(10 JUNE 2015 TO 25 JULY 2015)

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B.TECH)

ON

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Department Of Mechanical ISHANT GAUTAM

Engineering B.TECH (M.E)- 7TH Sem.

TITM, MEERUT. ROLL NO.-1232140025

TRANSLAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT,

MAWANA ROAD MEERUT PIN-250001

(Approved by AICTE and affiliated to Uttar Pradesh Technical

University Lucknow, U.P)

BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LIMITED

(B.H.E.L) RANIPUR HARIDWAR

CERTIFICATE

This is certify that this training report submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Technology of Translam

Institute of Technology & Management Meerut Affiliated to U.P

Technical University,Lucknow, is a bonafide Training report, carried out

by Mr. Ishant Gautam S/O Om Prakash Gautam (B.TECH 3rd Year,

Roll No. 1232140025 EN NO. 123214045580) under our guidance and

supervision during the Academic session 2014-15.

Date. SH. AJAMANI ROHIT

(ENGR.- HEAVY M/C SHOP,

BAY-2 BL-3).

BHEL, HARIDWAR (U.K)

DECLARATION

I, Ishant Gautam the student of Bachelor of Technology (B.TECH- VIth

Sem.) Translam Institute of Technology & Management, Meerut

(Affiliated to U.P Technical University, Lucknow) hereby declare that

the project in B.H.E.L, RANIPUR, HARIDWAR is based on my

individual observation and work experience. It has not been published

previously in any trade Magazine or Trade Journals and has not been

submitted by any person.

I have also declare that I have done my work sincerely and accurately

even if any mistake or error has kept in, I shall most humble request the

readers to point out errors or omissions and guide me for the removal of

errors in future.

(ISHANT GAUTAM)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“An engineer with only theoretical knowledge is not a complete

engineer. Practical knowledge is very important to develop and apply

engineering skills”. It gives me a great pleasure to have an opportunity

to acknowledge and to express gratitude to those who were associated

with me during my training at BHEL.

I am very great-full to SH. AJMANI ROHIT for providing me with an

opportunity to undergo training under his able guidance. Furthermore,

special thanks to Mr. Shastri Singh for his help and support in haridwar.

Last, but not the least, I would also like to acknowledge the immense

pleasure, brought about by my friends Arvind, Aman & Pankaj as they

pursued their training along with me. We shared some unforgettable

moments together. I express my sincere thanks and gratitude to BHEL

authorities for allowing me to undergo the training in this prestigious

organization. I will always remain indebted to them for their constant

interest and excellent guidance in my training work, moreover for

providing me with an opportunity to work and gain experience.

. (ISHANT GAUTAM)

CONTENTS

HISTORY OF BHEL 1

ABOUT BHEL 2-6

STEAM TURBINE 7

MAIN COMPONENTS OF STEAM TURBINE 9

AUXILIARY PARTS OF STEAM TURBINE 10

BLOCK-3 LAYOUT 15

BAY-1 17-28

BAY-2 29-34

BAY-3 35-39

BAY-4 40-43

HISTORY OF BHEL

BHEL was established in 1964. Heavy Electricals (India) Limited was

merged with BHEL in 1974. In 1982, it entered into power equipments,

to reduce its dependence on the power sector. It developed the capability

to produce a variety of electrical, electronic and mechanical equipments

for all sectors, including transmission, transportation, oil and gas and

other allied industries. In 1991, it was converted into a public limited

company. By the end of 1996, the company had handed over 100

Electric Locomotives to Indian Railway and installed 250 Hydro-sets

across India.

ABOUT BHEL

Type Public: Sector enterprise, Maharatna Company

Industry: Electrical equipments

Founded: 1964

Founder: Government of India

Headquarters: New Delhi, India

Area served: Worldwide

Key people: B Prasada Rao, (Chairman & MD)

Products: Gas and Steam Turbines, Boilers, Electric Motors,

Generators, Heat Exchangers, Pumps, Switchgears, Sensors,

Automation and Control Systems, Power electronics,

Transmission systems etc.

