Between Rome and Carthage

8/6/2019 Between Rome and Carthage

1/402


2/402

Btw R CRtg

b v Iy s sbs Rs sub s. Y v us R y C, s y y sussu. wy

s us s C s s R? Ts s u qus s sbk, s s v u , -, y s u vuus ss. Us vs vsu, jus bu s, bu s bu Rs -s Iy u us ssv x-s. T bk ss R s Iy, u R y s R Iy u S w. I s u-u by y s y v-, b qu ss RRub.

mich a el p. fronda s sss Pss sy Css Sus, g Uvsy. s ubs ub s s sy s bu . ys (.), Te Blackwell Companion to the Punic Wars.


3/402


4/402

Bt w R

CRtg

Southern Italy during the Second Punic War

micha el p. fronda

McGill University


5/402

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,

So Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

First published in print format

ISBN-13 978-0-521-51694-5

ISBN-13 978-0-511-74247-7

Michael P. Fronda 2010

2010

Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521516945

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the

provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part

may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy

of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,

and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,

accurate or appropriate.

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org

eBook (Dawsonera)

Hardback


6/402

For Joseph D. Fronda (19351985)


7/402


8/402

vii

Contents

Acknowledgments ixNote on abbreviations xi

Maps xiii

1 Iroducio 1Proloue 1Sources, probles d eodoloies 5Roe d e Ilis, circa 350220 13hibls srey 34hibls sreic filure: previous explios 37Locl codiios d e filure of hibl s srey i Ily 50

2 apuli 53Iroducio 53Te revol of arpi, 216 57Te revol of arpis sellie llies, 216 85hibls icoplee success: Cusiu, teu

apulu, Luceri d Veusi 91Coclusio 99

3 Cpi 100Iroducio 100

Te revol of Cpu, 216 103Te revol of Cpus sellie llies, 216215 126hibls icoplee success: nples, nol, Cue, acerre d nuceri 130Coclusio 146

4 Bruiu d weser m greci 148Iroducio 148Te revol of e Bruis, 216215 149Te revol of Locri d subordie couiies, 215 159Te revol of Croo, 215 171

hibls icoplee success: Reio 178Coclusio 186


9/402

viii

5 Surn Lucni nd srn mn grci 188Inrducin 188trs nuus lyly, 216213 189T rvl f trs, 213/12 211

afr f trnin rvl: mpnin, hrcl nd Turii, 212 217Cnclusin 231

6 T Rn rcnqus f surn Ily 234Inrducin 234hldin lf by rs: hnnibls sric cnundru fr 216215 235Cpni, 215211 243apuli, 215210 253trs nd su-srn Ily, 212207 260wsrn mn grci nd Bruiu, 215203 269

Cnclusin 279

7 Cnclusins 280Lcl cndiins rvisid: brif sury 280endurin inrs rivlry nd Rlis ry 281Culd hnnibl v n? Tr ypicl scnris 288ovrcin lcl cndiins: Rn nius? 300R nd Ilins, circa 20090 307epilu 329

Appendix A: Te war in Samnium, 217209 331Appendix B: Chronology of events in Bruttium, 215 334Appendix C: Chronology of events from the defection of aras

through the defection of Turii, 213212 337Appendix D: Defection of the southern Lucanians, 212 340Bibliography 342Index 365

Contents


10/402

ix

Acknowledgments

I is perps clic fr sclr pe is r er rs ceic bkby i i sre s Pd isseri k l fr fer l peri f evelpe revisi. Ye se clics bece sbecuse ey re rue. Tis is cerily e cse i e prese bk,

ic i i fc bei s isseri rie i fulle f y c-rl eree Te oi Se Uiversiy. Iee, e cre f e bk e bsic quesi, y i se llies revl uri e Sec Puic

wr? is rs i seir pper I re i 1994 i y erlyys s rue sue, e cerl esis f ic e prfessr fre curse eee ieius bu uliely ucvici. Te rk sr evelpe re el sice e, jus s s y iki

R Ily cie isry i eerl s evlve ure.ne rues ies ve bee e, ers ve isppere. Tisbk is e e resul. I s rie revise ree iere c-eic isiuis Te oi Se Uiversiy, deis Uiversiy mcgill Uiversiy s beee iesely fr uful crii-ciss, crrecis suesis by y clleues fries I ve bee frue ee. ay reii ekesses, fllcies errrs re y . I leve i fr e reer eerie eer e lpruc is ieius r cvici.

I is ipssible e everye s elpe e irecly iirecly l e y, bu e flli iiviuls us be ckl-ee. Firs, I k n Rsesei, y isseri supervisr e prfessr cee riil seir pper. he is frible sclr, creful criic e f e es prfessrs I veever . he re ye else u e be cie is-ri. he s bee ciues be b er frie. I iebe s ell e er ebers f y isseri ciee,

tiy grery, rs iruce e e rl f rcely, Brry Sruss, rily ure I lk pliicl sciece


11/402

x Acknowledgments

nrnnl rlns ry lp unpck y s. Fll rucrs Bll Crr n Jck wlls r rus rs y ssr-n n cnnu lc susns s ssrn rn s bk. Fr o S I sul ls nk wll Bsn r

lpn bc r sns rr ncn xs, n JckBlcr () r s nl unc. grr Jcbsn n t hsr,y rns n cllus n Clsscs dprn dnsnUnrsy, pr b rl suppr n prccl c. T nfu-nc Ls Fnrss, Jn dbbns n drby Sc, I ur-n y nrul sur arcn acy n R n 2000,cn b un n r rclcl scns. my cllus n dprn hsry n Clsscl Sus mcgll Unrsy lp

surbly urn jr rsn s. hns Bck nlyr ru n cn n nr nuscrp. h ls prnlubl nss n Rn srrpy n surcs r rlyRn sry, c rly pr Cpr 1. h s bn rrn n lly. Jn Srr r rs Cpr 7. dscussns Bb mrsn-mrx, Clu elrs, Rn Plscr, Cr Cpn,mrn Jn n s ll ar ecksn lp clry nsrnn runs ruu bk. ar ls s nuscrp Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome

br s publcn. Spn okly rcusly ll s rs lus iii n iv s Commentary on Livy Books 610 br y

r publs.I rul s Cbr Unrsy Prss r r

lnc, sssnc n spclly pnc n sn nuscrpru rus rsns nl prucn. I nk spclly y -r, mcl Srp, n ls nnyus rrs s cnsn susns nrbly pr rk. Sun rsrc sssns mcgll, Sr Ls n Rbr esnbr, r src byn prrn n ypsn.

I ul b rss n nn y Jnnr Brc. S s,n r ns, prr xs, r pnrs n prs syl nkn pr n nnurbl n-s scussns nrs rlns n Rn llnc sys. Bu s prnly, s s bn r l n suppr ruu ln n n ryn prcss rnn publcn. wu r, s bk ul n bn rn.Fnlly, I c s bk y r Jsp Frn (), s l

sry p prssn n s cl, u I n rls . I nly s cul b r r .


