L P
OLLEN
100
0
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Pollen representation (‘R-value’: Inuvik area)
“Over” “Equal” “Under”
alder 11.8 juniper 1.0 spruce 0.5sage 5.0 willow 0.6 larch 0.2grass 3.4 poplar 0.6 heaths 0.1birch 3.0sedge 2.2 R = 1;
pollen production =species abundance in vegetation
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Pine pollen percentage vs. influx (Rogers Lake, Connecticut)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Rad
iocarb
on
yrs
BP
% of total Influx (‘000 grains/cm2/yr)
0 20 40 60 0 10 20
L
ate
H
olo
cen
e G
lacia
l
Pine needles(regionalpattern)
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Plant macrofossilsas proxies
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Stomatal patterns
Monocots (linear) Dicots (random)
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Stomatal density and [CO2]
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Reconstructed atmospheric CO2
levels from 300 Ma to PD
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Charcoal influx
(mm2 cm-2 yr-1), Lake
Francis, Abitibi, Québec
http://www.consecol.or
g/vol2/iss2/art6
Local fires
Regional fires(background)
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Insect proxies (e.g. Coleoptera [beetles])
1. Fossil extraction (washing [solvents include kerosene] & sieving). 2. Taxon ID: morphology, microsculpture & genitalia (X100)
head capsule
pronotum
elytra(singular=
elytron)
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Beetles in UK
“Devensian”
deposits (=OIS 2/3)
A-C = thermophil
es
D-G = tundra /alpines
H = cosmopolit
anspecies
(after Coope)
barren = full glacial
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Modern ranges of cold-tolerant beetles from UK Devensian deposits
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Modern ranges of thermophile beetles from UK Devensian deposits
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Devensian exotica(periglacial deposits)
“interglacial refuge”
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Terr
est
rial sh
elly
invert
ebra
tes
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Terrestrial vertebrates
Alan Griffiths; discoverer of
fossil bear bones, QCI, from ~15 ka BP
(map of LateGlacial
vertebrate fossil finds)
Photos: Vancouver Sun
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Packrat middens
Neotoma cinerea
fossil extractionsampling a midden
midden site (Colorado)
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Packrat middens:sample
sites
(BC)
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Pinus edulis:distribution records in US SW from packrat middens