Revenue: ₹411.9243 billion (US$6.5 billion) (2014)

Net income: ₹35.0286 billion (US$560 million) (2014)

Total assets: ₹752.4257 billion (US$12 billion) (2014)

Total equity: ₹331.5687 billion (US$5.3 billion) (2014)

Number of employees: 47,525 (March 2014)

Website: www.bhel.com

OPERATIONS

It is engaged in the design, engineering, manufacturing, construction,

testing, commissioning and servicing of a wide range of products,

systems and services for the core sectors of the economy, viz. Power,

Transmission, Industry, Transportation, Renewable energy, Oil & Gas

and Defence.

It has a network of 17 manufacturing units, 2 repair units, 4 regional

offices, 8 service centres, 8 overseas offices, 15 regional centres, 7 joint

ventures, and infrastructure allowing it to execute more than 150

projects at sites across India and abroad. The company has established

the capability to deliver 20,000 MW p.a. of power equipment to address

the growing demand for power generation equipment.

It also has been exporting its power and industry segment products and

services for over 40 years. BHEL's global references are spread across

over 76 countries across all the six continents of the world. The

cumulative overseas installed capacity of BHEL manufactured power

plants exceeds 9,000 MW across 21 countries including Malaysia,

Oman, Iraq, UAE, Bhutan, Egypt and New Zealand. Their physical

exports range from turnkey projects to after sales services.

MAIN MANUFACTURING FACILITIES OF BHEL

Centralised Stamping Unit & Fabrication Plant (CSU &

FP), Jagdishpur

Insulator Plant (IP), Jagdishpur

Electronics Division (EDN), Bangalore

Industrial Systems Group (ISG), Bangalore

Electro-Porcelains Division (EPD), Bangalore

Heavy Electrical Plant (HEP), Bhopal

Industrial Valves Plant (IVP), Goindwal

Heavy Electrical Equipment Plant (HEEP), Ranipur (Haridwar)

Central Foundry Forge Plant (CFFP), Ranipur (Haridwar)

Heavy Power Equipment Plant (HPEP), Hyderabad

Transformer Plant (TP), Jhansi

Boiler Auxiliaries Plant (BAP), Ranipet

Component Fabrication Plant (CFP), Rudrapur

High Pressure Boiler Plant (HPBP), Tiruchirappalli

Seamless Steel Tube Plant (SSTP), Tiruchirappalli

Power Plant Piping Unit (PPPU), Thirumayam

Heavy Plates & Vessels Plant (HPVP), Visakhapatnam

PRODUCTS AND SERVICES BY BHEL

Thermal power Plants

Nuclear power Plants

Gas based power Plants

Hydro power Plants

DG power Plants

Steam turbine

Gas turbine

Condensers and Heat exchangers

Desalination and Water treatment plants

Automation and Control systems

Power electronics

Transmission system control

Semiconductor devices

Solar photo voltaics

Software system solutions

Electrical machines

DC, AC heavy duty Motors

Compressors

Research & development products

AWARDS AND RECOGNITIONS RECEIVED

BY BHEL

It is the 7th largest power equipment manufacturer in the world.

BHEL was adjudged the Best Power Equipment Manufacturing

Organisation by CBIP.

The company bagged PSE Excellence Award 2014 for R&D &

Technology Development.

BHEL received the National Intellectual Property Award 2014 and

WIPO Award for Innovative Enterprises.

In 2014, BHEL won ICAI National Award for Excellence in Cost

Management for the ninth consecutive year.

BHEL received two awards in CII-ITC Sustainability Awards 2012

from the President of India.

In the year 2011, it was ranked ninth most innovative company in

the world by US business magazine Forbes.

The company won the prestigious ‘Golden Peacock Award for

Occupational Health & Safety 2011’ for significant achievements

in the field of Occupational Health & Safety.

