BIODIESELWays of obtaining and

importance

Carolina Ramírez Márquez

21430130

Romina Castellanos Rincón

21430131

Yeungnam University

Food Bioengeering

Contents

Introduction

Data

Fuel feedstocks

Production process

Chemical process

Enzymatic process

Applications

Advantages & Disadvantages

Importance

Introduction

• Made from vegetable oil such as rapeseed oil • Can be used in conventional diesel engines because of its low viscosity

Biodiesel

long-chain alkyl (methyl, ethyl, or

propyl) esters

chemically reacting lipids

Biodiesel is a fuel made from plant and animal

oils and fats

mono-alkyl ester

renewable and clean burning fuel

• Reduce dependance on foreign oil reserves.

• Can be used in any diesel engine.

less toxic pollutants and greenhouse gases than petroleum diesel

Can be used…

Pure form (B100)

Blended with petro-diesel

B220%

biodiesel 80%

petrodieselB5

5% biodiesel95%

petrodiesel

Data…

Global production increased by 75% in Germany,

France, Italy, and Poland and tripling in the United

States.

2005

These countries adopted policies such as mandates and incentives for biofuels in 2005–2006.

Source: IEA analysis based on F.O.Lichts – IEA World Energy Outlook 2006

World Production of

Biodiesel

Biodiesel Production (Thousand Barrels Per Day)

http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=79&pid=81&aid=1&cid=CG5,&syid=2007&eyid=2011&unit=TBPD

Total Biofuels Consumption (Thousand Barrels Per Day)

http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=79&pid=79&aid=2&cid=CG5,&syid=2007&eyid=2011&unit=TBPD

Biodiesel Fuel Feedstocks

Biodiesel fuel is one of the easiest alternative fuels to use. A variety of oils as biodiesel fuel

feedstocks are used to produce the fuel

The main feedstocks for biodiesel fuel are:

Virgin Oil

Waste vegetabl

e oil (WVO)

Animal fats Algae

Oil from halophyt

es

Virgin oil

Rapeseed and soybean oils are most commonly used raw material for biodiesel

fuel.

Soybean oil alone accounts for about

ninety percent of all biodiesel fuel feedstocks in the US (It can also be

acquired from field pennycress and

jatropha)Many other crops like

mustard, flax, sunflower, palm oil, coconut, hemp are good resources of

Soybean oil.

Waste vegetable oil (WVO)

The waste vegetable oil (WVO) discarded from a restaurant is

getting popular as feedstocks for biodiesel fuel.

Many supporters propose that waste vegetable oil is the best raw material for biodiesel fuel

production.

Animal fats

Tallow, lard, yellow grease, chicken fat, and the by-products of the production of Omega-

3 fatty acids from fish oil are increasingly used as biodiesel fuel feedstocks.

Algae

Algae can be grown using waste materials such as

sewage and without making use of land used for food

production.

They are also looked upon as a good source of biodiesel feedstocks.

Oil from halophytes

Other feedstocks for biodiesel fuel are

Halophytes such as Salicornia bigelovii, which can be grown using saltwater in

coastal areas where conventional crops cannot be grown.

They produce yields equal to the yields of soybeans and other oilseeds grown using freshwater irrigation.

Biodiesel Production Process

Chemical process Enzymatic process

Chemical process

1) Sourcing a suitable biodiesel oil or fat.

The biodiesel production process starts with finding the correct raw materials.

The first of these is an oil or fat which is a triglyceride.

Old motor oil or mineral oils are not suitable as the molecular structure is

different.

2) Homogenizing the oilOnce the oil is back at the production facility it should

be blended together to form a homogenous batch. This is pretty simple to do and often is done in the

biodiesel processor.

3) Filter the oilThe oil should be filtered to remove all the big particles.

A 1mm mesh will do just fine, removing the large

particles removes a source of water contamination as

well as chips and fish heads which may get stuck in the

impeller of the pump. Filtering down to micron

levels is not necessary but some people do it anyway.

