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Glycoloysis

Step Substrate Enzyme

1 glucose glucokinase/hexokinase

2 glucose 6-phosphate phosphoglucose isomerase

3 frutose 6-phosphate phosphofrutokinase-1

frutose 1!6-bisphosphate al"olase# "ihy"roxyacetone phosphate triose phosphate isomerase

6 glyceral"ehy"e 3-phosphate glyceral"ehy"e 3-phosphate "ehy"r

$ 1!3-bisphosphoglycerate phosphoglycerate kinase

% 3-phosphoglycerate phosphoglycerate mutase

& 2-phosphoglycerate enolase

1' phosphoenolpyru(ate pyru(ate kinase

)naerobic metabolism

1 pyru(ate lactate "ehy"rogenase

)erobic metabolism* +, complex

1 pyru(ate pyru(ate "ehy"rogenase .E1

2 hy"roxyl ethyl boun" to tyiamine"ihy"rolipoyl transacetylase .E2

3 sulfhy"ryl form of lipoic aci" "ihy"rolipoyl "ehy"rogenase .E3

)erobic metabolism

1 acetyl 0o) xaloacetate citrate synthase

2 citrate aconitase

3 isocitrate isocitrate "ehy"rogenase

-ketogluterate -ketogluterate "ehy"rogenase com# succinyl 0o) succinate thiokinase

6 succinate succinate "ehy"rogenase

$ fumarate fumarase

% 4-malate malate "ehy"rogenase

Gluconeogenesis

1 02! pyru(ate pyru(ate carboxylase

2 oxaloacetate malate "ehy"rogenase

3 malate malate "ehy"rogenase

oxaloacetate +E+ carboxykinase

# phosphoenolpyru(ate

6 2-phosphoglycerate

$ 3-phosphoglycerate

% 2 .1!3! bisphosphoglycerate

& glyceral"ehy"e 3-+

1' frutose 1!6 bis-+ frutose bisphosphatase-1

11 frutose 6-+

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12 glucose 6-+ glucose 6-phosphatase

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+ro"uct

glucose 6-phosphate

frutose 6-phosphate

frutose 1!6-bisphosphate

1 glyceral"ehy"e 3-phosphate! 1 "ihy"oroxyacetone phglyceral"ehy"e 3-phosphate

1!3-bisphosphoglycerate

3-phosphoglycerate

2-phosphoglycerate

phosphoenolpyru(ate

pyru(ate

lactate

hy"roxyl ethyl boun" to tyiamine pyrophosphate .51

acetyl 0o)

oxi"ize" lipoic aci"

citrate

isocitrate

-ketogluterate

succinyl 0o)succinate

fumarate

4-malate

oxaloacetate

oxaloacetate

malate

oxaloacetate

phosphoenolpyru(ate

2-phosphoglycerate

3-phosphoglycerate

1!3 bisphosphoglycerate

glyceral"ehy"e 3-+

frutose 1!6 bis-+

frutose 6-phosphate

glucose 6-+

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glucose

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nhibitors )llosteric )cti(ators

Glucokinase regulatory protein .G78+! 9g9insulin

Glucagon--:c);+--:+7)--:phosphorylatefrutose 2!6-bisphosphate! 9insulin

sphate

Glucagon--:c);+--:+7)--:phosphorylatefrutose 1!6-bisphosphate 9insulin

)

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Energy in(estment Energy retrie(e" 8e(ersable

1 )

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no

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=otes

al"ose--:ketose transformation

pushe" for@ar" by mass action .consumption of glyceral"ehy"e 3-phosphate

example of substrate-le(el phosphorylation

mo(es phosphate to the 2 carbon

pyru(ate kinase "eAciency is the number 2 cause of hemolytic anemia

use" by erythrocytes .an" other stuB in lo@ oxygen settings

the acetal group Arst attaches to lipoic aci" before reacting @ith 0o) .5#

nclu"es (itamins 53! an" 52

02 lea(es here! its an important step

)nother 02 lea(es here0o) lea(es here

@ater lea(es here

02 is a""e" to the prostetic group of biotin .5$ on pyru(ate carboxylase! then

oxaloacetate cannot cross mitochon"iral membrane but malate can

occurs in cytoplasm

@ater comes in +i goes out

@ater comes in +i goes out

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"eAcency @ill cause fasting hypoglycemia

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transferre" to pyru(ate

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