It is also placed at 4th place in Forbes Asia's Fabulous 50 List of

2010.

STEAM TURBINE

Steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from

pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern

manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884. It has almost

completely replaced the reciprocating piston steam engine (invented by

Thomas Newcomen and greatly improved by James Watt) primarily

because of its greater thermal efficiency and higher power-to-weight

ratio. Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly

suited to be used to drive an electrical generator – about 80% of all

electricity generation in the world is by use of steam turbines. The steam

turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in

thermodynamic efficiency through the use of multiple stages in the

expansion of the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal

reversible process.

Principle of Operation and Design:

An ideal steam turbine is considered to be an isentropic process, or

constant entropy process, in which the entropy of the steam entering the

turbine is equal to the entropy of the steam leaving the turbine. No steam

turbine is truly “isentropic” however, with typical isentropic efficiencies

ranging from 20%- 90% based on the application of the turbine. The

interior of a turbine comprises several sets of blades, or “buckets” as

they are more commonly referred to. One set of stationary blades is

connected to the casing and one set of rotating blades is connected to the

shaft. The sets intermesh with certain minimum clearances, with the size

and configuration of sets varying to efficiently exploit the expansion of

steam at each stage.

Turbine Efficiency:

To maximize turbine efficiency, the steam is expanded, generating work,

in a number of stages. These stages are characterized by how the energy

is extracted from them and are known as impulse or reaction turbines.

Most modern steam turbines are a combination of the reaction and

impulse design. Typically, higher pressure sections are impulse type and

lower pressure stages are reaction type.

MAIN COMPONEMTS OF STEAM TURBINE

L.P Rotor

1) LP Inner Casing Upper Half / Lower Half

2) LP Outer Casing Upper Half / Lower Half

I.P Rotor

1) IP Inner Casing Upper Half / Lower Half

2) IP Outer Casing Upper Half / Lower Half

H.P Rotor

1) HP Inner Casing Upper Half / Lower Half

2) HP Outer Casing Upper Half / Lower Half

3) Diffuser

4) G.B.C (Guide Blade Carrier)

5) I.V.C.V (Intercept Valve Control Valve)

6) E.S.V.C.V (Emergency Stop Valve Control Valve)

AUXILIARY PARTS OF STEAM TURBINE

1) Valve Seal & Valve Cover

2) U-Ring

3) Piston (500 MW) & Piston Rod

4) Base Plate

5) Guide Ring & Sealing Ring

6) Liner

7) Angle Ring & Thrust Ring

8) Guide Blades :- Fixed Blades, Moving Blades

9) Adjusting Ring & Support Ring

10) Bearing & Bearing Shell

11) Shaft Sealing Cover

12) Yoke & Mandrel

13) Sleeve

14) Support

15) Pin Taper (25x140)

16) Journal Bearing Shell

17) Casing

18) Guide bush

OVERVIEW OF HARIDWAR PLANT

BHEL, RANIPUR, HARIDWAR

TURBINE SHOP

BLOCK-3

TURBINE SHOP (BLOCK-3)

LAYOUT OF BLOCK-3 BHEL, HARIDWAR

ELECTRICAL

MAINTAINENCE

CNC

MECHANICAL

MAINTAINENCE STORES TOOL- CRIB TROLLEY MAINTAINENCE MACHINE

TBM

TRACK STORES BLANKING

RAILWAY TROLLEY TRACK

HEAVY HEAVY TURNING

MACHINE MACHINE &

SHOP SHOP MILLING

(HMS) (HMS) SECTION TBM

BAY-1 BAY- 2 BAY- 3 BAY- 4

BLOCK 3 (TURBINE BLOCK) LAY-OUT

BLOCK-3, BAY-1 LAYOUT BHEL HARIDWAR

OVERVIEW OF BAY-1 BHEL, HARIDWAR

BAY 1

HMS(HEAVY MACHINE

SHOP)-1

ASSEMBLY SECTION OSBT(OVER SPEED

BALANCING TUNNEL)

