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BIBLIOGRAPHY INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS COMPREHENSIVE EXAM

(Last update 9/24/01)

CORE THEME: THEORY AND METHODOLOGY

Overviews of the Field

Michael W. Doyle, Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism (1997) Peter J. Katzenstein, Robert O. Keohane, and Stephen D. Krasner, eds., “International

Organization at Fifty: Exploration and Contestation in the Study of World Politics.” Special issue, International Organization 52:4 (Autumn 1998).

James E. Dougherty and Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr., Contending Theories of International Relations: A Comprehensive Survey, 5th ed. (2001).

Realism

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War (c. 400 BC), Book I and “The Melian Dialogue” (final chapter of Book V).

Thomas Hobbes, “Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery.” Chapter VIII of Leviathan (1651).

Edward Hallett Carr, The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations (1939).

Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (1948). Kenneth N. Waltz, Man, the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis (1959). Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (1979). The key chapters can also be

found in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (1986). Stephen M. Walt, The Origins of Alliances (1987). Thomas J. Christensen and Jack Snyder, “Chain Gangs and Passed Bucks: Predicting

Alliance Patterns in Multipolarity.” International Organization 44:2 (Spring 1990), pp. 137-168.

Recommended reading: Ernst B. Haas, “The Balance of Power: Prescription, Concept, or Propaganda?” World

Politics 5:4 (July 1953), pp. 442-477. David A. Baldwin, “Power Analysis and World Politics: New Trends Versus Old

Tendencies.” World Politics 31:2 (January 1979), pp. 161-93. Stephen D. Krasner, Structural Conflict: The Third World Against Global Liberalism

(1985). Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (1981).

Liberalism and Institutionalism

Immanuel Kant, “Perpetual Peace” (1795). Norman Angell, The Great Illusion: A Study of the Relation of Military Power to National

Advantage (1910, rev. 1913). Woodrow Wilson, “An Address in Washington to the League to Enforce Peace” (May 27,

1916).

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Woodrow Wilson, “An Address to the Senate” (January 22, 1917). Woodrow Wilson, “An Address to a Joint Session of Congress” (January 8, 1918). Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence (1977, revised 1989). Arthur A. Stein, “Governments, Economic Interdependence, and International

Cooperation.” In Behavior, society and international conflict, vol. 3, edited by Philip E. Tetlock, Jo L. Husbands, Robert Jervis, Paul C. Stern, and Charles Tilly, pp. 241–324 (1993).

David M. Rowe, “World Economic Expansion and National Security in Pre–World War I Europe.” International Organization 53:2 (Spring), pp. 195-231.

Stephen D. Krasner, ed., International Regimes (1983). Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political

Economy (1984). Robert O. Keohane, International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International

Relations Theory (1989). Joseph M. Grieco, “Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation: A Realist Critique of the

Newest Liberal Institutionalism.” International Organization 42:3 (Summer 1988), pp. 485-507.

David A. Baldwin, ed., Neorealism and Neoliberalism: The Contemporary Debate (1993). Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, eds., Ideas and Foreign Policy Beliefs,

Institutions, and Political Change (1993). John J. Mearsheimer, “The False Promise of International Institutions.” International

Security 19:3 (Winter 1994/95), pp. 5-49. See also responses in International Security 20:1 (Summer 1995), pp. 39-93.

Andreas Hasenclever, Peter Mayer, and Volker Rittberger, Theories of International Regimes (1997).

Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change (1994).

G. John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars (2000).

Lloyd Gruber, Ruling the World: Power Politics and the Rise of Supranational Institutions (2000).

Recommended reading: Charles Kindleberger, The World in Depression 1929-39 (1974), esp. Conclusion. Duncan Snidal, “The Limits of Hegemonic Stability Theory.” International Organization

39:4 (Autumn 1985), pp. 579-614.

Individuals, Sub-state Organizations, and State Traits

John D. Steinbruner, The Cybernetic Theory of Decision (1974). Robert L. Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (1976). Arthur A. Stein, “Misperception and Strategic Choice.” In Why Nations Cooperate:

Circumstance and Choice in International Relations (1990), chap. 3. Irving L. Janis, Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes, 2nd

ed. (1983). Graham T. Allison, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (1971).

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Robert J. Art, “Bureaucratic Politics and American Foreign Policy: A Critique,” Policy Sciences 4 (1973), pp. 467-90.

Vladimir I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (1917). Ernst B. Haas, “What is Nationalism and Why Should We Study It?” International

Organization 40:3 (Summer 1986), pp. 707-744. Jack Snyder and Karen Ballentine, “Nationalism and the Marketplace of Ideas.”

International Security 21:2 (Fall 1996), pp. 5-40. John Mueller, “The Banality of “Ethnic War.” International Security 25:1 (Summer 2000),

pp. 42-70. Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition (1991). Helen V. Milner, Interests, Institutions, and Information: Domestic Politics and

International Relations (1997). Andrew Moravcsik, “Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International

Politics.” International Organization 51:4 (Autumn 1997), pp. 513-553. Michael E. Brown, Sean M. Lynn-Jones, and Steven E. Miller, eds., Debating the

Democratic Peace (1996). Lisa L. Martin, Democratic Commitments: Legislatures and International Cooperation

(2000). Robert D. Putnam, “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games.”

International Organization 42:3 (Summer 1988), pp. 427-460.