12/402

xi

Note on abbreviations

Te bbrevitins use trugut tis bk re tse f te oxfordClassical Dictionary, 3r en (fr references t ncient literry surces ninscriptins) n fLAnne Philologique(fr te titles f sclrly jur-nls), it te flling itins n vritins:

all references t dinysius f hlicrnssus (din. hl.) refer t teRoman Antiquitiesunless terise inicte.

Beck n wlter, FRH Beck, h. n wlter, U. (es.), Die frhenrmischen Historiker(2 vls.). drmstt,2001.

Cuer2 Cuer, P. (e.), Delectus InscriptionumGraecarum, 2n en. Leipzig, 1883.

DNP Cncik, h. n Scneier, h. (es.), Derneue Pauly: Enzyklopdie der Antike(16vls.). Stuttgrt, 19962003.


13/402


14/402

xiii

Maps


15/402

xiv Maps

0

0

400 km

200 miles

100

10050 150

200 300

8E 10E 12E 14E 16E 18E

36N

38N

40N

42N

44N

46N

48N

36N

38N

40N

42N

44N

46N

48N 8E 10E 12E 14E 16E 18E

Ariminum

Mutina

Arretium

Pisa

Genua

Cremona

Placentia

Ticinum(Pavia)

Rome

INGAUN

ISilva

Litana

L.Trasimene

UMBRIAArnus

Ti

cinus

Trebbia

Padus

E

TR

U

R

I

A

Capua

Naples Venusia

Grumentum Heraclea

Thurii

Petelia

MetapontionTaras

CannaeSalapiaHe

rdoneaArpi

Vo

lturn

us

Auf idu

s

Consentia

Messana

Syracuse

RhegionLocri

Agrigentum

Cossura

Aegates

Lilybaeum

BR

U

T

T

I

U

M

LUCANIA

SAM

NIU

M

A

PU

LI

A

CA

MPANIA

Tiberis

Me

t

aurus

Land over 1,000 metres

map 1 Italy, third entury bc


16/402

xvMaps

0

0

150 km

100 miles

25 50 75

25 50 75

100 125

Thurii

Petelia

Croton

Heraclea

Taras

Manduria

Brundisium

Caulonia

Locri

Rhegion

Messana

Syracuse

T YRRHEN I A N

S E A

ADR I A T I C

S E A

BRUTT

IUM

SIC

IL

I A

ViboVelentia

Poseidonia/

Paestum

Nuceria

NaplesNola

Capua

CAMPANIABeneventum

Ausculum

CompsaVenusia

Canusium

SalapiaAesernia

Teanum

Apulum

Arpi

Luceria

LUCAN IA

AP

UL

IA

SAMN

IU

M

APE

N

NIN

E

MOUNTA

I

NS

Land over 1,000 metres

Metapontion

map 2 Southern Italy, third entury bc


17/402

Mapsxvi

0

0

100 km

75 miles

25 50 75

25 50

Barium

Taras

Brundisium

AP

UL

IA

Bradano

Ofan

to

DAUN

IA

Bife

rno

Fortore

MESSAPIA

mp 3 apuli, duni n messpi


18/402

Maps xvii

0

0

50 km

30 miles

10 20 30

10 20

40

Forentum

Venusia

Ausculum

Herdonia

Vibinum

Aecae

Luceria

Arpi

Canusium

Cannae

Salapia

Ofa

nto

CollatiaGereonium

Teanum

Apulum

Sipontum

Cerv

aro

Celon

e

Trio

lo

Candelaro

Garga

no

Fort

ore

Carap

ell

e

Salsola

mp 4 norther apuli/dui


19/402

Mapsxviii

0

0

10 20 km

10 15 miles5

A d r i a t i c S e a

SanSevero

Lucera

Troia

AscoliSatriano

Foggia

G ar g

a no

AmendolaPasso diCorvo

Manfredonia

Lake Lesina

LakeVarano

G u l f o f M a n f r e d o n i a

LakeSalso

LakeSalpi

700

600

400

500

600

700

Rome

Fort

ore

Trio

lo

Salsola

Celo

ne

Cerva

ro

Ofan

to

Isohyets (in mm)

Boundaries of maindrainage basins

Cara

pelle

A

p

e

n

n

i

n

e

s

Candela

ro

mp 5 norther apuli/dui: hyrtio systes (Fro g. Joes 1987)


20/402

Maps xix

0

0

50 km

30 miles

10 20 30

10 20

40

Forentum

Venusia

Ausculum

Herdonia

Vibinum

Aecae

Luceria Arpi

Canusium

Cannae

Salapia

Ofant

o

Collatia

Gereonium

Teanum

Apulum

Sipontum

Cerv

aro

Celo

ne

Trio

lo

Candelaro

Garga

no

Fort

ore

Car

ap

ell

e

Fourth-century

Roman land divisions

Salsol

a

mp 6 norther apuli/dui: pproxite bouries betwee cities


21/402

Mapsxx

0

0

50 km

30 miles

10 20 30

10 20

40

Forentum

Venusia

Ausculum

Herdonia

Vibinum

Aecae

Luceria

Arpi

Canusium

Cannae

Salapia

Ofa

nto

CollatiaGereonium

Teanum

Apulum

Sipontu m

Cerv

aro

Celon

e

Trio

lo

Candelaro

G ar g

a no

Fort

ore

Carap

el l

e

Salsola

A

B

C

Coastal road

Mule road/Via Traiana

Via Appia

Candelaro, Fortoreand Ofanto rivers

navigable to thispoint

A

B

C

mp 7 norther apuli/dui: ros vigble rivers


22/402

Maps xxi

0

0

10 20 km

10 15 miles5

5 15

Cumae

Liternum

NaplesPuteoli

Herculaneum

Pompeii

Surrentum

Nuceria

NolaAcerrae

Volturnum

Sinuessa

Minturnae

Sabata?Atella

Calatia

Capua

Suessula

Abella

Casilinum

CalesMons

Massicus

MonsMefineis

(mod. Roccamonfina)

AgerFalernus

MonsTifata

Caiata?

Mons

Vesuvius

L

V

V

V

C

C

L

C

V

L

Calor River

Liris River

Volturnus River

map 8 Capania


23/402

Mapsxxii

0

0

10 20 km

10 15 miles5

5 15

Cumae

Liternum

NaplesPuteoli

Herculaneum

Pompeii

Surrentum

Nuceria

NolaAcerrae

Volturnum

Sinuessa

Minturnae

Sabata? Atella

CalatiaCapua

Suessula

Abella

Casilinum

CalesMonsMassicus

MonsMefineis

(mod. Roccamonfina)

AgerFalernus

Mons

Caiata?