PART A:- ASSEMBLY OF BAY-1

The final assembly of the turbine is done in bay 1. Main assembly parts:

1. High pressure steam turbine

2. Intermediate pressure steam turbine

3. Low pressure steam turbine

4. Bearing pedestals

5. Control valves

FIG.-1 H.P TURBINE FIG.-2 I.P TURBINE

FIG.-3 L.P TURBINE

HIGH PRESSURE (H.P) STEAM TURBINE

This is the smallest of the three turbines.

It consists of two shells namely inner inner and outer outer.

Inner inner part is the part on which guide blades are placed and

outer outer part mainly works as a casing of the turbine.

HP outer outer lower half is placed on bed and leveling is done;

now upper half is assembled and alignment is done; now GBC is

aligned with respect to centre.

Final alignment is checked and turbine is dispatched in the

assembled conditions.

H.P TURBINE

INTERMEDIATE PRESSURE (I.P) STEAM

TURBINE

Capacity 210/250 MW

Main components

IP outer casing

Inner casing

GBC (Guide Blade Carrier)

Shaft seals

Rotor

Descriptions In outer casing, lower half is placed on bed and

leveling is done.

U/H is assembled and alignment is done now inner casing is placed

and it is aligned with help of keys and pokers.

Rotor is placed and alignment of rotor is done, now axial and

radial gap between inner casing and rotor are checked (flow path).

The studs are heat tightened to achieve elongation. Turbine is

dispatched in assembled conditions.

LOW PRESSURE (L.P) STEAM TURBINE

Capacity 210/250/500MW

Main components:

LP inner outer

LP inner inner

LP outer outer

LP GBC

Rotor

LP I/O lower half is placed on bed and leveling is done. Now

upper half is assembled and alignment is done. Now GBC is

aligned with respect to centre then GBC 2 and GBC 3 are aligned.

Then inner core is aligned with help of adjustment pokers.

Now projection pipes are welded then diffusers are aligned. Final

alignment is checked and turbine is dispatched in disassembled

condition.

COMPARISION OF H.P, I.P & L.P ON THE BASIS

OF SPECIFICATIONS

500 MW Steam Turbine:

HP Turbine:

Module: H30-100-2

Steam Pressure: 170Kg/sq.cm

Steam temperature: 537 0C

Reheating temperature: 537 0C

Weight: 86400 Kg

Length of Rotor: 4.61m

Height: 2.15m

IP Turbine:

Length: 4.425m

Width: 5m

Height: 4.8m

Steam pressure: 41Kg/sq.cm

Steam temperature: 537 0C

LP Turbine:

Module: N30-2x10sq.m

Weight: 3.5 T

Length of Rotor: 8.7m

Width: 10.7m

Height :4.6m

BEARING PEDESTALS

Front HP/IP/LP, 210/250/500MW pipelines are hydraulically

tested. Then bearing is aligned with help of phins, and pinning is

done. Assembly is completed and dispatched in assembled

conditions.

WORKER DOING BEARING ASSEMBLY

BEARING HANDLED BY CRANE. STEAM TURBINE BEARING

CONTROL VALVE (C.V) FOR STEAM

TURBINE

Valve seats are fitted in the casing by cooling in liquid oxygen.

Pinning of seats is done, welding of nipples and flanges is done

and then hydraulic testing with valves covers, now casing is sent

for edge preparation and the color of valve assembly and valve seat

is checked.

Travel of valve is checked and locking is done. Then trial assembly

of s/m is done. Valve is dispatched in assembled condition.

C.V FOR 500 MW STEAM TURBINE AT BHEL,HARIDWAR

PART B:- HEAVY MACHINE SHOP(H.M.S)

OF BAY-1

In this, there are very costly and big machines which are used to

carry operation on large parts of a turbine such as rotor, diffuser,

casing etc.

