• Billions of years ago, the surface of primitive Earth was HOT

• The atmosphere contained hydrogen cyanide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and water (in the form of water vapor)

Sampling probe

Sampling probe Water

Heat source

Trap

Cooled water (containing organic compounds)

Cold water

Condenser

Gases

+ Electrodes -

to vacuum pump

•In the 1950s, Stanley Miller and Harold Urey attempted to simulate the formation of organic compounds on early Earth.

• The Miller Urey experiment suggests how oceans of abiotic gases could use energy from lightning to form the ORGANIC COMPOUNDS needed for life.

• Microfossils of single-celled prokaryotic organisms such as cyanobacteria are believed to be the earliest organisms to evolve on Earth dating back to 3.5 billion years ago.

C

H

H H

H

HN C

H O

OH

C

ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6,

CH4)

Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates, Protein

ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6,

CH4)

Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates, Protein

INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds

(CO2, H2O)

Carbon dioxide, water

INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds

(CO2, H2O)

Carbon dioxide, water

are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Carbohydrates

are made by plants (glucose)are made by plants (glucose)

are the body’s primary source of energy

are the body’s primary source of energy

come in two basic forms:monomers and polymerscome in two basic forms:monomers and polymers

are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharidesare made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides

Glucose is a Glucose is a monosaccharidemonosaccharide

..

Glucose is a Glucose is a monosaccharidemonosaccharide

..C6HH1212OO66

Monosaccharides Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste.easily identified by their sweet taste.Monosaccharides Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste.easily identified by their sweet taste.

Other Other monosaccharides:monosaccharides:

fructose (fruit sugar) fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk galactose (milk

sugar)sugar)

Other Other monosaccharides:monosaccharides:

fructose (fruit sugar) fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk galactose (milk

sugar)sugar)

H

CH2OH

O

H

H OH

OH

HHH

OH OH

C

C

C

C

C

Note the ring shape Note the ring shape of the molecule.of the molecule.

Note the ring shape Note the ring shape of the molecule.of the molecule.

Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are complex are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of carbohydrates made of long chains of

monosaccharides.monosaccharides.

Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are complex are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of carbohydrates made of long chains of

monosaccharides.monosaccharides.Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas)

and cellulose (plant cell walls) are and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common polysaccharides.common polysaccharides.

Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) and cellulose (plant cell walls) are and cellulose (plant cell walls) are

common polysaccharides.common polysaccharides.

Sucrose (table sugar) Sucrose (table sugar) is an is an example of a disaccharide (only example of a disaccharide (only

two monosaccharides)two monosaccharides)

Sucrose (table sugar) Sucrose (table sugar) is an is an example of a disaccharide (only example of a disaccharide (only

two monosaccharides)two monosaccharides)

O

CH2OH

H O

H

H OH

OH

HHH

OH

CH2OH

H

H OH

H

O

OHH

OH H

CH2OH

HO

H

H OH

OH

HHH

OHC

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates?

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Name examples of carbohydrates.

monosaccharide (glucose)

Quick energy source, structure (plant cell walls)

glucose, starch, cellulose

Elements Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen

Steroid hormones Steroid hormones are lipids. Cell are lipids. Cell membranes are membranes are made of lipids. made of lipids.

Steroid hormones Steroid hormones are lipids. Cell are lipids. Cell membranes are membranes are made of lipids. made of lipids.

examples: fats, oils, waxesexamples: fats, oils, waxesexamples: fats, oils, waxesexamples: fats, oils, waxes

contain carbon, contain carbon, hydrogen and hydrogen and

oxygenoxygen

contain carbon, contain carbon, hydrogen and hydrogen and

oxygenoxygen water water insolubleinsoluble

water water insolubleinsoluble

glycerol

Long term Long term energy sourceenergy source

Long term Long term energy sourceenergy source

Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape

Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

HO

C HC

H

C

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H O

C O

C

H

H O C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

HO

C C

H

C

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

HO

C C

H

C

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

H

made up ofmade up of

glycerol

glycerol

fatty acidsfatty acids

and

and

What are the molecules that make up lipids?

What are the functions of lipids?

Name examples of lipids.

glycerol and fatty acids

energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones

fat, oils, waxes

Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

EnzymesEnzymes are are proteins which proteins which

function to function to control the rate of control the rate of

chemical chemical reactions.reactions.

EnzymesEnzymes are are proteins which proteins which

function to function to control the rate of control the rate of

chemical chemical reactions.reactions.

complex organic compounds made up of amino acids

complex organic compounds made up of amino acids

examples: examples: muscles, hair, muscles, hair, cartilage, nailscartilage, nails

examples: examples: muscles, hair, muscles, hair, cartilage, nailscartilage, nails

contain C, O, H, contain C, O, H, N N and usually Sand usually S

contain C, O, H, contain C, O, H, N N and usually Sand usually S

image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/graphics/slides/images/ras.gif

3D protein structureN

H

H

H

O

R

C C

O

H

What is the monomer (subunit) for protein?

What are the functions of protein?

Name examples of proteins.

amino acids

Muscles for structure, hormones, enzymes which control all chemical reactions

muscles, hair, cartilage, nails, enzymes

Elements: Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

very large linear molecules

very large linear molecules

examples: DNA and examples: DNA and RNARNA

examples: DNA and examples: DNA and RNARNA

contain C, H, N, O, Pcontain C, H, N, O, Pcontain C, H, N, O, Pcontain C, H, N, O, P

sugar

phosphate

nitrogen

base

nucleotide

store genetic store genetic information, help to information, help to

make proteinsmake proteins

store genetic store genetic information, help to information, help to

make proteinsmake proteinsmade up of made up of nucleotides nucleotides

containing a sugar, containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-phosphate and a N-

basebase

made up of made up of nucleotides nucleotides

containing a sugar, containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-phosphate and a N-

basebase DNA molecule

sugar

phosphate

nitrogen base

What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids?

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base)

store genetic information

DNA, RNA

What are examples of nucleic acid?

What elements make up nucleic acids?

C, H, N, O, P