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Welcome

Using biomass for energy

Bio-Fuels

Type of Renewable Energy (derived from the Sun). Biofuels are liquid fuels made from esters, alcohols, ethers,

and other biomass chemicals (Source: US Dept. of Energy). Common biofuels include: ethanol and biodiesel. Ethanol is made from starches / sugars. Biodiesel is an ester made from vegetable oils, animal fats or

other types of biomass.

Biodiesel (bio-petroleum diesel)

Production process: Transesterification (of oil) Main crops used for producing biodiesel:

Rapeseed (Europe) Soybean (US) Jatropha (Africa, India) Castor Bean (Africa, China, S. America) Palm Oil (Tropical areas) More

Other oil-enriched crops: Coconut, Brazil nuts, Jojoba, Peanuts, Cotton seed, Sunflower, and many more.

BIODIESEL – Final ProductBiodiesel

100%

Glycerin

BioDiesel is here

Energy CropR&D

Farming

OilseedMeal

Crushing Crop Oil

Biodiesel Production

Biodiesel

MarketGlycerin

From the Farmer to the Fuel Tank

Higher cetane Greater lubricity Superior detergency Higher flash point

More mileage Greater horsepower Less smoke Smoother running engines Quicker starts Longer engine life Reduced maintenance

BenefitsFeatures

BioDiesel – A better fuel vs. Diesel

Biodiesel Advantages

Produced from renewable materials – eco friendly / closed CO cycle.

Local & self production – less reliance on foreign oil.

Contains practically no sulfur (0.001%) – non toxic.

Considerably decreases emissions (up to 50%).

Easily decomposes – does not harm soil or ground water.

Biodiesel is not hazardous material (flashpoint above 110°C).

Eligible as fuels under international standards & specifications (world-wide).

Eligible for CDM (Clean Development Mechanism - Kyoto Treaty).

More…

2

Investment

In bio fuel plant that more costly and high money provided

So government help that started plan 1.100% finance provided by government

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) – Carbon Credits (CER)

“.. the mechanism of the Kyoto Treaty (CDM) is now in force to reduce industrial & commercial greenhouse gas emissions – planting of bio-fuel crops may well create carbon sinks that can earn cash through their sale of emissions credits to polluting industries in developed countries.”

The potential of acquiring GHG reductions, in the form of CER, for bio-diesel projects is about 3 tons of CO reduction per year (3 CER) for every ton of petroleum replaced.

Biodiesel Drawbacks

Biodiesel can be corrosive to rubber materials.

Biodiesel is not necessarily more economic than regular diesel. Depend on the plants, their related processes and, other incentives.

Biodiesel can last up to 6 months. In 6-12 months need to be treated.

Biodiesel Refineries / Plants (EU)

75% of total biodiesel production belong to 4 corporations:ADM (Archer Daniels Midland), Cargill, Bunge & Saipol

US Biodiesel Market

US Biodiesel Production

US Biodiesel Consumptio

n

US Biodiesel Plants:65 operating plants (capacity: 400M

gal/yr)50 - construction (capacity: 700M

gal/yr)(Source: National Biodiesel Board, Apr.

2006)

050

100150200250300350400

Gal

lons

(mill

ions

)

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Proj

2007Proj

US Biodiesel Production

Projections: 2006 – 5B L/yr 2010 – 12B L/yr 2020 – 25B L/yr

World Production of Biodiesel2005 - 2010

2005Western Europe (D, FR, IT, UK, etc.) – main producers and consumers – 75% of worldEastern Europe & N. America – 2nd largest marketsAsia – although significant market yet, relatively small

2010Western Europe (D, FR, IT, UK) – main producers and consumers – 38% of worldAsia – will become the 2nd largest market (China, India – consumption & production)Eastern Europe & N. America – 3rd largest markets, with US as the single largest consumer – 18% of world

75%

38%

30%

US – 18%

Source:Biodiesel 2020Global Market Survey,Oct. 2006

Biodiesel – Crops & Yields

Oil Content US gal/acre

Liters oil/ha

Kg oil/ha Crop

50% - 55% 151 1413 1188 Castor beans70% 287 2689 2260 Coconut

12% 18 172 145 Corn (maize)

13% - 15% 35 325 273 Cotton

30% - 35% 202 1892 1590 Jatropha

35% 635 5950 5000 Palm oil

36% 113 1059 890 Peanuts

37% 127 1190 1000 Rapeseed

15% 48 446 375 Soybean

32% 102 952 800 Sunflower

Source: www.journeyforever.com – Jan. 2007 – This data is compiled from a wide variety of sources. The yield figures are most useful as comparative estimates, crop yields vary widely.

ARO & Biodiesel

The ARO (also known as ‘The VOLCANI Center‘) aims at becoming the 'ultimate knowledge base' regarding complete Seed – to – Harvest processes of two selected plant types:

Jatropha curcas and Castor bean

Jatropha curcas - small shrub native of C. America and a member of the Euphorbia family, it is a drought-resistant perennial, living up to 50 years and growing on marginal soils.

Oil content: ~35%

Oil: Not Edible. Other oil uses:

None

• Castor bean - drought-resistant, annual plant of tropical origin with immense spread-out. The plant can grow between 2 to 5 m.

• Oil: soluble in alcohol (no heat) – fit for biodiesel

• Oil content: ~55%• Oil: Not Edible (high

level of Ricinoleic Acid – 85%).

• Other oil uses: Over 700

ARO's 'Biodiesel Plants – Package of Knowledge' include ICM (Integrated Crop Management) & complete research on the following process:

Jatropha curcas

Superior Varieties Development

Complete Cultivation Process

Harvest & Post Harvest

IP Protection

Complete Field Support

--------Seeds Growth

Yield Harvest ...

Castor bean

Superior Varieties Development

Complete Cultivation Process

Harvest & Post Harvest

IP Protection

Complete Field Support

--------Seeds Growth

Yield Harvest ...

Genetics & Breeding--------

Seed / Tissues

Water & Soil Technologies

--------Growth (cultivation)

Phytopathology & Entomology

--------Growth (cultivation)

Mechanization Engineering

--------Harvest, Collection &

Post-Harvest

Man power Man power requirement of bio plant researcher Bio chemist to find best of bio diesel plan

ARO – Advantages for BD Crops Unique & patented (PBR) varieties with superior characteristics

for: Fast growth rate. Better yields. Increased oil content (in the seeds). Regulated fruition and harvest (opposed to wild, un-regulated fruition). Lower toxicity of Castor bean plants (the oil is non-toxic). Complete match to various climates, soil type & composition, water,

etc. Pre-determined plant's shape & size – suitable for mechanical

harvesting. High resistance to pests & diseases.

Development of mechanical harvesting machinery. Complete professional support and guidance in cultivation of

Pilot Plantation – at any location of potential project.

Jatropha as living hedge in Ethiopia

158.987296

Castor varieties in our collection

Ornamental Castor plant

What can genetic engineering contribute?• Make plants give higher oil yields for making

biodiesel • Enhance the oxidative stability of the oil • Render plants resistant to biotic stress

• Resistance to viruses (ACMV?), fungi, bacterial diseases, nematodes and insects and more.

• Render plants resistant to abiotic stress• Salinity, drought, heat, cold marginal soils

and more.•Control plants height for mechanical harvesting

Regeneration of Jatropha curcas in tissue culture

Thank You