Machine number 1-120

Center lathe machine CNC

Job: HP Rotor (on that time)

Operation: slotting

Specifications of the machine:-

Main spindle bore: - 150mm

Distance between centers: - 12000mm

Turning dia. Over bed cover: - 1400mm

Turning dia over carriage: - 1100mm

Machine number 1-28

Horizontal boring machine (Russian)

Operation performed: - tapping, threading, drilling, boring, facing,

milling etc, except knurling.

Specifications

Capacity: - 600mm (bore dia.), Dia. of spindle: - 150 mm

Weight capacity: - 40 Tonne.

PART:- C OVER SPEED BALANCING

TUNNEL (O.S.B.T)

This is the one of the most important section of the turbine block.

Here after the complete checking of the rotor from the bay 1, rotor

is bringing to get check it in the working conditions. Here we

rotate the rotor in the vacuum condition with a very small film of

oil consisting of some microns; the oil is on very high pressure.

Rotor is revolved on 3750 rpm, while in the operating conditions

rotor revolves at 3000rpm (500 MW).

The time being for which rotor is revolved is 3 minutes. The power

required to rotate that much of heavy rotor is very high which

comes from the high voltage line nearly of 11000 Volts, and the

gear box with the synchronize motor is used to get accurate and

desired speed.

Oil plays a very important role in the rotor checking the oil

comes from the underground tanks having a capacity up to 30000

liters this is pumped with the help of large pumps and a large

quantity of oil is supplied continuously so that oil film doesn’t

break.

Here we use a number of filters on many stages so that oil is

checked out against dust particles or any foreign particles the

attention is paid during this checking so that everything going OK.

The full control of OSBT is done with help of control system

which is in control room; each and every care is taken during the

complete testing.

OVER SPEED BALANCING TUNNEL (O.S.B.T)

SYSTEM TO CREATE VACCUM FOR THE OSBT, AT

BHEL HARIDWAR

SPECIFICATIONS RELEATED TO O.S.B.T

BLOCK-3, BAY-2 LAYOUT BHEL HARIDWAR

OVERVIEW OF BAY-2 BHEL, RANIPUR, HARIDWAR

BAY-2

H.M.S-2 ASSEMBLY SECTION

PART A: - HEAVY MACHINE SHOP (H.M.S)-2

The main thing that is done here is that the making of rotor for the

gas turbine, the rotor of gas turbine is very different from that of

the steam turbine, here the rotor is made in the form of discs and

after that the complete rotor is made by joining the discs.

On a simple disc firstly the grooves are cut on the broaching

machine, very similar to the gear cutting process. Now after cutting

one groove the indexing is done and the machine is ready to cut

another groove.

After cutting the all grooves on the periphery of the disc now the

process is done to make teethes on both the surfaces with the help

of the grinding so that each disc should mesh all the teethes and

proper joining and the alignment can be done, and similar process

is done to all the other discs, now before assembling the all the

discs an very important operation is done to check the accuracy of

all the discs in meshing, and the operation is named as the Colour

matching.

H.P ROTOR AT BHEL H.M.S, BAY-2

Colour matching: It is the process to check the complete meshing

of the two joining parts here the part on which we have to join is

colored and the mating part is put on it so that complete transfer of

color on the other part could be done if there is not the equal

distributions of the color on the second part then the portions are

identified to be machined so that complete and accurate matching

could be done.

Now after checking all the discs the blades are inserted in the

respective grooves and now the shrink fitting of these discs is done

on the solid shaft which would be passing from each disc

thoroughly.

Shrink It is the process of joining two parts, one part Is called

male part and the other is called as female part, the party on which

we have to insert other part is called as male part and another

would be female part.

In this process the male part is cooled say in the liquid oxygen so

that it contracts and the female part is expanded by heating and

now both the parts are superimposed and are subjected to room

temperature conditions and after some time both parts are tightly

joined. Here in the gas turbine rotor the shaft is the male part and

the discs are called female part.

