Biodiesel Production: Lifecycle of Biodiesel Production Barry Latham, M.A.Ed. Biodiesel Production &...
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Transcript of Biodiesel Production: Lifecycle of Biodiesel Production Barry Latham, M.A.Ed. Biodiesel Production &...
Biodiesel Production: Lifecycle of Biodiesel Production
Barry Latham, M.A.Ed.Biodiesel Production & Curriculum
Chemistry & Physics InstructorChicago Heights, Illinois
Vegetable Oil Sources(Small Scale)In the U.S., most biodiesel is made from
soybean oil or recycled cooking oils◦Typically collected as waste oil from
restaurants◦Restaurants pay to have it removed, but you
remove it for free◦Times are changing, though, and waste oil is
getting expensive (regionally dependent)
Animals fats, other vegetable oils, and other recycled oils can also be used to produce biodiesel
Blends of all kinds of fats and oils may be used to produce biodiesel
Vegetable Oil Sources(Acreage Yields)
Crop US Gal/acre
oil palm 635
coconut 287
jatropha 202
olive 129
rapeseed 127
peanut 113
cocoa (cacao) 110
sunflower 102
safflower 83
sesame 74
linseed (flax) 51
hazelnut 51
soybean 48
hemp 39
corn (maize) 18
What Type of Vehicles Can Use Biodiesel Blends?Blends such as B2 and B5 can be used
safely in any compression-ignition engine◦Light-duty and heavy-duty diesel cars◦Trucks, tractors, boats◦Electrical generators
Any diesel engine can use any percentage of biodiesel◦<1994 engines need updating (1st year of
use) Viton fuel lines, frequent fuel filter changes Biodiesel will corrode natural rubber
◦>1994 engines only need filter changes
Biodiesel UsesBeyond Diesel Vehicles
◦ a corrosion preventative◦ a parts cleaner and degreaser◦ a graffiti remover◦ a paint and resin cleanup◦ a hand cleaner◦ a crop adjuvant◦ a metal working lubricant◦ a screen printing ink remover◦ aircraft fuel◦ home heating oil◦ a lubricity additive for diesel
fuel◦ an adhesive remover◦ a mold release agent◦ an asphalt cleanup agent◦ an oil spill cleanup and
bioremediation agent◦ an auto wax remover
Environmental Benefits
Only alternative fuel in the country to have successfully completed the EPA-required Tier I and Tier II health effects testing under the Clean Air Act (2000)◦ Conclusively demonstrated biodiesel’s significant reduction of
virtually all regulated emissions◦ Showed biodiesel does not pose a threat to human health
Biodiesel contains no sulfur or aromatics Use of biodiesel in a conventional diesel engine results in
substantial reduction of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate matter
U.S. DoE showed that the production and use of biodiesel, compared to petroleum diesel, resulted in a 78.5% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions
Biodiesel has a positive energy balance◦ For every unit of energy needed to produce a gallon of biodiesel,
5.28 units of energy are gained
Energy Security Benefits
Biodiesel can be manufactured using existing industrial production capacity
1996 estimates◦Annual military costs of securing foreign
oil was $57 billion◦Foreign tax credits accounted for another
estimated $4 billion annually◦Environmental costs were estimated at
$45 per barrel
Economic Benefits
2001 USDA study◦Annual increase of 200 million gallons of soy-
based biodiesel demand would boost total crop cash receipts by $5.2 billion cumulatively by 2010 Average net farm income increase of $300 million per
year The price for a bushel of soybeans would increase by an
average of 17 cents annually during the ten-year period
Positive performance attributes◦ Increased cetane, high fuel lubricity, high oxygen
content
Quality BenefitsBiodiesel is registered as a fuel and fuel additive with
the EPAMeets clean diesel standards established by the
California Air Resources Board (CARB)B100 has been designated as an alternative fuel by
the U.S. DoE and the U.S. DOTDecember 2001- the American Society of Testing and
Materials (ASTM) approved a specification (D6751) for biodiesel fuel
The National Biodiesel Board formed the National Biodiesel Accreditation Commission (NBAC) to audit fuel producers and marketers in order to enforce fuel quality standards in the US◦ NBAC issues a ‘Certified Biodiesel Marketer’ seal of
approval for biodiesel marketers that have met all requirements of fuel accreditation audits