MonsVesuvius

L

V

V

V

C

C

L

C

V

L

Calor River

Liris River

Volturnus River

Approximate boundariesbetween selected Campaniancities following Frederiksen 1984

Tifata

map 9 Capania: approxiate boundaries between selected cities


24/402

Maps xxiii

0

0

20 40 60 km

20 40 miles10 30

Locri

Caulonia

ScylletiumHipponion

MedmaMetaurus

Rhegion

Terina

Temesa

Clampetia?

Consentia

Croton

Petelia

Tiriolo

Castiglionedi Paludi

Thurii

map 10 Bruttiu and Sw mana graecia


25/402

Mapsxxiv

0

0

20 40 60 km

20 40 miles10 30

Locri

Caulonia

ScylletiumHipponion

MedmaMetaurus

Rhegion

Terina

Temesa

Clampetia?

Consentia

Croton

Petelia

Tiriolo

Castiglionedi Paludi

Crat

i

Savu

to

Carace

Tac

i

na

Neto

Mesima

AllaroTorb

ido

Gala

ti

Metau

ro

Nic

Crotons chorain archaic period

Crotonschora by4th century

Approximate boundaries

of selected Greek cities,following Osanna 1992

Approximate location

of Roman confiscationsof Sila forest

Thurii

map 11 Bruttiu and Sw mana graecia: approxiate boundaries beteenselected cities


26/402

Maps xxv

0

0

40 80 km

30 60 miles10

20 60

20 40 50

Thurii

Heraclea

MetapontionGrumentum

Taras Oria

Manduria

Gallipoli

BrundisiumPotentia

Venusia

Numistro

Volcei

Canusium

Buxentum

Las

Blanda

Velia

Poseidonia/

Paestum

map 12 Lucania and Se Italy


27/402

Mapsxxvi

0

0

40 80 km

30 40 miles10

20 60

20

3010 50 70

Heraclea

Metapontion

TarasOria

Manduria

Gallipoli

Brundisium

Thurii

Approximate extent of territories

of selected Greek cities

map 13 Se mana gracia: approxiat boundaris btwn slctd citis


28/402

Maps xxvii

0

0

70 km

40 miles

10 20 30

10 20

40 50 60

30

Metapontion

TarasManduria

Oria

Brundisium

RudiaeLupiae

Neretum

AletiumBasta

Uzentum

Veretum

map 14 taras and he Sallenine Peninsula


29/402

Mapsxxviii

0

0

150 km

100 miles

25 50 75

25 50 75

100 125

Taras

Venusia

Atina

GrumentumPaestum

SalernumLUCANI

Herdonia

SipontumArpi

BeneventumHIRPINI

Luceria

FRENTANI

Venafrum

AeserniaSAMNITES

MARSI

VESTINI

PAELIGNI

Aufidena

AlbaFucens M

ARR

UCIN

I

Old Ager Romanus

Latin colonies

Annexed after Hannibalic War

ViaAppia

ViaAnnia

ViaLatina

APULI

map 15 Roan onfsations and olonisation, c. 200100 bc


30/402

1

chapter

Introduction

prologue

n sin, y in i s 216 bc1

2 s in n Rn iin, s si iny Jy i Rn n s nnin s ns2 n s in n Cnn, nni s siny n ink viy v Rn Ri. js x sin n s Rn y s y. sy sn Rn n i sis y n ;sns . n ns is, i snn svivs n sk in niin iy Cnsi. Ps s iny, iin ys sininn niis in sn Iy, i i i n y R, n . T Cnn s in j ninin in Sn Pni w, kin n is s s, yiy -s ss n nnii n Rn is in Iy, n innin is sn s, iin s nin n s ni 211, n i n iyins nni.

Vi in nx, Cnn n ssqn

in n nqs Rs Iin is n s ns s sinin in nsiin in n vn. T is, s s i ny, i y y Sn Pni

1 ssqn s bc nss is n.2 in n Cis Qiis (Bk n w, FRH 14 f52 = . 53 P,

. 5.17.5; s s m. Sat. 1.16.26) Cnn s n 2 s 216. Tis ks siin Rn n s nnin in vn ssns in y ys , i 2 s n Rn n y qin n 1 Jy n s n in 216 (in ins d1976). y

Rn n in Sn Pni w is iy , i ny ns inis k s n .


31/402

Introduction2

wr, stn in ny ys s t closin ct in t Ron conqust o tItlin pninsul sout o t Po n Rubicon rivrs, procss tt bun in rnst in t il o t ourt cntury. Fro tis prspctivt Scon Punic wr s not only lobl confict btn to por-

ul mitrrnn stts; rtr, t r lso sp t locl iploticn politicl contxt, proviin n opportunity or Itlin counitisto xrcis inpnnt orin policy n to brk r ro Ron rul.

at t lobl lvl, Ros ultit victory tr hnnibls crusinsuccss in t rly sts o t r pv t y or its conqust ot mitrrnn. Ro ntr t Scon Punic wr s t oin-nt city in Itly n rionl on, yt r s orl por.3

at t locl lvl, hnnibls strtic ilur ssntilly sinll t no Itlin inpnnc. disloyl Itlin stts r rconqur n inny css svrly punis, n t post-r sttlnt llo tsnt to consolit its position vis--vis t Itlin llis. For or tn cntury Ron ony in Itly s unclln by locl trts oroutsi invrs until t ti o t Socil wr n t nl politiclintrtion o t pninsul.

T purpos o tis book is to xin t Scon Punic wr ro tlocl prspctiv o Ros Itlin llis, in prticulr t spcic ctors(ilitry, politicl, conoic, tc.) tt convinc so lli stts to

rin loyl to Ro il otrs ci to ct. my nlysis ocuss,tror, pririly on iplocy. Crtinly hnnibls t (or, i onprrs, Ros victory) cn b xplin t lst in prt by lookin ttctics, strty, loistics, con, ilitry n politicl institutions,n so ort, n I ill outlin so o ts pprocs blo. In -ition, ovr, hnnibls n Ros rltiv succsss in conuctinnotitions it Itlin citis, t policy cisions o tos citis, nintrstt rltions btn irnt Itlin counitis lso sp tcours n outco o t r. Put siply, hnnibls inbility to in

ovr or Itlin counitis iplotic concrn contribut si-nicntly to is ovrll strtic ilur in t Itlin ttr o t r,n tus ultitly to Ros victory ovr Crt. Yt, s inictbov, hnniblicItlin (n RonItlin) iplocy urin t

3 For sury o Ros ris ro on o Itly to mitrrnn por, s Cror1978: 4357; golsorty2000: 31621; s lso errinton 1972: 11928, ccorin to o, Tsvntn yrs o t Scon Punic wr ic l to t t o Crt s t ost cisivsinl ps o Ros ris to orl por (p. 119). It soul b not tt Ro s still consoli-

tin its ol in t r o t Po Vlly by plcin colonis in nortrn Itly in t rly sconcntury (s Cptr 7, pp. 30910).


