BiochemistryBiochemistry

BiologyBiology

Chapter 3Chapter 3

GarciaGarcia

3-1 Objectives3-1 Objectives

• Describe the structure of a water molecule.

• Explain how water’s polar nature affects its ability to dissolve substances.

• List two of water’s properties that result from hydrogen bonding.

PolarityPolarity

polar compound- uneven pattern of charge

Hydrogen BondingHydrogen Bonding

attraction that holds two water molecules together

positive region is attracted to negative region

Cohesion & AdhesionCohesion & Adhesion

cohesion- attractive force between two particles that are the same

adhesion- attractive force between two unlike substances

capillarity- upward movement of water molecules through narrow tubes

3-2 Objectives3-2 Objectives

• Define organic compound and name three elements often found in organic compounds.

• Explain why carbon forms so many different compounds.

• Define functional group and explain its significance.

• Compare a condensation reaction with hyrdrolysis.

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

Substances that contain the element carbon.

May be bonded to other elements such as:

• hydrogen

• oxygen

• nitrogen

• other carbon atoms

Functional GroupFunctional Group

clusters of atoms that influence the properties of the molecule the compose.

alcohol- organic compound with a hydroxyl group (-OH)

Large Carbon MoleculesLarge Carbon Molecules

monomer- simple carbon molecules

polymer- repeated, linked units of monomers

ReactionsReactions

condensation rxn- monomers link to form polymers

hydrolysis- breakdown of complex molecules

ATPATP

adenosine triphosphate- compound that contains a large amount of energy

3-3 Objectives3-3 Objectives

• Define monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide, and discuss their significance to organisms.

• Compare the structures of the various types of proteins.

• Relate the structure of lipids to their functions.

• List two essential functions of nucleic acids.

Classes of Organic CompoundsClasses of Organic Compounds

1. carbohydrates

2. lipids

3. proteins

4. nucleic acids

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 2 hydrogen atoms to 1 oxygen atom

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

monosaccharide- monomer of a carbohydrate

disaccharide- a double sugar formed from a condensation rxn of two monosaccharides

polysaccharide- molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides

ProteinsProteins

organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Amino AcidsAmino Acids

monomer building blocks of proteins

20 different types

Dipeptides and PolypeptidesDipeptides and Polypeptides

dipeptide- two amino acids sharing a covalent bond as a result of a condensation rxn

polypeptide- long chain of amino acids

EnzymesEnzymes

organic molecules that act as catalysts

most are proteins

substrate- reactant being catalyzed

LipidsLipids

large, nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water

higher ratio of carbon and hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms than carbohydrates

store energy efficiently

Fatty AcidsFatty Acids

unbranched carbon chains that mke up most lipids

contains a long straight carbon chain with a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached at one end

hydrophilic- water loving

hydrophobic- water fearing

Classes of LipidsClasses of Lipids

triglyceride- composed of three molecules of fatty acid joined to one molecule of alcohol glycerol

phospholipids- have two fatty acids joind by a molecule of glycerol

wax- long fatty-acid chain joind to a long alcohol change

SteroidSteroid

a lipid composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them

many hormones are steroid compounds i.e. cholesterol or testosterone

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

large, complex organic molecules that store information

ribonucleic acid (RNA)- stores and transfers information for making proteins

nucleotides- linked monomers that make up DNA and RNA