Recommended reading: Stephen Van Evera, “Hypotheses on Nationalism and War.” International Security 18:4

(Spring 1994), pp. 5-39. James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin, “Explaining Interethnic Cooperation.” American

Political Science Review 90:4 (December 1996), pp. 715-735. James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin, “Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic

Identity.” International Organization 54:4 (Autumn 2000), pp. 845-877.

Strategic Interaction: Bargaining, Game Theory, and Collective Action

Thomas C. Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (1960). Mancur Olson, Jr., The Logic of Collective Action (1965). Robert Jervis, “Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma.” World Politics 30:2 (January

1978), pp. 167-214. Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (1984). Kenneth A. Oye, ed., Cooperation Under Anarchy (1986). Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and David Lalman, War and Reason (1993). James D. Fearon, “Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International

Disputes.” American Political Science Review 88:3 (September 1994), pp. 577-592. James D. Fearon, “Rationalist Explanations for War.” International Organization 49:3

(Summer 1995), pp. 379-414. Kenneth A. Schultz, “Do Democratic Institutions Constrain or Inform?” International

Organization 53:2 (Spring 1999), pp. 233-266. Michael E. Brown, Sean M. Lynn-Jones, and Steven E. Miller, eds., Rational Choice and

Security Studies: Stephen Walt and His Critics (2000).

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Recommended reading: Keisuke Iida, “When and How Do Domestic Constraints Matter? Two-Level Games with

Uncertainty.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 37:3 (September 1993), pp. 403-26. Jongryn Mo, “The Logic of Two-Level Games with Endogenous Domestic Coalitions.”

Journal of Conflict Resolution 38:3 (September 1994), pp. 402-22.

(Neo)Functionalism and Integration Theory

David Mitrany, A Working Peace System (1943, revised 1966). Ernst B. Haas, The Obsolescence of Regional Integration Theory (1975). Wayne Sandholtz and John Zysman, “1992: Recasting the European Bargain.” World

Politics 42:1 (October 1989), pp. 95-128. Joseph M. Grieco, “State Interests and Institutional Rule Trajectories: A Neorealist

Interpretation of the Maastricht Treaty and the European Economic and Monetary Union.” Security Studies 5:2 (Spring 1996), pp. 261-306.

Andrew Moravcsik, The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht (1998).

Recommended reading: Ernst B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social, and Economic Forces, 1950-1957

(1958). Ernst B. Haas, Beyond the Nation-State: Functionalism and International Organization

(1964). Alan S. Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation-State (1992). Michael O’Neill, The Politics of European Integration: A Reader (1996).

Sociological and Constructivist Approaches

Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (1977). Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “Nuclear Learning and U.S.-Soviet Security Regimes.” International

Organization 41:3 (Summer 1987), pp. 371-402. David Dessler, “What’s at Stake in the Agent-Structure Debate?” International

Organization 43:3 (Summer 1989), pp. 441-473. Peter M. Haas, ed., Knowledge, Power, and International Policy Coordination. Special

issue, International Organization 46:1 (Winter 1992). Barry Buzan, “From International System to International Society: Structural Realism and

Regime Theory Meet the English School.” International Organization 47:3 (Summer 1993), pp. 327-52.

Audie Klotz, “Norms Reconstituting Interests: Global Racial Equality and U.S. Sanctions Against South Africa.” International Organization 49:3 (Summer 1995), pp. 451-478.

Martha Finnemore, National Interests in International Society (1996). Peter Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World

Politics (1996). Jeffrey T. Checkel, “The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory.” World

Politics 50:2 (January 1998), pp. 324-348. Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in

International Politics (1998). Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics (1999).

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Robert O. Keohane et al., “Forum on Social Theory of International Politics.” Review of International Studies 26:1 (January 2000), pp. 123-180.

Dale C. Copeland, “The Constructivist Challenge to Structural Realism: A Review Essay.” International Security 25:2 (Fall 2000), pp. 187-212.

David Dessler, “Constructivism within a Positivist Social Science.” Review of International Studies 25:1 (January 1999), pp. 123-137.

Daniel Philpott, “The Religious Roots of Modern International Relations.” World Politics 52:2 (January 2000), pp. 206-245.

See also special issue of Journal of European Public Policy 6:4 (December 1999), which applies constructivism to European integration.

Recommended reading: Ernst B. Haas, When Knowledge is Power: Three Models of Change in International

Organizations (1990). Thomas Risse-Kappen, ed., Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Non-State Actors,

Domestic Structures and International Institutions (1995). James Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity (1990). Thomas Biersteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (1996).

Feminist and Gender Theory

J. Ann Tickner, Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security (1992).

Jean Bethke Elshtain and Sheila Tobias, eds., Women, Militarism, and War: Essays in History, Politics, and Social Theory (1990).

V. Spike Peterson, ed., Gendered States: Feminist (Re)Visions of International Relations Theory (1992).

Robert O. Keohane, “International Relations Theory: Contributions of a Feminist Standpoint.” Millennium 18:2 (Summer 1989), pp. 245-253.

Cynthia Weber, “Good Girls, Little Girls, and Bad Girls: Male Paranoia in Robert Keohane’s Critique of Feminist International Relations.” Millennium 23:2 (Summer 1994), pp. 337-349.

Peter Beckman and Francine D’Amico, eds., Women, Gender, and World Politics: Perspectives, Policies, and Prospects (1994).

Jill Steans, Gender and International Relations: An Introduction (1998). Cynthia Enloe, Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives

(2000). R. Charli Carpenter, “Gender Theory in World Politics: Contributions of a Non-Feminist

Standpoint” (Manuscript, 2001).