In this way the complete rotor of the gas turbine is prepared and

the testing of the rotor as in the case of steam turbine is carried out

in the OSBT fitting.

HEAVY MACHINE SHOP (H.M.S)-2 BHEL,

RANIPUR, HARIDWAR

PART B: -ROTOR ASSEMBLY SECTION

In this section the rotor making is done for the steam turbine HP, LP, IP.

For the any steam turbine firstly the rotor is in the form of the shaft, the

procedure to make the complete rotor is explained here in the steps:-

The rotor shaft is placed on the centre lathe machine and turning

and taper turning is done according to the provided drawings.

Then grooves cutting is done for the blades fixing on all over the

length of the rotor accordingly as per in the drawing.

Now with the help of the crane the rotor is placed on the other

machine on which rotor is just revolved to do the indexing.

Talking about one groove a extra portion is cut so that blades can

be inserted in it easily.

Then a locking blade is fixed to get lock all the blades of one stage.

Here unlike in gas turbine a single blade is fixed but in the GT

each and every blade was fixed individually.

Sealing are placed on the portion in between two stages so that

these sailings match with the same sealing made on the casing so

that leaking of the fluid can be avoided from one stage to the other

stage.

After doing all this work the rotor is now send to the Bay 1 so that

final inspection and the checking in OSBT could be done and the

finally rotor with proper alignment is assembled in the casing.

ROTOR ASSEMBLY BY THE WORKERS

BLOCK-3, BAY-3 LAYOUT BHEL HARIDWAR

OVERVIEW OF BAY-3 BHEL, RANIPUR, HARIDWAR

BAY-3

BEARING SECTION

TURNING SECTION

ASSEMBLY SECTION

GOVERNING SECTION

PART-A GOVERNING ASSEMBLY SECTION

Governing is the process of controlling the speed of the rotor so that we

can get constant frequency under the fluctuating loads. This is done by

controlling the amount of fluid going inside the turbine, means to say if

the load is less that mean speed of the rotor would tends to increase then

we make the less steam to enter inside so that rotor speed come to

desired value.

Opposite thing is done in case of the heavy load when the speed of the

turbine is less more steam is made to enter inside the turbine. To control

the speed of rotor we use some arrangements of electronic and

mechanical system which consists of oil pumps, servo motors pipes and

many indicators on the valve mouth.

GOVERNING ASSEMBLY OF STEAM TURBINE

PART-B TURNING SECTION

TURNING: turning may be performed upon a workpiece supported in a

chuck, but the majority of workpiece turned on an engine lathe are

turned between centers. Turning is the removal of metal from the

external surface of cylindrical workpiece using various types of cutter

toolbits.

Lathe centers must be in good condition and carefully aligned if the

turning operation is to be accurate. If necessary, regrind the centers and

check their alignment. When turning the workpiece, considerable heat

will be generated causing the workpiece to expand. Centers that are too

tight may cause binding of the workpiece due to this expansion. The

tailstock center or the dead center must be well lubricated to prevent the

workpiece from overheating. The center hole and the tailstock center

should be lubricated before the cutting operation with a mixture of white

lead and motor oil. During the turning operation, feel the dead center

frequently to determine whether lubrication or adjustment is necessary.

Straight turning is accomplished with the left-hand turning cutter bit,

the right-hand turning cutter bit, or the round nose turning cutter bit.

Wherever possible, the right-hand turning cutter bit or a round nose bit

ground for right-to-left turning is used and the hit is fed toward the

headstock.

LATHE MACHINE USED FOR TURNING

BLADE UNDER TURNING OPERATOR CHECKING

DIMENSION OF WORKPIECE

ROLE OF CUTTING OIL IN TURNING:

The chief purpose of cutting oil is to cool the cutter bit and the

workpiece. The name "coolant" is often given to the oil. A cutter bit

will last longer and will be capable of withstanding greater speeds

without overheating when cutting oil is used. Cutting oil also helps

lubricate the cutter bits, improves the finish of the workpiece, guards

against rusting, and washes away chips from the cutting area.