32/402

3Prologue

Scond Punic wr cnno b divorcd ro lonr-r dvlopno Ron por in Ily. Tus, is book sius criicl policy dci-sions d by rulin clsss o vrious Ilin ciis, spcilly in

k o Cnn, in conx o inrs bviour nd prns o dip-

locy bn couniis o pninsul srcin bck o rnc o Ro s onic s in Ily in our cnury.I is opd is nlysis no only conribus o our undrsndin o Scond Punic wr pivol vn in mdirrnn isory bulso sds li on RonIlin (nd inr-Ilin) rlions durin priod o Ron conqus o Ily.

Tis book is ornisd brodly ino r prs. Cpr 1 prsns sr-is o rld bckround discussions. I ill brify nlys hnnibls sr-y is pln o brk up sys o llincs bn Ro nd ciis in Ily nd vrious soluions proposd by odrn scolrs or ynd o is sry did no brin bou vourbl ouco in r.

as ill s, suc prvious scolrsip s on lon y in xplin-in hnnibls d in Scond Punic wr, bu i s no ccounddquly or diploic spc o is sric ilur. Cpr 1 lsodiscusss Ron conqus o Ily nd nur o RonIlinrlions in our nd ird cnuris, us orroundin vnso Scond Punic wr in jor dvlopns o prcdin cn-

ury. T nur o ncin vidnc is xind s ll.T cor o book, Cprs 2 o 5, dls i pivol ps o

Scond Punic wr. ec o s our cprs prsns rionl cssudy: apuli (Cpr 2), Cpni (Cpr 3), Bruiu nd srnmn grci (Cpr 4) nd sourn Lucni nd srn mngrci (Cpr 5). T ornision ollos hnnibls p, bo o-rpiclly nd cronoloiclly, rouou sourn Ily s rid olici llid dcions r bl o Cnn (bn 216 nd 212). Inll our rions hnnibls diploic succss s in so y liid.

Bn 216 nd 215 nd is liunns convincd sinicn nu-br o ciis in apuli, Cpni nd o o Ily o rbl ro Ro,bu no poin did ll o ciis in ny o s rions dc. h sor succssul in sourn Lucni nd srn mn grci, s vryjor ciy bn Turii nd trs sicd sids. Y is succss sbld, sinc did no bin o in s ciis ovr unil l 213 ndrly 212, nd vn n s nvr bl o conrol cidl o rions os iporn ciy, trs.

T hnnibls diploic succss in s rions s ixd ks inriuin subjcs or nlysin priculr condiions, cors


33/402

Introduction4

nd cnsidertins cnvinced individul cities t cse dierent curses ctin in te iddle yers te Secnd Punic wr. Fr ec regin Ittept t identiy, s uc s te surces ll, te specic nd in secses unique circustnces tt sped te decisin ec city t rein

lyl t Re r t lly it hnnibl. wt eerges is picture indi-vidul sel-interested cunities respnding t te iedite internlnd externl pressures brugt n by cnging ilitry, dipltic ndpliticl lndscpe. as I ill discuss bel, tis is rter re nuncedtn typicl interprettins Itlin (dis)lylty, ic tend trdsblnket explntins. at te se tie, ttepting t understnd teSecnd Punic wr r te perspective tese individul cunitiesrequires trcing, s uc s pssible, lnger-ter lcl pliticl nd dipl-tic develpents, ic ere ten cplex nd ultiplr. Tus, ynlysis ps ut te istry ec city in given regin nd especillytt citys reltinsips it surrunding cunities t see lclintercity rivlries, bnds r ter dipltic ptterns inred its disps-itin in te Secnd Punic wr. Suc n pprc is de pssible by tect tt ny te cunities in te regins studied in Cpters 2t 5 ere invlved t vrius ties in Res cpigns ginst teSnites nd ginst Pyrrus, r ic e ve gd del literryevidence. mrever, ncient literry surces ls ke ccsinl reer-

ence t tensins nd cnficts independent Re beteen vrius citiesnd grups itin te ur regins under exintin. Finlly, signicntrcelgicl reserc in sutern Itly in te lst tirty-ve yers r ss reveled uc but lng-ter ecnic nd degrpic develp-ents, ic urter dds t ur understnding te bck stry ttese cities in te Secnd Punic wr.4 overll, terere, ile te csestudies pper t be cncerned nly it events itin nrr crn-lgicl perid in te lte tird century, tey explre nd elucidte uclrger ste te istricl cnvs.

Te tird prt tis bk, Cpters 6 nd 7, cnsiders eventsplyed ut ter te cities in tese ur regins de teir initil plicydecisins lling Cnne, respnding eiter psitively r negtively thnnibls vertures. Bt lng-ter nd srt-ter iplictins re cn-sidered, s nce gin tis tird sectin pertes n t levels. Cpter 6is syntetic discussin te diculties hnnibl ced ter e cievednly prtil success in tese ur regins, cusing n te yers 214 t 204,

4 Te prbletic nture te ncient literry surces nd te etdlgicl diculties in relt-ing rcelgicl dt t te literry evidence ill be discussed bel (pp. 513).


34/402

Sources, problems and methodologies 5

y y q yR, y . v R -y v 216, v

R , f Iy y y R v. , vy -y v R I , y v -y , ,y, y .

C 7 R S P w v R

I y.

5

T - v, v R y. T v R y , v . I R v v v y v

I , y y y R (.. U).

sources , problems an d methodologies

I y fy y v- . , y , y x ,

y, y y R ( I) y . I, v -y v v k; y - , v j y . S, - j

5 F B 2007: . 74160.


35/402

Introduction6

by te ncent eence fr ts per, bt lterry n mterl, n terespecte pprces tt ll be tken n ts bk t el t tem.

It must be mtte tt te surng relent ncent texts fr teper n questn ere rtten cnserbly lter tn te eents tey

escrbe n te furt n tr centures, tug tey cntn ccsnlfrgments f cntemprry r ner-cntemprry surces. Ts s pr-tculrly te cse t te surng ccunts f Rmes rs gnst teSmntes n te crrespnng spre f Rmn per nt Cmpnn apul (c. 340290), c pre muc f te crtcl nfrm-tn fr ur recnstructn f te regnl stres n lng-term pt-terns f nterstte beur tt spe eents lter n te Secn Punc

wr. Fr ts er e must rely ely n te secn pent f LysAburbe condita, te nly unbrken nrrte surce fr Rmn Itly n tsper, supplemente by te ccunts f drus Sculus, dnysus fhlcrnssus, Cssus d/Znrs n appn, s ell s st f refer-ences glene frm ter, nn-nrrte surces (suc s Strb). Yet, es-pte te e rnge f lterry surces cte, Ly ultmtely pres tebckbne f te nrrte, n tus ls f ur nlyss f te lter furtn erly tr centures.