Speculating about the Future

Francis Fukuyama, “The End of History?” The National Interest 16 (Summer 1989), pp. 3-18.

Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven E. Miller, eds., The Cold War and After: Prospects for Peace, expanded edition (1993).

Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993), pp. 22-49.

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Kenneth N. Waltz, “The Emerging Structure of International Politics.” International Security 18:2 (Fall 1993), pp. 44-79.

Richard Ned Lebow and Thomas Risse-Kappen, eds., International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War (1995).

William C. Wohlforth, “Realism and the End of the Cold War.” International Security 19:3 (Winter 1994/95), pp. 91-129.

William C. Wohlforth, “The Stability of a Unipolar World” International Security 24:1 (Summer 1999), pp. 5-41.

Kenneth N. Waltz, “Structural Realism after the Cold War.” International Security 25:1 (Summer 2000), pp. 5-41.

Jeffrey W. Legro and Andrew Moravcsik, “Is Anybody Still a Realist?” International Security 24:2 (Fall 1999), pp. 5-55.

Peter D. Feaver et al., “Brother, Can You Spare a Paradigm? (Or Was Anybody Ever a Realist?)” International Security 25:1 (Summer 2000), pp. 165-193.

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INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY THEME

Overviews of the Field

James A. Caporaso, “Global Political Economy,” in Ada W. Finifter, Political Science: The State of the Discipline II (1993), pp. 451-481.

Peter Katzenstein, Robert O. Keohane, and Stephen D. Krasner, eds., “International Organization at Fifty: Exploration and Contestation in the Study of World Politics,” special issue of International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998).

For a quick introduction to trade theory, see: Alan V. Deardorff and Robert M. Stern, “Current Issues in Trade Policy: An Overview.” In Trade Policies in a Changing World, edited by Robert M. Stern (1987), pp. 15-68.

James E. Alt, Jeffry Frieden, Michael J. Gilligan, Dani Rodrik, and Ronald Rogowski, “The Political Economy of International Trade: Enduring Puzzles and an Agenda for Inquiry.” Comparative Political Studies 29 (December 1996), pp. 689-717.

For a history of the international monetary systems, see Barry Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System (1996).

Old but still useful: Robert Gilpin, The Political Economy of International Relations (1987).

Robert Gilpin, The Challenge of Global Capitalism: The World Economy in the 21st Century (2000).

Domestic-Level Theories

Gary Becker, “A Theory of Competition among Pressure Groups for Political Influence,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 98 (August 1983).

Peter Gourevitch, Politics in Hard Times: Comparative Responses to International Economic Crises (1986).

Mancur Olson, The Rise and Decline of Nations (1982). Peter Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty (1978). James R. Kurth, “The Political Consequences of the Product Cycle: Industrial Policy and

Political Outcomes.” International Organization 33 (Winter 1979), pp. 1-34. Nelson, Douglas, “Endogenous Tariff Theory: A Critical Survey.” American Journal of

Political Science 32 (August 1988), pp. 796-837. Stephen Magee, William Brock, and Leslie Young, Black Hole Tariffs and Endogenous

Policy Theory (1989). Helen Milner, Resisting Protectionism: Global Industries and the Politics of International

Trade (1988). Helen V. Milner, Interests, Institutions, and Information: Domestic Politics and

International Relations (1997). Michael A. Bailey, Judith Goldstein, and Barry R. Weingast, “ The Institutional Roots of

American Trade Policy.” World Politics 49:3 (April 1997), pp. 309-338. Michael J. Hiscox, “The magic Bullet? The RTAA, Institutional Reform, and Trade

Liberalization.” International Organization 53:4 (Autumn 1999), pp. 669-698. Susanne Lohmann and Sharyn O’Halloran, “Divided Government and U.S. Trade Policy:

Theory and Evidence.” International Organization 48:4 (Autumn 1994), pp. 595-632.

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David Karol, “Divided Government and U.S. Trade Policy: Much Ado About Nothing?” International Organization 54:4 (Autumn 2000), pp. 825-844.

Lisa L. Martin, Democratic Commitments: Legislatures and International Cooperation (2000).

Daniel Verdier, Democracy and International Trade (1994). Judith Goldstein, Ideas, Interests, and American Trade Policy (1993). Robert H. Bates, Open-Economy Politics: The Political Economy of the World Coffee

Trade (1997). Beth A. Simmons, Who Adjusts? Domestic Sources of Foreign Economic Policy during the

Interwar Years (1994). Daniel Verdier, “Domestic Responses to Capital Market Internationalization Under the

Gold Standard, 1870–1914.” International Organization 52:1 (Winter 1998), pp. 1-34. William Bernhard and David Leblang, “Democratic Institutions and Exchange-rate

Commitments. International Organization 53:1 (Winter 1999), pp. 71-97.

The Second Image Reversed

Peter Gourevitch, “The Second Image Reversed,” International Organization 32:4 (Autumn 1978), pp. 881-912.

Peter Katzenstein, Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe (1985). Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Political

Alignments (1989). Ronald Rogowski, “Trade and the Variety of Democratic Institutions.” International

Organization 41:2 (Spring 1987), pp. 203-224. Jeffry A. Frieden, Invested Interests: The Politics of National Economic Policies in a

World of Global Finance.” International Organization 45:4 (Autumn 1991), pp. 425-451.

Robert O. Keohane and Helen V. Milner, eds., Internationalization and Domestic Politics (1996).