TYPES OF CUTTING OIL:

(a) Lard Oil: Pure lard oil is one of the oldest and best cutting oils. It

is especially good for thread cutting, tapping, deep hole drilling, and

reaming. Lard oil has a high degree of adhesion or oiliness, a relatively

high specific heat, and its fluidity changes slightly with the temperature.

(b) Mineral Oil: Mineral oils are petroleum based oils that range in

viscosity from kerosene to light paraffin oils. Mineral oil is very stable

and does not develop disagreeable odors like lard oil; however, it lacks

some of the good qualities of lard oil such as adhesion, oiliness, and high

specific heat. Because it is relatively inexpensive, it is mixed with lard

oil or other chemicals to provide cutting oils with desirable

characteristics

BLOCK-3 BAY-4 LAYOUT BHEL HARIDWAR

BAY-4

BLADE SHOP

TURNING SECTION

HEAT TREATMENT

SECTION

PART-A BLADE SHOP

Blades are one of the most crucial parts of a turbine. Blades are

fitted in the grooves .The shape of the blades is of aerofoil type.

There are two types of blades

(i) Guide blades (ii) Moving blades

1. Guide blades:- These blades are remained fixed during the

motion of the runner so these are also called as fixed blades .These

blades are fitted in the grooves in the casing. The sealing action is

also done before putting the blades in the grooves so that during

working conditions the leakage of fluid can be stopped. Guide

blades are put in guide blade carriers.

2. Moving blades:- As the name suggests these blades remain in

moving condition for the whole life cycle of a turbine. They are

arranged so that they become opposite to the direction of the fixed

blades. This arrangement will help in striking of the fluid on more

area of the moving blades and provide motion to the rotor.

VARIOUS TYPES OF TURBINE BLADES

MATERIAL FOR BLADES:-

For steam turbines we mainly use the chrome steel, steel with some

% of V, W etc.

For some special type of gas turbines we import blades from other

countries such as Germany, Russia etc. for increasing the

efficiency of the turbine.

TYPES OF BLADES:

T2 blades

T4 blades

TX blades

3DS blades

F- blades

GT-Compress blades

Brazed blades

Russian design blades

Z-Shroud blades

Compressor blades (Sermental coated)

LP Moving blade 500MW

IMPORTANCE OF WRANG BLADE IN STEAM TURBINE:

Due to the aerofoil type of shape of the blades it is not easy to

handle the blades when we are performing various operations on

them, so a material with low melting point (1000C) is used for this

purpose. For this a die is taken, the blade is put between the wrang

and various machining operations are performed. To take the

blades outside the die with blade, we put the die in boiling water,

wrang melts and thus blade is taken outside.

WORKING OF BLADES:

The fluid coming from the boiler is highly energetic the guide

blades which are also called fixed blades are arranged so that they

are in opposite direction to moving blades; it helps the maximum

fluid to strike on the moving blades and increases the efficiency of

turbine.

PART-B HEAT-TREATMENT SECTION

The heat treatment includes heating and cooling operations or the

sequence of two or more such operations applied to any material in order

to modify its metallurgical structure and alter its physical, mechanical

and chemical properties.

Usually it consists of heating the material to some specific temperature,

holding at this temperature for a definite period and cooling to room

temperature or below with a definite rate.

Annealing, Normalizing, Hardening and Tempering are the four

widely used heat treatment processes that affect the structure and

properties, and are assigned to meet the specific requirements from the

semi-fabricated and finished components.

Steels being the most widely used materials in major engineering

fabrications undergo various heat treatment cycles depending on the

requirements.

Also aluminum and nickel alloys are exposed to heat treatment for

enhancement of properties.

IRON-CARBON PHASE EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAM

HEAT-TREATMENT PROCESS