Te trustrtness f Lys ccunt f ts per s nt gen: erte tree centures fter te fct, relyng n surces tt ere temseles

lte, erte n prblemtc. Te fllng re just sme f te ek-nesses f Ly n te strgrpc trtn n c e bse tenrrte fun n Bks 610.6 Ly (r s surces) tens bt t glrfyte ceements f Rme n t exnerte te Rmns frm ny blmen te mny rs tey fugt. It s ssume tt e t lest ccsnllymgne, f nt entrely fbrcte, Rmn ctres, le nplyngr een suppressng ltgeter Rmn mltry setbcks. Rmn surcesre ls gulty f ncrnsm n retrjectn, mpsng lter eents,eelpments n cncerns nt Rmes erler stry. Snce Rmn s-

trgrpy begn nly t te rk f Fbus Pctr (f. c. 210200),e nee t sk t srts f nfrmtn, ccunts n cuments frte furt century ere lble t Ly, eter rectly r trug tesurces tt e cnsulte. Tus, e re left t sk: just muc genu-ne furt- n erly tr-century mterl s presere n te surngccunts f Ly (prncplly) n te ter ncent utrs?

6 Fr trug scussn f Lys surces n te lterry tecnques use by utrs f te

nnlstc trtn, see okley19972005: i.13108 (esp. 7299), n c muc f te fll-ng scussn s bse. See ls Brsce 1971; okley19972005: iv.47392.


36/402


Ts qustn s gnrt sprt sclrly bt, c s ntn-s n t lst c r s t rn sclrly ntrst n t stryf t rly (n rly ml) Rpublc. hstrns v tn t ptn f t ppsng pprcs, t cnsrvtv n t scptcl, t

brr oklys trmnlgy.7 amng rcnt sclrs rtng n engls,Crnll (1989c, 1995b) n Frsyt (2005), rspctvly, rprsnt ts tpprcs, tug ntr t t xtrm. Fr Crnll, t ncnt ltrrytrtn fr Rms rly stry (n t t Frst Punc wr) prsrvs sgncnt strcl cr krnls f trut tt frm t nrrtv frm-

rk upn c tnl lyrs f nrrtv tl n mbllsmntv bn suprmps. Ts pprc, l nt uncrtcl, tns t bmr trustng f t nrrtv surcs tn t yprcrtcl pprc f

pst gnrtns, ssum tt ncnt utrs nvnt t bulk frly Rmn stry. wl Frsyt s nt cmpltly fll n tftstps f t yprcrtcs, s fr mr ubtful but t strctyf t ltrry trtn. Tus, tckls t surcs fr t sm prtrug rmnutc f suspcn: ssumng rtr mr Rmn cu-vnsm, mbllsmnt, mnpultn, n utrgt nvntn n fbrc-tn tn t ltrry rcr tn s mr trustng cllgus.8

Ts bk n gnrl flls t ml pt btn ts tpprcs. It ul b nv t ccpt vry nrrtv tl n t

ncnt surcs t fc vlu.9 Lvys ccunt n Bks 610 cntnsbvus css f nvntn, suc s lngty spcs scrb t fmusRmn (n sm nn-Rmn) gnrls. at t sm tm, t nlyssn ts bk ssums tt t surcs v prsrv g l f fc-tul nfrmtn, nclung t nms f mgstrts n t lctns fbttls n cptur cts, sm f c r s bscur tt tr vrymntn rgus gnst fbrctn.10 as nct bv, Lvys nrrtvs t mn surc fr muc f t prsnt scussn f t furt nrly tr cnturs. h rl n s mny s sx rly Rmn surcs frts pr; ts nclu Fbus Pctr, s brn n t ml f

7 okly19972005: i.1004, ctng Blc 1926 n Slmn 1967 s t crtcl l cmmn-ng t blnc mts f d Sncts 195669, hrrs 1971 n Crnll 1989, 1989b, 1989c; sls Crnll 1995: 130, 2004. Fr smlr pprc, s oglv n drummn 1989.

8 als gly crtcl: wsmn 1979, tug s rvs by Brsc 1981b n Crnll 1982.9 Tus, fr xmpl, n r nlyss f Rms frgn plcy n t r f t Pyrrc wr, hf

2002 tns t ssum t rl blty f suc surcs n t bsnc f xplct cuntr-vnc.10 Fr rgumnts n t utntcty f rfrncs t suc bscur plcs, s hrrs 1971: 60;

okly19972005: i.637. In, Lvys ccunt pprs n t l muc mr trustrty

fr t pr lng t t Smnt wrs, spc lly frm t utbrk f t Tr Smntwr.


37/402

Introduction8

he hr ceury ul prbbly hve k e h ere lve reve cve ur he Tr Se wr, hse fhers r-fhers lve ur he Sec Se wr erler.11 mrever,such fr s he es f sres ruphrs, he

fus f cles, he cre f e rbes, s , ere prb-bly recre cl recrs, such s he Pcl tbles. 12 Rrscrc fles kep recrs f her cesrs ees, huh hehsrcl quly f hese fly hsres us hve bee ueve especlly lble el ebellshe.13 I , Resurb lscpe s lere h ues, bh publc prve,

h scrps (clu he csulr ruphlfasti) secses eve vsul epcs h prve fr bu ees f heps. Lvys surces y eve hve h ccess ccsl lcl hsr-es r chrcles f lcles he greek-spek pr f Ily. overll, el f eue erl us hve psse fr rchvl rlsurces he erly lsc surces, eveully he ccusf ler uhrs.14 Lvy hself ces (6.1.13) he prve qul-y f hs surces fr he per fer he gllc sck f Re bu390. I uber f plces he preserves ulple verss f he seeve, hch lls he er reer chce evlue hs surces selec he re plusble.15 we re frue h app, dysus

11 I fll he rl cve eply he ers Frs, Sec Tr Se wrss er f cveece. Te erly s, hever, prblec: see bel . 31. o FbusPcr he pel phys fr he preserv rsss f uhec fr,see Luce 1977: 13984; Uer-Serber Reu 1988; Crell 1995: 130; okley19972005: i.2172; Beck wler 2001: i.1752, esp. 2737; Frsyhe 2005: 5977. Lvy explclyces Fbus Pcr, Ps, Cluus Qurrus, Lcus mcer aelus tuber s surces frBks 610, he prbbly ls csule Vlers as: okley19972005: i.1316.