Geoffrey Garrett, Partisan Politics in the Global Economy (1998). Thomas Oatley, “How Constraining Is Capital Mobility? The Partisan Hypothesis in an

Open Economy.” American Journal of Political Science 43 (October 1999), pp. 1003-1027.

Layna Mosley, “Room to Move: International Financial Markets and National Welfare States.” International Organization 54:4 (Autumn 2000), pp. 737-773.

James H. Mittelman, The Globalization Syndrome: Transformation and Resistance (2000). John B. Goodman and Louis W. Pauly, “The Obsolescence of Capital Controls? Economic

Management in an Age of Global Markets.” World Politics 46 (October 1993), pp. 50-82.

Dani Rodrik, Has Globalization Gone Too Far? (1997).

Systemic-Level Theories

Jacob Viner, “Power vs. Plenty as Objectives of Foreign Policy in the 17th and 18th Centuries,” World Politics 1:1 (October 1948), pp. 1-29.

Robert O. Keohane and Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence (1977). Keohane, Robert and Joseph Nye, “Power and Interdependence Revisited.” International

Organization 41 (Autumn 1987).

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Richard Rosecrance, The Rise of the Trading State (1986). Stephen Krasner, “State Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade.” World Politics 28

(April 1976), pp. 317-347. Robert Gilpin, US Power and the Multinational Corporation (1975). Stephen Krasner, Defending the National Interest (1978). Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political

Economy (1984). Duncan Snidal, “The Limits of Hegemonic Stability Theory.” International Organization

39:4 (Autumn 1985), pp. 579-614. David A. Lake, Power, Protection and Free Trade: International Sources of U.S.

Commercial Strategy (1988). Barry Eichengreen, “Hegemonic Stability Theories of the International Monetary System.”

In Elusive Stability: Essays in the History of International Finance (1990), chap. 11. David A. Lake, “Leadership, Hegemony, and the International Economy: Naked Emperor

or Tattered Monarch with Potential?” International Studies Quarterly 37 (December 1993), pp. 459-489.

Stephen Krasner, ed., International Regimes (1983). See esp. Introduction and Conclusion, and the chapters by Puchala & Hopkins, Keohane, Strange, and Stein.

Haggard, Stephan and Beth A. Simmons, “Theories of International Regimes,” International Organization 41 (Summer 1987), pp. 491-517.

Andreas Hasenclever, Peter Mayer, and Volker Rittberger, Theories of International Regimes (1997).

David Baldwin, Economic Statecraft (1985). Albert Hirschman, National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade (1945). Joanne Gowa, Allies, Adversaries and International Trade (1994). Michael Mastanduno, “Economics and Security in Statecraft and Scholarship.”

International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998), pp. 825-54. Joseph M. Grieco, Cooperation among Nations: Europe, America, and Non-tariff Barriers

to Trade (1990). Joseph M. Grieco, “The Maastricht Treaty, Economic and Monetary Union and the Neo-

realist Research Programme,” Review of International Studies 21 (January 1995), pp. 21-40.

Dependency, World Systems Theory, and After

Amin, Samir, Unequal Development (1976). Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto, Dependency and Development in Latin

America (1979). Evans, Dependent Development (1979), especially chs. 1-2. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the

Origins of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (1974). James A. Caporaso, “Dependence, Dependency, and Power in the Global System: A

Structural and Behavioral Analysis.” International Organization 32:1 (Winter 1978), pp. 13-43.

Packenham, Robert A., The Dependency Movement: Scholarship and Politics in Development Studies (1992).

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Stephan Haggard, Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries (1990).

Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation (1995).

Recommended reading: Emmanuel Arghiri, Unequal Exchange (1972). Christopher Chase-Dunn, “Interstate System and Capitalist World-Economy: One Logic or

Two?” International Studies Quarterly 25 (March 1981), pp. 19-42.

Strategic Interaction

J. David Richardson, “The Political Economy of Strategic Trade Policy,” International Organization 44 (Winter 1990), pp. 107-135.

Klaus Stegemann, “Political Rivalry among Industrial States: What Can We Learn from Models of Strategic Trade Policy?” International Organization 43 (Winter 1989), pp. 73-100.

Marc L. Busch, Trade Warriors: States, Firms, and Strategic Policy in High Technology Competition (1999).

Lisa L. Martin, Coercive Cooperation: Explaining Multilateral Economic Sanctions (1992).

Recommended reading: Helen V. Milner and David B. Yoffie, “Between Free Trade and Protectionism: Strategic

Trade Policy and a Theory of Corporate Trade Demands.” International Organization 43 (Spring 1989), pp. 239-271.

Economic Regionalism

Paul Pierson, “The Path to European Integration: A Historical Institutionalist Analysis.” Comparative Political Studies 29:2 (1996), pp. 123-163.

Geoffrey Garrett, “International Cooperation and Institutional Choice: The European Community’s Internal Market.” International Organization 46:2 (1992), 533-560.

Barry Eichengreen and Jeffry Frieden, “The Political Economy of European Monetary Unification: An Analytical Introduction.” In Barry Eichengreen and Jeffry Frieden, eds., The Political Economy of European Monetary Unification (1994).

Andrew Moravcsik, The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht (1998).

Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner, “The New Wave of Regionalism.” International Organization 53 (Summer 1999), pp. 589-627.

Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner, eds., The Political Economy of Regionalism (1997).

Maxwell A. Cameron and Brian W. Tomlin, The Making of NAFTA: How the Deal Was Done (2000).