4) Heat the oilIn the biodiesel production process the oil should be heated to around 55 °C,

going above 60 °C is dangerous as it is close to methanol's boiling point.

5) Test the oil with a titration

The oil should be titrated to test its Free Fatty Acid

content. It is very important to get this right as adding

too much catalyst will result in yield loss while adding too

little will result in poorly converted, substandard fuel.

6) Mix up the methoxideMethoxide is made by mixing methanol and sodium or potassium

hydroxide. The amount of hydroxide to add is worked

out in your titration process, we have some

 titration worksheets which simplify the process.

7) Add the methoxide to the oilThe methoxide should be added to

the oil slowly so that it is evenly distributed throughout the batch of

oil.

8) Mix for 1-2 hoursThe batch should be mixed for

enough time to allow the chemical reaction to occur. This is typically 1-2 hours. Mixing can be

done by circulating the batch with a pump or by means of a

mechanical mixer. Typically smaller systems will use a pump as appropriate chemical mixers

are expensive.

9) SettleThe mixing process is stopped and the glycerine which used

to be in the oil will separate out of the biodiesel, falling to the bottom. Settling takes a few hours to days, the longer you settle the glycerine the more

will settle out. In large commercial processes a

biodiesel centrifuge can be used to separate the biodiesel and glycerine and this is then a quick process. If dry washing

chemicals are used it is important to get all the

glycerine out.

10) Remove any remaining methanol.

Raw biodiesel has suspended methanol in it and if a dry wash is to be used then it needs to be

removed.

12) Remove the remaining

soaps/impuritiesRaw biodiesel has soaps and free glycerin in it,

these need to be removed before it is suitable for an

engine. These can be removed easily with a water wash or dry wash

process.

13) Final filterIn the last stage of the biodiesel production process the finished biodiesel should be filtered or polished

through a biodiesel filter system

 before being used in an engine.

The biodiesel production models are defined depending on the level of free fatty acids

(FFA) that holds the raw material to be processed. If they are less than 5% are given a process whose

primary step is called transesterification (later the details are explained); if they are greater than 5% in addition to the transesterification process, require a prior process called esterification of free

fatty acids down to less than 5%.

Esterification:This process applies only to primary

fats containing high levels of free fatty acids.

The esterification process used to remove the free fatty acids to make the oil at a concentration less than

1%.

Is carried out by adding an acid (such as sulfuric acid) and methanol to fat, which makes the fatty acids are separated, generating a bass part oil into free fatty acids and

other chemical water.

Transesterification:A catalyst is usually used to provide the speed and increase the reaction

yield. Because the reaction is reversible, an excess of alcohol is

used to alter the chemical equilibrium to the product side.

Enzymatic process

Md. Mahabubur Rahman Talukder and coworkers at A *

STAR Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering have

developed a biocatalytic process that works well in all types of

oils.

Enzymatic catalysis:Is one method used for

transesterification and it is the most efficient mechanism , due that does not have the problem

of pretreatment because the catalyst is selective, consumes

less power and it is environmentally attractive . The widely studied enzymes for this process are lipases derived from microorganisms such as Candida

antarctica, Mucor meihei and Geotrichum candidum.

Enzymes

1.- Candida rugosa lipase.

2.- Novozym 435 (Lipozyme CalB).

Esterases: An esterase is a

hydrolase enzyme that splits esters into

an acid and an alcohol in a chemical reaction with water called hydrolysis.

Hydrolysis: Usually means the

cleavage of chemical bonds by the

addition of water.

Candida rugosa lipase: This is a lipase

extracted of Candida rugosa.Lipase:

Is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats (lipids). Lipases

are subclass of the esterases.

The production of lipases from different organisms depends of various environmental

factors such as temperature, pH, composition of the medium: carbon source, nitrogen, inorganic salts, percentage of dissolved oxygen, etc. The

perfect conditions of this enzyme are: temperature of 30° C , neutral pH and aerobic

conditions.

Organism used to overproduce Candida rugosa lipase: Pichia pastoris

This organism is an excellent system to

produce a large variety of recombinant proteins and in particular is used for the overproduction of Candida rugosa lipase.

