Biochemistry :

Structure & Function of Macromolecules

AnatomyPhysiology

CellBiology

Biochemistry

I. CarbonA) Essential to lifeB) Cells are mostly carbon

molecules & waterC) Basic building block

1) Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, DNA

D) Can form very large molecules

II. Synthesis and digestionA) Macromolecules - very large

moleculesB) Polymers - many (repeating)

units1) Made-up of Monomers - single units

II. Synthesis and digestionC) Dehydration synthesis - builds

1) Bonds monomers together, releasing water .

D) Digestion - breakdown1) AKA: hydrolysis (water breaking)2) Adds water to broken ends

III. CARBOHYDRATES

III. CarbohydratesA) Monosaccharides

1) One sugar unit- molecular formula of CH2O

2) Glucose - C6H12O6; Fructose - C6H12O6

B) Main fuel for cellular workC) Disaccharides - two sugar units

III. CarbohydratesD) Polysaccharides

1) Many sugar units2) Starch: Energy

storage in plants3) Glycogen: Energy

storage in animals4) Cellulose:

Structural molecule in plant cell walls

IV. LIPIDS

IV. LipidsA) Hydrophobic: Water-hating tail

B) Hydrophilic: Water-loving head

C) Fats and steroids

IV. LipidsD) Glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids; AKA:

TriglycerideE) Cushion; insulate; long-term energy storageF) Saturated - no double bonds- all possible HG) Unsaturated- double bonds - fewer H atoms

IV. LipidsH) Steroids-

Hydrophobic; Form 4 fused rings

I) Steroids are made from cholesterol1) Turn into sex

hormones:a) Estrogen;

Testosterone2) Component of cell

membranes

V. PROTEINS

V. ProteinsA) Composed

of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain

V. ProteinsB) Amino acids

linked by peptide bonds; forming a polypeptide (aka protein)

V. ProteinsC) Primary structure

1) Is the order of the amino acids

2) 20 different amino acids found in all living creatures

3) Change can cause diseasea) Sickle cell anemia

V. ProteinsD) Secondary and tertiary structure

1) Twisting & folding; bonding between different parts; 3-D shape of the protein

V. ProteinsE) Quaternary

structure1)Interaction

between more than one polypeptide

V. ProteinsF) Enzymes:

1) Kind of protein catalysts

2) Enzymes lower the energy required for a chemical reaction in the body to occur

3) Enzymes themselves are not used up in the reaction; thus, one enzyme can be used multiple times

VI. NUCLEIC ACIDS

VI. Nucleic acidsA) Nucleic acids are

recipes for proteins (blueprints for making things in the body).

B) Two types1) DNA -

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

2) RNA - RiboNucleic Acid

VI. Nucleic acidsC) Made of: Sugars, Phosphates, &

Nitrogenous Bases1) Bases: Adenine – A; Cytosine – C;

Guanine – G; Thymine - T; Uracil – UD) Dehydration synthesis makes the

polymer.E) Digestion breaks down the polymer.