Trade and the Environment

H. Jeffrey Leonard, Pollution and the Struggle for the World Product: Multinational Corporations, Environment, and International Comparative Advantage (1998)

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Aseem Prakash, Greening the Firm: The Politics of Corporate Environmentalism (2000).

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INTERNATIONAL SECURITY THEME

Important (partial) Overviews

Robert J. Art and Kenneth N. Waltz, The Use of Force: Military Power and International Politics, Fifth edition (2000)

Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven E. Miller, The Cold War and After: Prospects for Peace (1993)

Classics of Security Studies

Carl von Clausewitz, On War (Princeton University Press edition, recommended)—(if interested, see Michael Howard, Clausewitz (1983).

Sun Tzu, The Art of War. Hans Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (1948). Thomas C. Schelling, Arms and Influence (1966) and The Strategy of Conflict (1980). Bernard Brodie, War and Politics (1973).

Causes of War

Geoffrey Blainey, The Causes of War (1973). Robert Jervis, “Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma,” World Politics, 30:2 (January

1978), pp.186-214. This can be found in Art & Waltz, The Use of Force. However, the most important parts have been highlighted in Art & Jervis, International Politics, under the title “Offense, Defense, and the Security Dilemma.” Truly understanding the Security Dilemma is one of the MAIN KEYS to Security Studies. It appears simple but is complicated (work with it!) and its power is enormous—it should not be underestimated as an analytical concept!!!!

Stephen Van Evera, Causes of War: Power and the Roots of Conflict (1999), vol. I and Causes of War: Structures of Power and the Roots of International Conflict (2000), vol. II.

Sean M Lynn-Jones, “Offense-Defense Theory and Its Critics,” Security Studies 4:4 (Summer 1995), pp. 660-694.

Michael E. Brown et al (editors), Theories of War and Peace (1998). Donald Kagan, On the Origins of War and the Preservation of Peace (1994).

Recommended for reference: Greg Cashman, What Causes War? An Introduction to Theories of International Conflict

(1993). Philip E. Tetlock et al., eds., Behavior, Society, and Nuclear War, Vols. I & II (1989 &

1991). Manus I. Midlarsky, Handbook of War Studies (1989). Robert I. Rotberg and Theodore K. Rabb, eds., The Origins and Prevention of Major Wars

(1989).

Strategy and Grand Strategy

Richard Rosecrance and Arthur A. Stein, The Domestic Bases of Grand Strategy (1993).

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Barry R. Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany Between the World Wars (1984).

Paul Kennedy, ed., Grand Strategies in War and Peace (1991). Charles Kupchan, The Vulnerability of Empire (1994). Marc Trachtenberg, History & Strategy (1991). John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American

National Security Policy (1982). Michael E. Brown et al., eds., America’s Strategic Choice, rev. ed. (2000).

Civil-Military Relations and the Military (Militarism and Organization Theory)

Samuel Huntington, The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (1982).

Jack Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive: Military Decision Making and the Disasters of 1914 (1984).

Morton H. Halperin, Bureaucratic Politics & Foreign Policy (1974).

For reference: Volker R. Berghahn, Militarism: The History of the International Debate 1861-1979

(1982). Francis E. Rourke, Bureaucracy and Foreign Policy (1972), pp.18-40. Alfred Vagts, Defense and Diplomacy (1956). Juergen Arthur Heise, Minimum Disclosure: How the Pentagon Manipulates the News

(1979). Derek Shearer, “The Pentagon Propaganda Machine,” in Leonard Rodberg and Derek

Shearer, eds, The Pentagon Watchers (1970).

Alliances

Stephen M. Walt, The Origins of Alliances (1987). Thomas J. Christensen and Jack Snyder, “Chain Gangs and Passed Bucks: Predicting

Alliance Patterns in Multipolarity.” International Organization 44:2 (Spring 1990), pp. 137-168.

Glenn Snyder, Alliance Politics (1997). Mancur Olson and Richard Zeckhauser, “An Economic Theory of Alliances,” Review of

Economics and Statistics 48 (August 1966)

Threat Perception and Misperception

Klaus Knorr, “Threat Perception.” In Klaus Knorr, ed., Historical Dimensions of National Security Problems (Lawrence: Univ. of Kansas Press, 1976), pp. 78-119.

Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics, (1976) Deborah Welch Larson, Origins of Containment: A Psychological Explanation (1985)

(skim) Yuen Foong Khong, Analogies at War: Korea, Munich, Dien Bien Phu, and the Vietnam

Decisions of 1965 (1992) Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition (1991)

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Deterrence

Paul Huth and Bruce Russett, “What Makes Deterrence Work? Cases from 1900 to 1980.” World Politics 36 (July 1984)

Paul K. Huth, Extended Deterrence and the Outbreak of War (1988) Robert Jervis, “Deterrence Theory Revisited.” World Politics 31 (January 1979) Robert Jervis, “Realism, Game Theory, and Cooperation.” World Politics 40 (April 1988) Barry Nalebuff, “Rational Deterrence in an Imperfect World.” World Politics 43 (April

1991). Robert Powell, Nuclear Deterrence Theory: The Search for Credibility (1990). Vesan Danilovic, “Conceptual and Selection Bias Issues in Deterrence.” Journal of

Conflict Resolution 45 (February 2001): 97-125

Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict

Michael Brown et al., eds., Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict (1997). Michael E. Brown, ed., Ethnic Conflict and International Security (1993).

