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Biodiversity and Biodiversity and ConservationConservation
Notes also are at Notes also are at http://www.manskopf.com
• Climate: Average conditions, Climate: Average conditions, including temperature and including temperature and precipitation, over long periods precipitation, over long periods of time in a given areaof time in a given area
• Weather: Day-to-day conditions Weather: Day-to-day conditions in Earthin Earth’’s atmospheres atmosphere
• Climatographs: Diagrams that summarize an Climatographs: Diagrams that summarize an areaarea’’s average monthly temperature and s average monthly temperature and precipitationprecipitation
• Each biome has a set of characteristic Each biome has a set of characteristic organisms adapted to its particular organisms adapted to its particular climate conditions.climate conditions.
Chapter 10 Biodiversity Big IdeasChapter 10 Biodiversity Big Ideas
There is a huge diversity of life There is a huge diversity of life on Earth that is critical to all on Earth that is critical to all species. .species. .
There are some factors about There are some factors about species that make them prone to species that make them prone to extinction. extinction.
Human activities are causing Human activities are causing large numbers of species to go large numbers of species to go extinct.extinct.
Section 1: Our Planet of Life: Section 1: Our Planet of Life: What is biodiversity?What is biodiversity?
How many species live on Earth?How many species live on Earth? Describe the types of biodiversity.Describe the types of biodiversity. Explain why biodiversity is important.Explain why biodiversity is important. Terms: biodiversity, genes, keystone Terms: biodiversity, genes, keystone
species, ecotourismspecies, ecotourism
• About 1.7 million species are known
•Estimates vary from greater than 10 million
•Why so many unknown?
BiodiversityBiodiversity Biodiversity: the Biodiversity: the
number of number of different species different species in a given areain a given area
Tropical rain Tropical rain forestsforests
What factors What factors lead to lead to biodiversity?biodiversity?
Types of BiodiversityTypes of Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity:Species Biodiversity: number of different number of different species in an areaspecies in an area
Ecosystem DiversityEcosystem Diversity how many types of how many types of habitats in an areahabitats in an area
Genetic DiversityGenetic Diversity the the number of genes in number of genes in all members of a all members of a populationpopulation
Types of BiodiversityTypes of Biodiversity
Genetic diversity: Differences in DNA among individuals
Species diversity: Variety of species in a given area
Ecosystem diversity: Variety of habitats, ecosystems, communities
Did You Know? In general, biodiversity increases toward the equator.
Did You Know? In general, biodiversity increases toward the equator.
What is a gene?What is a gene?
Gene: a piece of Gene: a piece of DNA code for a DNA code for a specific trait specific trait inherited inherited
Tall, short, Tall, short, brown eyes, etc.brown eyes, etc.
Genetic Diversity among corn
Benefits of DiversityBenefits of Diversity Genetic Diversity Genetic Diversity
Key To SurvivalKey To Survival small isolated small isolated
populations populations unlikely to surviveunlikely to survive
Genetic mutations Genetic mutations from inbreeding from inbreeding can occurcan occur
More diversity = More diversity = more likely to more likely to survivesurvive
Why is genetic diversity important?Why is genetic diversity important?
Cavendish banana
“ The fungus Fusarium oxysporum wiped out the previous species of bananas (the Gros Michel) in the 1950s. Now it’s back, having evolved to be able to take on the previously resistant “back-up” species of banana — the Cavendish — that replaced the superior Gros Michel banana after it was wiped out. “
Benefits of Diversity: Benefits of Diversity: Ecosystem Ecosystem ServicesServices
Intact environments provide ecosystem Intact environments provide ecosystem services, such as water purification and pest services, such as water purification and pest control. control.
High biodiversity increases stability of High biodiversity increases stability of communities and ecosystems, enabling them communities and ecosystems, enabling them to perform services. to perform services.
Stable ecosystems are resistant and resilient.Stable ecosystems are resistant and resilient.
