Biodiesel Production: Terminology & Formulation Barry Latham, M.A.Ed. Biodiesel Production &...
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Transcript of Biodiesel Production: Terminology & Formulation Barry Latham, M.A.Ed. Biodiesel Production &...
![Page 1: Biodiesel Production: Terminology & Formulation Barry Latham, M.A.Ed. Biodiesel Production & Curriculum Chemistry & Physics Instructor Chicago Heights,](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649daa5503460f94a97ebc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biodiesel Production: Terminology & Formulation
Barry Latham, M.A.Ed.Biodiesel Production & Curriculum
Chemistry & Physics InstructorChicago Heights, Illinois
![Page 2: Biodiesel Production: Terminology & Formulation Barry Latham, M.A.Ed. Biodiesel Production & Curriculum Chemistry & Physics Instructor Chicago Heights,](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649daa5503460f94a97ebc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Terminology
Biodiesel- fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats◦Transesterification (vegetable oils)- the process
of exchanging an alkoxy group of an ester compound with another alcohol
◦Saponification (animal fats)- the hydrolysis of an ester under basic conditions to form an alcohol and the salt of the carboxylic acid
Alcohol- any carbon chain which includes an –OH group◦Methanol (MeOH) or Ethanol (EtOH)
![Page 3: Biodiesel Production: Terminology & Formulation Barry Latham, M.A.Ed. Biodiesel Production & Curriculum Chemistry & Physics Instructor Chicago Heights,](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649daa5503460f94a97ebc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
TerminologyCatalyst- a substance that is used in a
chemical reaction, but not consumed◦Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)◦Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
FAME- Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (<1 g/mL)◦Biodiesel
B100- 100% biodieselB20- 20% biodiesel, 80% traditional diesel
Glycerin- co-product of biodiesel (~1.173 g/mL)◦Can be made into liquid (KOH) or bar (NaOH) soap
![Page 4: Biodiesel Production: Terminology & Formulation Barry Latham, M.A.Ed. Biodiesel Production & Curriculum Chemistry & Physics Instructor Chicago Heights,](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649daa5503460f94a97ebc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Catalyst Choice Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)
◦ Most used by homebrewers◦ Dissolves faster as flakes than NaOH pellets◦ Glycerin produced can be easily made into liquid soap
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)◦ Typically causes more complications with soap formation◦ Used more in the industry◦ Glycerin produced can be easily made into bar soap
Sodium Methacrylate (H2C=C(CH3)CONa)◦ More effective catalyst
All have a high pH (caustic) All are dangerous- can burn skin, eyes, respiratory system
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Alcohol ChoiceMethanol (MeOH)
◦ Shortest-chain alcohol◦ Most used by both homebrewers and in the industry◦ Biological effects similar to consuming ethanol, but more
severe Can cause nervous system failure, blindness if ingested or
absorbed through the skin or breathed in great quantities
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH)◦ 2-carbon chain alcohol◦ More restrictions on purchasing, storage and use◦ Higher rate of complications in reaction◦ Can cause inebriation
Both highly flammable and must be respectedStore only as much as you need in a safe area
◦ Obey local fire codes
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Safety Issues Methanol
◦ Flammable◦ Can be absorbed through the skin◦ Can cause blindness and death
Potassium Hydroxide◦ Burns◦ Do not allow to touch your skin
Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)◦ Operate in a well-ventilated area◦ Wear safety goggles◦ Protective gloves◦ Do not directly inhale any vapors◦ Tie lose hair back◦ Wear closed toe shoes and long pants
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FAME Reaction“Fatty Acid Methyl Ester”
![Page 8: Biodiesel Production: Terminology & Formulation Barry Latham, M.A.Ed. Biodiesel Production & Curriculum Chemistry & Physics Instructor Chicago Heights,](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649daa5503460f94a97ebc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Incomplete Reactions
monoglyceride(2/3 reaction)
diglyceride(1/3 reaction)
Triglyceride(no reaction)
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16%BOOST Method100L, 16% MeOH, 2-Stage Process
Perform titration◦ Our oil titrates at 0.44 (August 28, 2008, 34 trials)◦ 0.45 (March 27, 2009, 5 trials)
Add 89% of KOH needed into 16L MeOH◦ Mix thoroughly (will mix overnight)
Add 14L of mixture to heated oil (55°C) Circulate for 1 hr. and settle overnight Add remaining KOH to remaining KOH/MeOH Drain glycerin and add remaining KOH/MeOH
mixture Circulate for 3 hr. and settle overnight Drain glycerin
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80/20 Method100L, 18% MeOH, 2-Stage Process
Perform titration◦Our oil titrates at 0.44 (August 28, 2008,
34 trials)Add all KOH needed into 18L MeOH◦Mix thoroughly (will mix overnight)
Add 14.4L of mixture to heated oil (55°C)
Circulate for 1 hr. and settle overnight
Drain glycerin and add remaining KOH/MeOH mixture
Circulate for 3 hr. and settle overnight
Drain glycerin
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22% Method100L, 22% MeOH, Single-Stage Process
Perform titration◦Our oil titrates at 0.44 (August 28, 2008, 34 trials)
Add all KOH needed into 22L MeOH◦Mix thoroughly (will mix overnight)
Add all of the mixture to heated oil (55°C)
Circulate for 3 hr. and settle overnight
Drain glycerin
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“Dr. Pepper” Method (Small Scale)Single-Stage Process
Is typically used before a large batch
Results indicate how well the method will work on this specific oil
Must be done in the lab, not at oil collection site
Takes 12-24 hours for results
Performed in plastic pop bottle◦ MeOH will start to eat plastic
after 24-36 hours
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Methods Summary
%MeOH needs to be at least 13%◦More MeOH ensure greater completion of
reaction◦Too much can be wasteful, though
Circulation times can vary◦1-3 hours per batch seems to work for most
Batch sizes of 100L used for simplicity in calculations (scaling up or down)
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Glycerin Removal
Drain the bottom layer of glycerin
Dr. Pepper Method◦ Invert pop bottle and
gently squeeze while using your thumb as a valve
It is better to overflow and lose some biodiesel, than to leave some glycerin in your biodiesel
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Biodiesel Use CautionsBiodiesel as an excellent solvent◦All natural rubber will eventually be dissolved
Use Viton, or other synthetic rubber hoses, seals and gaskets
◦Breaks down petroleum “grit” that builds up over time in the combustion chamber Grit is dissolved by biodiesel and can clog fuel and
exhaust filters
◦Starting with a lower % of biodiesel slows this process Can increase % over time while replacing rubber
material and filters