General works (for reference): Louis Snyder, Encyclopedia of Nationalism (1990). Anthony D. Smith, Theories of Nationalism, 2nd ed. (1983) and The Ethnic Origins of

Nations (1986). Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (1983). E.J. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780 (1990). Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of

Nationalism (1991). Liah Greenfield, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (1992). ****Other Topics of Special Interest:

Proliferation

Scott D. Sagan and Kenneth N. Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate (1995). (Much More here, but this is a basic look.)

Collective Security and International Peacekeeping

See Brown America’s Strategic Choices above for a beginning look at Collective Security. United Nations The Blue Helmets (There are many comparable sources to this one—one

needs to understand the very limited role of peacekeepers—one should be able to describe and understand the precise definition of peacekeeping, and why . . .)

Arms Races

See Art & Waltz The Use of Force, and Tetlock, Behavior, Society and Nuclear Weapons (One needs to understand the studies that show arms races are more a symptom of tensions

rather than a cause of war . . .a major historical confusion [e.g. peace movements before WWI and between the wars].

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Important History to know (for reference):

Generally, students need to know well the diplomatic/military history of at least the 20th century, especially (of course) World War I, World War II and the Cold War. It is also highly desirable to have a solid working history of the Post-Cold War (including the Gulf War, the collapse of Yugoslavia and other important events.)

Several highly recommended sources: Fred Kaplan, The Wizards of Armageddon (1983) P. M. H. Bell, The Origins of the Second World War in Europe 2nd ed. (1997) James Joll, The Origins of the First World War (1984) Steven E. Miller et al. Military Strategy and the Origins of the First World War (1991)

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INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS THEME

Overviews and Readers

Lawrence Susskind, Environmental Diplomacy: Negotiating More Effective Global Agreements (1993).

Lynton Keith Caldwell, International Environmental Policy: From the Twentieth to the Twenty-First Century, 3rd ed. (1996).

Ken Conca and Geoffrey Dabelko, eds., Green Planet Blues: Environmental Politics from Stockholm to Kyoto, 2nd ed. (1998).

International Bargaining and Institutions

Ronald H. Coase, “The Problem of Social Cost.” The Journal of Law and Economics 3 (October 1960), pp. 1-44.

Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Science 162, (December 13, 1968):1243-1248.

John A. C. Conybeare, “International Organization and the Theory of Property Rights.” International Organization 34:3 (Summer 1980), pp. 307-334.

Oran R. Young, International Cooperation: Building Regimes for Natural Resources and the Environment (1989).

Edith Brown Weiss, In Fairness to Future Generations: International Law, Common Patrimony, and Intergenerational Equity (1989).

Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (1990).

Peter M. Haas, Robert O. Keohane, and Marc A. Levy, eds., Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection (1993).

Oran R. Young, International Governance: Protecting the Environment in a Stateless Society (1994).

Ronald B. Mitchell, “Regime Design Matters: Intentional Oil Pollution and Treaty Compliance.” International Organization 48:3 (Summer 1994), pp. 425-458.

Abram Chayes and Antonia Handler Chayes, The New Sovereignty: Compliance with International Regulatory Agreements (1995).

Thomas Bernauer, “The Effect of International Environmental Institutions: How We Might Learn More.” International Organization 49:2 (Spring 1995), pp. 351-377.

Robert O. Keohane and Marc A. Levy, eds., Institutions for Environmental Aid: Pitfalls and Promise (1996).

George W. Downs, David M. Rocke, and Peter N. Barsoom, “Is the Good News About Compliance Goods News About Cooperation?” International Organization 50:3 (Summer 1996), pp. 379-406.

Oran R. Young, Governance in World Affairs (1994)..

The Interaction of Domestic and International Politics

Detlef Sprinz and Tapani Vaahtoranta, “The Interest-Based Explanation of International Environmental Policy.” International Organization 48:1 (Winter 1994), pp. 77-105.

Miranda A. Schreurs and Elizabeth C. Economy, eds., The Internationalization of Environmental Protection (1997).

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David G. Victor, Kal Raustiala, and Eugene B. Skolnikoff, eds., The Implementation and Effectivenesss of International Environmental Commitments (1998).

Edith Brown Weiss and Harold K. Jacobson, eds., Engaging Countries: Strengthening Compliance with International Environmental Accords (2000).

Elizabeth R. DeSombre, Domestic Sources of International Environmental Policy: Industry, Environmentalists and U.S. Power (2000).

Kate O'Neill, Waste Trading Among Rich Nations (2000). Robert G. Darst, Smokestack Diplomacy: Conflict and Cooperation in East-West

Environmental Politics (2001).

Science and Politics

Steinar Andresen, “Science and Politics in the International Management of Whales.” Marine Policy 13 (April 1989), pp. 99-117.

Sheila Jasanoff, The Fifth Branch: Science Advisers as Policymakers (1990). Peter M. Haas, Saving the Mediterranean: The Politics of International Environmental

Cooperation (1990). Peter M. Haas, “Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination.”

International Organization 46:1 (Winter 1992), pp. 1-35. Peter M. Haas, “Banning Chlorofluorocarbons.” International Organization 46:1 (Winter

1992), pp. 187-224. M. J. Peterson, “Whalers, cetologists, environmentalists and the international management

of whaling.” International Organization 46:1 (Winter 1992), pp. 147-186. Karen T. Litfin, Ozone Discourses: Science and Politics in Global Environmental

Cooperation (1994).