12 whever e hks bu he he Pfex mxus sppe keep ul recrs, rheher heAnnales Maximiere publshe by P. mucus Scevl r se ler uhr, heres lle ub h he Pcl tbles ere recre fr erly e (perhps he fh ce-

ury f erler), prbbly rscrbe chrcle r re urble erl (ls erly e), ere pr surce f fr fr he erly R hsrs: seeRs 1971 (h s re pesssc bu he survvl f Pcl erl Lvys rr-ve); wse 1979: 926; Bucher 1987; dres 1988; okley19972005: i.247; Frer 1999 (r-lly publshe 1979); Beck wler 2001: i.327.

13 o flsehs exers fly hsres, hch y hve crep he lerry hs-rcl recr, see especlly Rley1983.

14 ne fr exple Rchs (2005) rece re-evlu f Vlers as, ephss hs rchvlreserch use f rchvl erl, cr B 1966 ( hers). Rch ls bserves h[]uch f Lvys esc erl us erve ulely fr rchvl surces, prculrly herue erl such ers s prvces, res pres. Te s pr rchvefr hs purpse ul hve bee he reprs f he sees ecrees (p. 156).

15 okley19972005: i.1316 prves ls f ll vrs h Lvy ces, huh he es h heyrrely er rely. I se cses, hever, he verss er scly, such s 8.37.36,


38/402


f hlcrssus, drus Sculus, Vlerus mxus, Cssus d/Zrs Plybus ct relet psses tt re eter prllel tr ee epeet f Lys ccut; bt cses tey er ptetlexterl cecks te t L rrte.16 Iee, t s rerk-

ble fte okleys sterl fur-lue cetry Bks610 fAb urbe condita rk f estble lue t te reserc

rt f ts bk estrtes te plusblty f te cre Lrrte.17 oerll, terefre, ltu te sec lf f te furt ce-tury ly t te ery fres f te R strcl trt, e ee tespr etrely t te qulty f ur surces, ee tu tey ust beelt t cutusly.

I ctrst t te rter but, lbet prbletc lterry surce

terl fr te per t but 290, tere s relte lcu ursurces fr eets Itly ur uc f te le f te tr ce-tury, te per fr te e f te Tr Ste wr t te utbrekf te Sec Puc wr. heer prbletc Lys extt stry ybe, te lss f Bks 1120 (cer te yers 292 t 220) s rerettble,s e re left t rely ste te ruetry utle pre by te

periochaef tese bks. Slrly, drus Sculus ccut breks 302 except fr fe frets. dysus r-lly cere te per t 264, but ll tt sures ccer-

te tr cetury re sct frets el t te TrSte wr te Pyrrc wr. I t, Plutrc, Cssus d/Zrs app er etle f teetus ccuts f Pyrruss f Itly. Te fretry rrte f Cssus d/Zrses cer te R cttes te rter suter pe-sul te 270s 260s, tu fr 264 t fcuses lst exclusely

ere s surces sree eter R ry s set t t te apuls r t efete st te Stes.

16 Fr exple, Ly (8.223) dysus (16.56) recr prllel ccuts f te eets sur-ru nples 328/7. accr t okley19972005: i.38, dysus ers s ereulttely fr greek surce. Ts epse ll be scusse t reter let Cpter 3.

17 I fct, te erl l ter f okleys tructry cpters Lys surces te erly Rstrcl trt s, perps surprsly, e f cutus pts rer te preser-t f utetc strcl terl. It sul be te tt okley es se f s speccruets te relet sect f s addenda corrigenda (19972005: iv.47492), but serll pst te surl f se utetc strcl terl ee fr befre te trcetury res reltely uecte by s tl ruets. Iee, te addenda corrigenda, okley c lls ttet t te ptetl rle f rstcrtc fuerls rtc per-frces fr R tl stry tt clue t lest se strcl terl,especlly fr te lte furt cetury, tu e expresses erll sceptcs but rl tr-

t s cel fr cey relble fcts fr uc erler per (19972005: iv.4789).hs st recet tuts te tpc re fu okley2009.


39/402

Introduction10

n RnCrinin relins e expense Ilin irs.18Siilrly, Plybius eecively srs is isry i e evens lein up e Firs Punic wr, bu e lsses briefy ver e r i Pyrrusn erise kes nly e pssin reerences Ilin ciies (er

n Re) bere e Secn Punic wr. overll, Ilin irs in eir cenury, priculrly e y yers r s er Pyrrus le Ily r, re rer unevenly cuene.19

Tis p in e nrrive surces r e ile e ir cenurypses rible bu n cpleely inrcble prble. Te vriussurces r Pyrrus Ilin cpin prvie evience r lcl pli-ics n inerse relins in suern Ily, especilly n e su-ern Ilin greek ciies, in e erly ir cenury, even i e cvere Ilin ers beeen Pyrrus n hnnibl is spy bes. In iin e jr nrrive exs lrey iscusse, se inrin bu eir cenury cn be lene r rne inr lierry surces, sucs Srbs Geography, Plinys Natural History, Jusins Epitome of PompeiusTrogus, orsius Histories against the Pagans, n e eniic, nny-us Liber coloniarum. alu ese iinl surces re enerllyvery le, rliius in nure, uneven isricl scpe n seiesbelnin enres usie se ypiclly sscie i isricl nr-rive, se enuine ir-cenury nues y be exrce ru

criicl rein, n cse-by-cse bsis. I is e cnenin ruuis bk enu uenic eril survives r us be ble c-bine i i e uller evience r e le ur n le ir cenuriesn us inerple prcesses n evelpens in e erly n ilepr e ir cenury.

Surce eril r e ler ir cenury, cpse pririly ccuns e Secn Punic wr, is uc re bunn: r is peri

e ve ur ispsl Plybius n Livy, suppleene by appin,Cssius di/Znrs, Plurc n scere nes in er surces.

Unrunely, Plybius cninuus nrrive e Secn Punic wrbreks er is ccun e ble Cnne, s , i e excep-in e renry psses, e re rce rely sly n lersurces en lesser quliy r Ilin irs in e ile n leryers e r. Terere, Livys nrrive (especilly Bks 239) ncein prvies e bulk e r ur nlysis e inernl pliicsn plicy ecisins Res llies r e ke Cnne unil e

18 Ineresinly, Blecknn 2002 s recenly rue di/Znrs is superir surce

Plybius r e peri e Firs Punic wr, bu see e criicl revie by hys 2004b.19 Te renry surces r 292265 ve been cllece by mrin trelli 1978.


40/402


Rmn recnques f ll ses cse efec, n ese bks suerfrm mny f e sme ecences I ve scusse bve.20

all e sme, e evens f e Secn Punc wr k plce muc clser en Lvys surces re, n ere s resn beleve el

f uenc nfrmn me s y n s ccun. he re eerrecly r nrecly n cnemprry n ner-cnemprry ur-es, nclun Fbus Pcr ( fu n e r), Cncus almenus( Rmn senr cpure by hnnbl), Celus anper ( ren ccun f e r run 130), Slenus n Ssylus (greek srns

ccmpne hnnbl n Ily) n Plybus.21 In prculr, Cncusalmenus, Slenus n Ssylus prbbly recre mprn nfrmnbu hnnbls plmcy n e sun n e lls f e c-

es n suern Ily.