The yeast P. pastoris is a unicellular microorganism easy to manipulate and

cultivate, however, is also a eukaryote capable of performing many of the

post-translational modifications undertaken

by cells.

Expression

vector includin

g our enzyme

of interest

• After knowing the responsible gen of the production of our enzyme, it is necessary its introduction in a commercial vector of expression.

Introduction in E. coli DH5α

• The vector that we previously have made is introduced into a virgin cell DH5α.

Utilization of the

eukaryotic

vector of

subcloning

pPICZ

• The gene of interest is extracted and a eukaryotic subcloning vector (pPICZα) is used for insertion and thus, selecting the transformed strains.

Selection of the

transformed

strains and its introduction in

P. pastori

s

• The purified plasmid is introduced in P. pastoris and spread in YPD medium. After that, it is spread in a matrass with antibiotic.

Spreading of P. pastori

s in BMM

medium

• It is necessary to spred the cells in BMM BMM (Bold´s Basal Medium) medium in order to choose the producing strain and calculate the extracellular lipase activity.

Introduction in

a bioreac

tor

• After choosing the producing strains, it proceeds to inoculate them in a bioreactor.

Technique used for the cultivation of the producing

organisms: Fed-batch culture.Fed-batch culture is, in the broadest sense, defined as an operational technique in biotechnological processes

where one or more nutrients (substrates) are

fed (supplied) to the bioreactor during

cultivation and in which the product(s) remain in the

bioreactor until the end of the run.

Generally speaking, fed-batch culture is superior to conventional batch culture

when controlling concentrations of a

nutrient (or nutrients) affect the yield or

productivity of the desired metabolite.

Enzyme recovery

At the end of the process, it proceeds to recovery the enzyme that is used to obtain biodiesel in

the bioreactor.

1.- Separation of the biomass by centrifugation and washes.

2.- Microfiltration of the supernatant.

3.- Ultrafiltration of the medium that is free of biomass.

4.- Lyophilization (is a dehydration process typically used to preserve a perishable material or make the

material more convenient for transport).

5.- Immobilization of the enzyme on a polypropylene support.

Applications

Transportation

Power Generation

Heat

Process of

biodiesel

production

Analysis of row

material

analysis of

catalysts

analysis of the

processes

integrated

process analysis

Valorization

ADVANTAGE

Produced from Renewable Resources

Can be Used in existing Diesel Engines

Less Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Grown, Produced and Distributed Locally

Cleaner Biofuel Refineries

Biodegradable and Non-Toxic

Better Fuel Economy

Positive Economic Impact

Reduced Foreign Oil Dependance

More Health Benefits

Disadvantages

Variation in Quality of Biodiesel

Not Suitable for use in Low Temperatur

es Food Shortage

Increased use of

Fertilizers

Clogging in Engine

Regional Suitability

Monoculture

Fuel Distribution

Use of petro-diesel to produce biodiesel

Slight Increase in Nitrogen Oxide EmissionsWater Shortage

Conditions of easy operation

Condiciones of biocatalyst  

Avoids the formation of secondary products

Recuperation of biocatalyst

 

Selective and specific enzymes

temperature, pH, pressure

Chemical process

Generates less waste

Advantages of BIOcatalysis

Disadvantages of

biocatalysis

Catalyst must be separated from

the final product,

therefore, recovery may be difficult glycerol

pH, lipase enzymes are

highly sensitive to high pH

values

Very expensive, requires high-

priced equipment like

bioreactors

Importance• Energy IndependenceDisproportionate impact on the poorest countries.

• Smaller Trade DeficitSave foreign exchange and reduces energy expenditures.Allow developing countries to put more of their resources into services for their neediest citizens.

• Economic GrowthCreates new markets for agricultural products and stimulate rural development.

• Cleaner AirProduce fewer emissions of carbon monoxide, particulates, and toxic chemicals that cause smog.

• Less Global Warming Contain carbon that was taken out of the atmosphere by plants and trees as they grew.

Thank you!

November 2014