Global Consciousness, Transnational Activism, and National Identity

Ronald Inglehart, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society (1990). Ronnie D. Lipschutz and Ken Conca, eds., The State and Social Power in Global

Environmental Politics (1993). Thomas Princen and Matthias Finger, eds., Environmental NGOs in World Politics:

Linking the Local and the Global (1994). Bron Raymond Taylor, ed., Ecological Resistance Movements: The Global Emergence of

Radical and Popular Environmentalism (1995). Ronald Inglehart, “Public Support for Environmental Protection: The Impact Of.” Political

Science and Politics 27:1 (March 1995), pp. 57-71. Daniel Deudney, “Ground Identity: Nature, Place and Space in Nationalism.” In Yosef

Lapid and Friedrich Kratochwil, eds., The Return of Culture and Identity to International Relations Theory (1995).

Paul Wapner, Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics (1996). Ronnie D. Lipschutz with Judith Mayer, Global Civil Society and Global Environmental

Governance: The Politics of Nature from Place to Planet (1996). Fen Osler Hampson and Judith Reppy, eds., Earthly Goods: Environmental Change and

Social Justice (1996). Kal Raustiala, “States, NGOs, and International Environmental Institutions.” International

Studies Quarterly 41:4 (December 1997), pp. 719-740.

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Jane I. Dawson, “The Two Faces of Environmental Justice: Lessons from the Eco-Nationalist Phenomenon.” Environmental Politics 9:2 (Summer 2000), pp. 22-60.

Environment, Trade, and Development

World Commission on Environment and Development. 1987. Our common future. New York: Oxford University Press.

Daly, Herman E., John B. Cobb, and Clifford W. Cobb. 1989. For the common good: redirecting the economy toward community, the environment, and a sustainable future. Boston: Beacon Press.

Zaelke, Durwood; Orbuch, Paul; Housman, Robert F. 1993. “Trade and the environment: law, economics, and policy.” . Washington, DC: Island Press.

Esty, Daniel C. 1994. Greening the GATT: trade, environment, and the future. Washington, DC: International Institute for Economics.

Korten, David C. 1995. When corporations rule the world. San Francisco: Kumarian Press. Miller, Marian A. L. 1995. The Third World in global environmental politics. Boulder,

CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Charnovitz, Steve. 1996. “Trade measures and the design of international regimes.” The

Journal of Environment and Development 5:2 (00 June), 168. Thompson, Peter, and Laura A. Strohm. 1996. “Trade and environmental quality: a review

of the evidence.” Journal of Environment and Development 5:4 (December), 363-388. Logsdon, Jeanne M., and Bryan W. Husted. 2000. “Mexico's environmental performance

under NAFTA: the first 5 years.” Journal of Environment and Development 9:4 (December), 370-383.

Environment and Security

Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, “On the Threshold: Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict.” International Security 16:2 (Fall 1991), pp. 76-116.

Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, “Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases,” International Security 19:1 (Summer 1994), pp. 5-40.

Daniel Deudney, “The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security.” Millennium 19 (Winter 1990), pp. 461-476.

Norman Myers, Ultimate Security: The Environmental Basis of Political Stability (1993). Marc A. Levy, “Is the Environment a National Security Issue?” International Security 20:2

(Fall 1995), pp. 35-62. Daniel H. Deudney and Richard A. Matthew, eds., Contested Grounds: Security and

Conflict in the New Environmental Politics (1999).

Journals to read

Journal of Environment and Development International Environmental Affairs (extinct after Vol. 10, but still worth re-reading) Global Environmental Politics (new as of 2001) International Environmental Agreements (new as of 2000) Global Governance (selected environmental articles) International Organization (selected environmental articles) World Politics (selected environmental articles)

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FOREIGN POLICY AND DECISION-MAKING THEME

Organizations and Decision-Making

James G. March and Herbert A. Simon, Organizations (1958). Charles Lindblom, “The Science of Muddling Through,” Public Administration Review 19

(Spring 1959), pp. 79–88. Morton H. Halperin, Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy (1974). Michael D. Cohen, James G. March, and Johan P. Olsen, “A Garbage Can Model of

Organizational Choice” (1972). Reprinted in James G. March, Decisions and Organizations (1988).

Alexander George, “The ‘Operational Code’: A Neglected Approach to the Study of Political Leaders and Decision-Making,” International Studies Quarterly 13 (June 1969), pp. 190–222.

Graham Allison, “Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis,” American Political Science Review 63 (September 1969), pp. 689–718.

Robert J. Art, “Bureaucratic Politics and American Foreign Policy: A Critique,” Policy Sciences 4 (1973), pp. 467–90.

John Ikenberry, American Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays, 3rd ed. (1999). Jonathan Bendor and Thomas H. Hammond, “Rethinking Allison’s Models,” American

Political Science Review 86 (June 1992), pp. 301–22. John D. Steinbruner, The Cybernetic Theory of Decision (1974). Jack Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive: Military Decision Making and the Disasters of

1914 (1984). Barry Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany Between the

World Wars (1984). Alan C. Lamborn, “Risk and Foreign Policy Choice,” International Studies Quarterly 29

(December 1985), pp. 385–410. Lloyd S. Etheridge, Can Governments Learn? American Foreign Policy and Central

American Revolutions (1985). Robert D. Putnam, “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games,”

International Organization 42 (Summer 1988), pp. 427–60. Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition (1991). Helen Milner, Interests, Institutions, and Information (1997).