22

Tere s ls evence sme Rmn rcvlmerl, penlly cnnn nfrmn bu lcl plcs n smef e ces efece, survve n e rs cenury Lvy r (mrelkely) s surces my ve cnsule ese cumens.23 Fnlly, e ren lly epenen n Lvys nrrve fr e yers fer 216: appn,Cssus d/Znrs n fe frmens f Plybus recr sme -nl nfrmn n n sme cses eren els frm Lvy, perpsrepresenn vrn surce rns.24 obvusly, nrrve els suln smply be ccepe fce vlue. Ye seems excessvely scepcl

ssume ll nrrve els n Lvy n er ler surces re neces-srly sre r fbrce unless prven erse. wen eermnne vercy f pece f nfrmn frm n ncen surce, e mus cn-ser f s nerenly plusble, f frms pr f n nernlly ceren

20 Te ecences f Lvys r ece re l u n cncse n sbern fsn by wls1982.

21 Burck1971: 268; Luce 1977: 17881; see ls huss 1985: 2845; asn 1989: 311; fr e rumen Lvy use Plybus fr Scln n afrcn rs, n even fr sme Iln rs, Luceflls Klz 1951 cnr trnkle 1972. Fr Cncus almenus, see Frer 1999: 2067, 2389;

Beck n wler 2001: i.1378; hbnek2007. Fr Celus anper, see trnkle 1977: 2228;Beck n wler 2001: ii.359.

22 See wlbnk1970: i.2634, esp. 289.23 t exmples ll suce. Frs, Lvy (28.46.16) ses hnnbl erece n lr ner e

emple f Lcnn Jun (ner Lcr) n se up n nscrbe recr f s cevemens n greekn Punc; Plybus ls menns e nscrpn (3.56.4; cf. 3.33.18). Te nscrpn prbblys rs recre by Slenus, u s uncler eer s nce cme Lvy v Plybus rCelus: wlbnk1970: i.3645. Secn, Ccer (Leg. agr. 2.88) menns e exsence f recrsf e senrl ebe n 210 bu e fe f Cpu; see ls Cper 3, pp. 1023.

24 Fr exmple, appn n Lvy ve eren resns fr e revl f Tur; see Cper 5,pp. 2234. Fr enerl scussn f appn, see especlly Brersen 1993. hn 1972 rues appns mjr surce fr e hnnblc wr s Fbus Pcr, le Lel 1996: 299304

ls appns ccun f e Secn Punc wr n Spn cn be use jucusly supple-men Plybus n Lvy.


41/402

Introduction12

nrrtive, if it ns cnrtin fr n inepenent surce n/r if itis cnsistent it te ncient utrs brer tees.25 Te pprc intis bk is t ke suc evlutins n cse-by-cse bsis.26

Finlly, e ust cnsier te cllenges pse by interpreting n

integrting ierent types f evience. Te teril reins f unculturl ctivity, suc s cins, inscriptins, cerics n even te trcesf builings, efensive lls r ter nuentl rcitecture, lgret ptentil t ennce ur unerstning f ncient istry; inee,rcelgicl evience is vitlly iprtnt fr exining peris fr

ic te literry recr is prticulrly inequte r even nn-existent.Tis bk s benete fr te sustine rcelgicl reserc cn-ucte in sutern Itly since te ile f te tentiet century, ics unerte n enrus quntity f t.27 Yet te interprettin fte t is nt itut its n prticulr bstcles. Tere is n te nen te tepttin t stitc tgeter isprte bits f rcelgiclt siply t ll te gps in te literry recr, r t use rcelgiclevience erely t cnr te picture rn in literry surces. onte ter n, tere is te nger in seeing rcelgy s srt finepenent ceck n literry evience, n tus ttepting t rcnclusins bse n teril evience stuie in isltin fr literryevience.28

25 Tt is, if n ncient utr tens t tret subject in prticulr fsin, fr exple Livystee (23.14.7, 24.2.8) tt te ler clsses lys supprte hnnibl n te elite fvureRe, references in te utrs rk tt re ptentilly ebrrssing t is tesis y representutentic istricl t tt slippe trug te eitril prcess r ere siply t ielyccepte t leve ut.

26 Tis is especilly te cse fr te centrl sectin f tis bk, ere surces re brugt t bertt revel te internl plitics f Itlin cities uring te Secn Punic wr. Fr tese epi-ses e y speculte n utentic ntices y ve rke teir y int Livys (nters) nrrtive. Perps surces clse t te events gine se knlege f Itlinirs (Cincius, fr exple, s ctive run Lcri) n tis teril s trnsitte inir-

ectly t Livy r ters. In st cses, ever, e siply nt kn t Livys surces erefr Itlin irs, n tus e ust juge n its n erits ec f te relevnt epises tt enrrtes.

27 It ul be ipssible t list ll f te excvtins n surveys cnucte in te lst tirty rfrty yers, r t ke reference t ll f teir sscite publictins. Fr n vervie f trensin rcelgicl reserc in sutern Itly, see Curti, denc n Pttersn 1996. Tere vebeen nuerus reginl stuies (suc s Sln 1967; Freeriksen 1984; mzzei 1984; Vlpe1990; artur 1991; Lbley1996; Isyev2007) n city/settleent stuies (Sll n Buck1994; mertens n Vlpe 1999; n te n nerly frty publictins fr te Forma Italiaepr-ject f te Universit egli Stui i R L Spienz).

28 Fr recent iscussins f se f te etlgicl iculties in integrting literry nteril evience, n te unfrtunte tenency f ncient istrins n clssicl rcel-

gists t ssert te pricy f ne r te ter srt f evience, see herring 2000: 467; willis2001: 1857; denc 2004: 1318.


42/402

13Rome and the Italians, cc 350220

u f y vc, bk p c cgy. F p u x, ypb vc vc f y vc, c vy gg p f cgc f y -

c b f by pv fk pv byy uc. I, k uc xpc vb yp f vc. I, bk p Fy v p b y cgy f cy cp bu [] k f vc bu p, k f c vc. pg pcc cx qu-, vc y vc y k pcc, bu y cx c yp f vc v b

py g cy f uc u -u .29 Sc bk fcu pc pc, f py y x j uc f v-c. v, pc c fquy f bycc, gpc cuu vp, c cgcvc y b u ucg. Tu, y g cgy f f y, b g pcy f f vc v ,bu vb vc g Iy

fu cu. I p, cuy bfb v f Iy, u u .

rome and the ital ians , circa 350220

ugg bv (pp. 14), v p f R b v f Iy u b pc b c c-x f R cqu f pu ubqu c- f p fu cu. , yc v f y f g g cy cy, uc pcc c y f gv cuy puc uqu f ccuc, c u y pcu c b vu. Tu, u y cy c

29 Fy1986: 726 (b qu p. 20); Fy1971. c, g w( . 28) ugg, by, gc ppc. 2000 gxc yg y cgc vc, c ccu Lvy cp- ( Bk 110) f c I cp R y xp g L uc c c cgc g. S vu y

Su (2004) vu,Archaeology and Ancient History: Breaking down the Boundaries, p-cy Su 2004b.