Benefits of DiversityBenefits of Diversity
Keystone Keystone Species: species Species: species that is critical to that is critical to ecosystem ecosystem survivalsurvival
Sea otterSea otter Grey WolfGrey Wolf BeaverBeaver
Benefits of DiversityBenefits of Diversity
Medical, Medical, Industrial, Industrial, Agricultural usesAgricultural uses
Food, cloths, Food, cloths, shelter, chemicals shelter, chemicals and medicine and medicine often comes from often comes from variety of variety of organismsorganismsSee table 1 pages 261
Medical Medical
Medicine: Medicine: Organisms Organisms contain contain compounds compounds that are useful that are useful for treating for treating diseasedisease.. Did You Know? Of the
150 most prescribed drugs in the United States, 118 originated in nature.
Did You Know? Of the 150 most prescribed drugs in the United States, 118 originated in nature.
The yew tree, an original source of Taxol, a cancer-fighting drug
Benefits of BiodiversityBenefits of Biodiversity
Ethics, Ethics, Aesthetics and Aesthetics and RecreationRecreation
Moral, religious Moral, religious purposes for all purposes for all speciesspecies
Personal Personal enjoymentenjoyment
Dolphin Tour Off NJ Beaches
Benefits of BiodiversityBenefits of Biodiversity
Ecotourism: Ecotourism: tourisms that tourisms that supports supports conservationconservation
Wildlife, birding, Wildlife, birding, wilderness hikingwilderness hiking
People make $ by People make $ by having people having people view wildlifeview wildlife
Section 1 ReviewSection 1 Review
How many species live on Earth?How many species live on Earth? Describe the types of biodiversity.Describe the types of biodiversity. Explain why biodiversity is important.Explain why biodiversity is important. Terms: biodiversity, genes, keystone Terms: biodiversity, genes, keystone
species, ecotourismspecies, ecotourism
Section 2: Biodiversity at RiskSection 2: Biodiversity at Risk
What does it mean when a species is What does it mean when a species is threatened or endangered?threatened or endangered?
What makes some species more prone to What makes some species more prone to extinction?extinction?
What are the largest threats to What are the largest threats to biodiversity?biodiversity?
What areas are likely to have high What areas are likely to have high biodiversity?biodiversity?
Terms: endangered species, threatened Terms: endangered species, threatened species, exotic species, endemic species, species, exotic species, endemic species, poachingpoaching
Biodiversity has increased over time, but mass extinctions are also natural events (5 major events)
How do we get this data?
ExtinctionsExtinctions Species gone foreverSpecies gone forever NORMALNORMAL Mass Extinction: short Mass Extinction: short
period of time when period of time when large number of large number of species go extinct (65 species go extinct (65 MYA)MYA)
Currently in mass Currently in mass extinction…caused by extinction…caused by humanshumans
Rapid climate changeRapid climate change
• There have been five mass extinctions in Earth’s history.
• Each time, more than 1/5 of all families and 1/2 of all species have gone extinct.
Biodiversity at RiskBiodiversity at RiskThe current extinction rate is 100 to 1000 times greater than the natural background rate.
In 2009, 1321 species in the U.S. were classified as endangered or threatened.
Endangered: At serious risk of extinction
Threatened: Likely to become endangered soon through all or part of its range
ExtinctionsExtinctions
Certain traits make Certain traits make some species more some species more vulnerable:vulnerable:
Small populationsSmall populations SpecializedSpecialized Need large rangeNeed large range MigrationMigration Valuable to humansValuable to humans
Current ExtinctionsCurrent Extinctions
Endangered Endangered Species: is likely to Species: is likely to go extinct if go extinct if actions not takenactions not taken
Threatened: Threatened: population population declining and likely declining and likely to become to become endangeredendangered
Current ExtinctionsCurrent Extinctions
TNC estimates 1/3rd of 21,000 identified U.S. animal and plant species are vulnerable.