Individuals and Context

Stephen G. Walker, “The Motivational Foundations of Political Belief Systems: A Re-Analysis of the Operational Code Construct,” International Studies Quarterly 27 (June 1983), pp. 179–201.

Saul Friedlander and Raymond Cohen, “The Personality Correlates of Belligerence in International Conflict,” Comparative Politics 7 (January 1975), pp. 155–86.

Lloyd Etheridge, “Personality Effects on American Foreign Policy, 1898–1968: A Test of Interpersonal Generalization Theory,” American Political Science Review 72 (June 1978), pp. 434–51.

Deborah Welch Larson, Origins of Containment: A Psychological Explanation (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985), pp. 24–65.

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Charles F. Hermann, “International Crisis as a Situational Variable,” in International Politics and Foreign Policy, 2nd ed., ed. James N. Rosenau (New York: Free Press, 1969), pp. 409–21.

Ole R. Holsti, “Theories of Crisis Decision Making,” in Diplomacy: New Approaches in History, Theory, and Policy, ed. Paul Gordon Lauren (New York: Free Press, 1979), pp. 99–136.

Peter Suedfeld and Philip Tetlock, “Integrative Complexity of Communications in International Crises,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 21 (March 1977), pp. 169–84.

Gregory M. Herek, Irving L. Janis, and Paul Huth, “Decision Making During International Crises,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 31 (June 1987), pp. 203–26.

Ole R. Holsti, “Foreign Policy Formation Viewed Cognitively,” in The Structure of Decision: The Cognitive Maps of Political Elites, ed. Robert Axelrod (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976), pp. 18–54.

Arhtur A. Stein, “Misperception and Strategic Choice,” in Why Nations Cooperate: Circumstance and Choice in International Relations (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990), chap. 3.

Jack L. Snyder, “Rationality at the Brink: The Role of Cognitive Processes in Failures of Deterrence,” World Politics 30 (April 1978), pp. 345–65.

Nancy Kanwisher, “Cognitive Heuristics and American Security Policy,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 33 (December 1989), pp. 652–75.

George A. Quattrone and Amos Tversky, “Contrasting Rational and Psychological Analyses of Political Choice,” American Political Science Review 82 (September 1988), pp. 719–36.

Strategic Interaction

Glenn H. Snyder, “‘Prisoner’s Dilemma’ and ‘Chicken’ Models in International Politics,” International Studies Quarterly 15 (March 1971), pp. 66–103.

Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976), pp. 58–111.

Charles L. Glaser, “Political Consequences of Military Strategy: Expanding and Refining the Spiral and Deterrence Models,” World Politics 44 (July 1992), pp. 497–538.

Robert Jervis, “Cooperation under the Security Dilemma,” World Politics 30 (January 1978), pp. 167–214.

Paul Huth and Bruce Russett, “What Makes Deterrence Work? Cases from 1900 to 1980,” World Politics 36 (July 1984), pp. 496–526.

Paul K. Huth, “Extended Deterrence and the Outbreak of War,” American Political Science Review 82 (June 1988), pp. 423–43.

Robert Powell, “Crisis Stability in the Nuclear Age,” American Political Science Review 83 (March 1989), pp. 61–76.

John Steinbruner, “Beyond Rational Deterrence: The Struggle for New Conceptions,” World Politics 28 (January 1976), pp. 223–45.

Barry Nalebuff, “Rational Deterrence in an Imperfect World,” World Politics 43 (April 1991), pp. 313–35.

Public Opinion

Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in

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Americans’ Policy Preferences (1992). Thomas Risse-Kappen, “Public Opinion, Domestic Structure, and Foreign Policy in

Liberal Democracies, “ World Politics, 43:4, July 1991, pp. 479-512. Bruce Jentleson, “The Pretty Prudent Public: Post Post-Vietnam American Opinion on the

Use of Military Force,” International Studies Quarterly, 36:1, March 1992, pp.49-74.

Current Case Study in Foreign Policy Decision-Making: National Missile Defense

See Morton Halperin above for case study of decisionmaking on ABM! Joseph Cirincione, “Why the Right Lost the Missile Defense Debate” Foreign Policy,

Spring 1997. (For recent historical perspective of how things have evolved so fast in the last few years!)

John Isaacs, “Missile Defense: It’s Back” Bulletin of Atomic Scientists May/June 1999. (See other issues of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists for much more good information on missile defense.)

George Lewis, Lisbeth Gronlund and David Wright, “National Missile Defense: An Indefensible System,” Foreign Policy, Winter 1999/2000. (An excellent overview of the MANY issues involved, including a glance at the important option of boost-phase defense—betraying the cover of concerns with the “rogue threat!”)

Peter J. Boyer, “When Missiles Collide: How President Clinton Set his Own Star Wars Trap” The New Yorker, September 11, 2000, pp.42-48. (A pretty good look at a decisionmaking ploy gone wrong!)

Andrew M. Sessler et al., Countermeasures: A Technical Evaluation of the Operational Effectiveness of the Planned US National Missile Defense System, by the Union of Concerned Scientists, available at: www.ucsusa.org for an excellent analysis (easy to read mostly, and to the point) of the most likely all-important issue—can missile defenses ever really work? Check it out.

See the Federation of American Scientists web site for an amazing amount of information: www.fas.org.

See also the Council for a Livable World’s website: clw.org – especially look under John Isaacs for a wealth of news releases and commentary.

Many issues of Arms Control Today cover the issue in depth, yet briefly.