Safety BenefitsBiodiesel is nontoxic◦Far less damage than petroleum diesel
if spilled or otherwise released to the environment
Biodiesel is less combustible◦Flashpoint for biodiesel is >150°C◦Petroleum diesel is ~52°C◦Preferred for marine applications
Biodiesel is safe to handle, store, and transport
EPAct BenefitsNovember 1998- Congress approved the use of
biodiesel as an Energy Policy Act (EPAct) compliance strategy◦ 450 gallons of pure biodiesel and burning it in new
or existing diesel vehicles in at least a 20% blend with diesel fuel
The Congressional Budget Office and the U.S. Dept. of Ag have confirmed that the biodiesel option is the least-cost alternative fuel option for meeting the Federal government’s EPAct compliance requirements
Biodiesel offers an immediate and seamless way to transition existing diesel vehicles into a cleaner burning fleet
Green House Gas BenefitsTotal life cycle GHG emissions from the
fossil fuel that is displaced◦82.32 g/MJ
Fossil fuel GHG emissions avoided by using biodiesel instead of fossil fuel◦39.76 g/MJ
Net GHG emissions saved by producing and using biodiesel◦33.32 g/MJ
Net fraction of GHG emissions saved by producing and using biodiesel◦40.5%
Glycerin TreatmentMeOH RemovalMeOH is still present and needs to be
removed before it can be used◦NOT a co-product, just used in excess◦Common misconception that MeOH is
produced
Distillation- separation of liquids based on boiling points◦MeOH has a lower boiling point than glycerin
Turns to vapor first Can be condensed, collected and reused
◦Glycerin turns thicker and darker◦Heating element, not flame, is used
Glycerin Distillation (Large Scale)~$1M to build Methanol
Recovery & Glycerin Purification Process
Crude (80% pure)◦By-product of biodiesel
Tech Grade (>97% pure)◦ Industrial applications only
Refined (>99.7% pure)◦USP & FCC Grade◦Cosmetics,
pharmaceuticals, food
Glycerin Co-Product (Small Scale)Soap (1L batch) Remove the residual (toxic) methanol
first
KOH-based biodiesel makes liquid soap glycerin◦ NaOH-based production makes bar
soap
At 50°C, preheat any of the following ratios before mixing for 5 minutes◦ Glycerin 33mL 47mL 54mL◦ Water 7mL 5mL 5mL◦ KOH 1g 1g 1g
◦ Can not use KOH and NaOH inter-changeably
Fragrances and dyes can be added◦ D-limonene smells like oranges and is
cheaply made/purchased◦ Most dyes muddy the dark brown
color
Synthesis from GlycerolPropylene Glycol- similar applications as glycerol◦ “Low-pressure hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propylene
glycol.” Applied Catalyst A: General A 2005, 225-231.◦ “Reducing Byproduct Formation during Conversion of
Glycerol to Propylene Glycol.” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2008, 47, 6878–6884.
Hydrogen- fuel applications◦ “A Comparative Thermodynamic and Experimental
Analysis on Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming of Glycerin.” Energy & Fuels 2007, 21, 2306-2310.
Acrolein- polymers, acetonitrile, polyurethane◦ “Low-Pressure Packed-Bed Gas-Phase Dehydration of
Glycerol to Acrolein.” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009, 48, 3279–3283.
Glycerin Co-ProductOther UsesHealth supplement
◦ Increases blood volume◦ Enhances temperature regulation◦ Improves exercise performance in the heat◦ Helps "hyperhydrate" the body by increasing blood
volume levels and helping to delay dehydration◦ Tocopherol (vitamin E)
Other uses◦ Glycerine is also a source of lecithin
fat emulsifier and a vital component of all cell membranes in the body
◦ Skin moisturizer, lotion, deodorant, makeup, toothpaste, sweets and cakes, pharmaceuticals and patent medicines, paper manufacturing, printing ink, textiles, plastics, and electronic components
Glycerin Co-ProductOther Uses Paint brush cleaner
◦ Rinse brush as much as possible with water ◦ Work brush in a small container with about 20 mL of
glycerin◦ Rinse brush under water until all milky-ness is
removed◦ Repeat glycerin stage with fresh glycerin as needed◦ Check that brush doesn't smell of paint and store
brush as usual.
Safe sweetener:◦ Glycerin is an alcohol and is used as a preservative◦ It is very sweet, yet it contains no sugar◦ This makes it an ideal sweetener for patients who
cannot take sugar