30,000 of the world’s species and 1,200 in U.S. are officially endangered.
How do humans cause extinctions?How do humans cause extinctions?
““HIPPOHIPPO””HHabitat abitat
destruction destruction IInvasive nvasive
speciesspeciesPPopulation opulation
(humans) (humans) growthgrowth
PPollutionollutionOOverharvestingverharvesting
Habitat Habitat FragmentationFragmentation
Habitat fragmentation: Patches of suitable habitat surrounded by unsuitable habitat
In general, larger habitat fragments can support greater biodiversity than smaller fragments
Humans Causing ExtinctionsHumans Causing Extinctions
Habitat DestructionHabitat Destruction causes 75-80%causes 75-80%
Large creatures Large creatures need lot of landneed lot of land
Invasive SpeciesInvasive Species: : exotic speciesexotic species not not native to area can native to area can destroy an destroy an ecosystemecosystem
Humans Causing ExtinctionHumans Causing Extinction Over-harvestingOver-harvesting
excessive hunting excessive hunting (bison in U.S., fish)(bison in U.S., fish)
Poaching: illegal Poaching: illegal huntinghunting
Common in poor Common in poor countries for food, countries for food, medicines, incomemedicines, income
PollutionPollution air, water, air, water, landland
Causes of Extinction Causes of Extinction Climate Climate ChangeChange
Increasingly becoming a factor in Increasingly becoming a factor in biodiversity lossbiodiversity loss
Unlike the other factors, climate change Unlike the other factors, climate change will have a potentially global effect on will have a potentially global effect on biodiversity.biodiversity.
Areas of Critical BiodiversityAreas of Critical Biodiversity
Hotspots: areas Hotspots: areas threatened that threatened that contain high contain high biodiversitybiodiversity
Roughly 25 Roughly 25 worldwideworldwide
Madagascar Madagascar Parts of CaliforniaParts of California
Areas of Critical BiodiversityAreas of Critical Biodiversity
Tropical Rain Tropical Rain ForestsForests
Coral ReefsCoral Reefs Coastal Coastal
EcosystemsEcosystems IslandsIslands
Why these Why these areas????areas????
Just 2.3% of the Just 2.3% of the planetplanet’’s land s land surface is home surface is home to 50% of the to 50% of the worldworld’’s plant s plant species and 42% species and 42% of its vertebrate of its vertebrate animal species.animal species.
Section 2 ReviewSection 2 Review
What does it mean when a species is What does it mean when a species is threatened or endangered?threatened or endangered?
What makes some species more prone to What makes some species more prone to extinction?extinction?
What are the largest threats to biodiversity?What are the largest threats to biodiversity? What areas are likely to have high What areas are likely to have high
biodiversity?biodiversity? Terms: endangered species, threatened Terms: endangered species, threatened
species, exotic species, endemic species, species, exotic species, endemic species, poachingpoaching
Section 3: Future of BiodiversitySection 3: Future of Biodiversity
List and describe efforts to save List and describe efforts to save individual species.individual species.
Explain the advantages of protecting Explain the advantages of protecting entire ecosystems rather than entire ecosystems rather than individual species.individual species.
Describe the main parts of the Describe the main parts of the Endangered Species Act.Endangered Species Act.
Terms: Endangered Species Act, Terms: Endangered Species Act, habitat conservation plans, CITEShabitat conservation plans, CITES
Saving Individual SpeciesSaving Individual Species
Captive Breeding Captive Breeding ProgramsPrograms: breeding : breeding species in captivity species in captivity with hopes of with hopes of reintroducing into reintroducing into native habitatsnative habitats
Germ Plasm:Germ Plasm: saving saving genetic material for genetic material for possible future usepossible future use
(seeds, eggs, DNA)(seeds, eggs, DNA)
Zoos and AquariumsZoos and Aquariums
Saving Individual SpeciesSaving Individual Species
Does little to Does little to preserve speciespreserve species
Captive individuals Captive individuals may not survive in may not survive in wildwild
Small populations Small populations have difficult time have difficult time with inbreeding, with inbreeding, diseasesdiseases
Last resortsLast resorts
Preserving Habitat and EcosystemsPreserving Habitat and Ecosystems
Most effective way Most effective way to save a species is to save a species is protect its habitat.protect its habitat.
Some species Some species require large areasrequire large areas
What about when What about when they leave they leave protected areas? protected areas? (Wolves in (Wolves in YellowstoneYellowstone
Legal ProtectionsLegal Protections
Many countries Many countries have laws to have laws to protect wildlifeprotect wildlife
Some weak some Some weak some strongstrong
U.S. law U.S. law Endangered Endangered Species Act (ESA)Species Act (ESA)
ESAESAEndangered Species Endangered Species
Act Act Passed 1973Passed 1973 Protect plant and Protect plant and
animals in danger animals in danger of extinctionof extinction
List created of List created of those threatened those threatened and endangeredand endangered
Currently 1,300+ Currently 1,300+ listedlisted
ESAESA
•Forbids governments and citizens from harming listed species and habitats•Forbids trade in products made from listed species
ESAESA Protects listed Protects listed
species from harmspecies from harm No development No development
that harms listed that harms listed speciesspecies
What does that all What does that all mean?mean?
Can a Shopping Can a Shopping Mall be built where Mall be built where listed species lives?listed species lives?
Spotted Owl
ESAESA Species recovery plan Species recovery plan
must be mademust be made Habitat Conservation Habitat Conservation
Plans: plans to Plans: plans to protect species protect species habitathabitat
Why do you think ESA Why do you think ESA may be controversial? may be controversial?
Who would not like Who would not like this law?this law?
ESAESAESA:ESA: 1973-2004: 92 to 1973-2004: 92 to
1,300+ species listed1,300+ species listed 37 Species removed 37 Species removed
(14 recovery, 8 (14 recovery, 8 extinctions, rest extinctions, rest discovered more) discovered more)
60% plants, 40% 60% plants, 40% animalsanimals
TNC says 1/3TNC says 1/3rdrd of all of all U.S. species…30,000 U.S. species…30,000 not 1,260not 1,260
NJ ESA Listhttp://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/tandespp.htm
Wildlife Corridors Wildlife Corridors Connect habitat Connect habitat
fragments fragments enabling once-enabling once-isolated isolated populations to populations to interbreedinterbreed
Interbreeding Interbreeding increases genetic increases genetic diversity.diversity.
InternationallyInternationally
CITES CITES (Convention on (Convention on International International Trade of Trade of Endangered Endangered Species)Species) illegal illegal to trade to trade endangered endangered speciesspecies
Ivory Tusks
InternationallyInternationally
Much more difficult Much more difficult among may poorer among may poorer countriescountries
International treaties International treaties hard to ratify, verifyhard to ratify, verify
Oceans of particular Oceans of particular concernconcern
http://animal.discovery.com/tv/whale-wars/
Section 3 ReviewSection 3 Review
List and describe efforts to save List and describe efforts to save individual species.individual species.
Explain the advantages of protecting Explain the advantages of protecting entire ecosystems rather than entire ecosystems rather than individual species.individual species.
Describe the main parts of the Describe the main parts of the Endangered Species Act.Endangered Species Act.
Terms: Endangered Species Act, Terms: Endangered Species Act, habitat conservation plans, CITEShabitat conservation plans, CITES
Chapter 10 Biodiversity ReviewChapter 10 Biodiversity Review
There is a huge diversity of life There is a huge diversity of life on Earth that is critical to all on Earth that is critical to all species. .species. .
There are some factors about There are some factors about species that make them prone to species that make them prone to extinction. extinction.
Human activities are causing Human activities are causing large numbers of species to go large numbers of species to go extinct.extinct.