43/402

Introduction14

during Scnd Punic wr, nd cnsidr is disinc sry iin brdr nrriv xnsin Rn pr in prviuscnury r s, n R grdully rnsrd scrd rginl irsin sris bilrl rlinsips. Fr c Ilin cuniy, r-

r, us xin is priculr bilrl rlinsip i R ndis inrcin i surrunding ss ls s uc s surcs illll. on r nd, nubr gnrl prns cn b bsrvd,lbi i spcic lcl vriins. Tus, I ill brify rc curs Rs cnqus Ily nd iglig s iprn sin dvlpn RnIlin rlins r rund 350 220.Ts gnrl s nd prns ill r-rg rugu is bk,nding ir priculr lcl xprssins in rginl cs sudis c-prising cnrl ur cprs.

T rs l is prid dn rund 270 s Rnsnggd in susind ging, lding subjugin nrly ll cuniis pninsul su P nd Rubicn.30 Tis ris dind in xn surcs by s-clld Sni wrs Firs (343341), Scnd (327304, i ruc 321316), nd Tird (298290) nd Pyrric wr (280275).31 T rs r r diculsris cnfics pid Rns gins cliin Snicuniis in su-cnrl apnnins, nd ls brug R in

incrsing cnc i inbins Cpni nd apuli, ll(r sly ll) subid R by nd Scnd Sni wr.Sring rund 311, Rns ls urnd ir nin erurind Ubri nd dd nubr ciis lying lng Cini, uppr tibr nd Lk trsin, including (prbbly) Vlsinii, Prusi,Crn, arriu nd Clusiu. By nd ur cnury Rxndd is ld crss cnrl appnins, s hrnici, aqui,mrsi, Pligni, mrrucini nd Frnni subid R, rpcully r by srd. Rn llincs i ls s

Lucnins y v riggrd Tird Sni wr, during ic

30 T lling ulin Sni wrs nd cnqus nrrn Ily lls Crnll1989: 35191; r ddiinl dils, s ls Sln 1967: 187279; Crnll 1995: 34563.

31 Tis divisin nrly nnul siliis bn Rns nd Snis in disincrs is gr dgr drn cnsruc; ncin surcs d n nly divid vns inis y bu rr rr singl gr cnfic bn cbns lsing r l cnury; s Crnll 2004: 1213. I il l rin s rs, vr, s r cnvninc.T isriciy dils Firs Sni wr, s prsnd in surviving ncin ccuns,s bn dubd (r xpl, Blc 1926: 371; Sln 1967: 197201), nd indd adcck1928: 588 dnid r k plc ll. Suc scpicis is xr, nd s sclrs

ccp s cnfic (r cnfics) k plc, vn i vns v bn disrd in urRn surcs.


44/402


45/402

Introduction16

priculrly rs rriril cnscins s pnly r cllngingR. T Rn cnqus Ily s ssnilly cpl.

Tis squnc is irly ll knn, n i is unncssry is i lbr n nrriv vns s y prin cu-

niis surn Ily ill b nlys in grr il in llingcprs. Rr, I ill cus brify n nur inrs rlinsin is pri, n nly bn R n vrius ciis i vn-ully cnqur, bu ls ng Ilins slvs. Sclrs vn psis Rn bllicsiy n unilrl ggrssin, sings vns s ing in nrriv inxrbl spr Rnpr xpns cuniis pninsulr Ily, in isvrsin sry r ir ruc lplss vicis r lv

sus nbl bu rsisnc.

34

Tis bk ssus, vr, inrs rlins in l ur n vn rly ir cnur-is r rr r cningn n uliplr. R s n nlyggrssiv n gnic s in Ilin pninsul, vn ug iun isl s inn by i Pyrrus ln trs.35Ins, i ul b r ccur nvisin Ily s n inrninlsys rk by nic rr, i ll ss ngg in rc c-piin n s rging s gns i biliy prjc prn infunc vr nigburing ss.

Tis pprc rs vily n s-cll Rlis ris inr-ninl rlins, n is priculrly inb arur ecksins rcn

rk, ic pplis Rlis prigs s bviur ncinmirrnn rl.36 accring Rlis scl ug, inr-ninl syss n b nrcic: n civ plicing cnis

34 Fr xr bllicsiy n ggrssin R, clssic rulin is hrris 1979 (cvr-ing pri r l ur in rs cnury) n hrris 1990 (cvring prin rug ur cnury). hrris sis s prun infunc; s, r xpl,okly1993; Rfub 1996. Fr supps Rn unilrl ggrssin, s, r xpl, Crnll

2004: In c i is clr r n unbis ring surcs Snis cnn bsn v ck Rns r ir llis xcp s pr nsiv rspns Rniprilis (p. 128, ciing hrris 1979: 177). Fr iscussin nncy s sclrs ricis rsisnc Ilic ppls, suc s Snis, R, s dnc 2004: 1821(rrring in priculr Sln). Rn priculris is running in rcn ivlu by dilln n wlc 2006; s Frn 2007b.

35 Fr xpl, trquinii n Vlsinii ck Suriu in 311: Liv. 9.323, 9.35; di. Sic. 20.35.5;ci by ecksin 2006: 128, ns vn hrris 1971: 53, 58 ccps eruscns sggrssrs in is cs.

36 S spcilly ecksin 2006, bu ls ecksin 2003, 2008; Cpin n ecksin 2004.Prps s prinn xpnn Rlis in ls l-cnury s bn Knnwlz (1959, 1979, 1988, 2000). mrsir 1995 rs vry g inrucin vri-

us sub-scls inrninl Rlis. Fr n xclln, cncis sury, s ecksin2006: 1236.


46/402

17Rome and the Italians, circ 350220

xists bov th lvl o th individul stt; thr is no uthority suchs intrntionl l or orld ovrnnt tht controls or rults in ninul y ho stts trt ch othr. T only instrunts ru-ltin ho stts intrct, thror, r th stts thslvs. T scond

iportnt Rlist ssuption is tht stts bhv or or lss s rtionl,unitry ctors. Tird, th priry otivtion bhind stt bhviour isscurity, hich ost stts try to chiv throuh th protction nd ccu-ultion o rsourcs. Tus, nihbourin stts ill otn nd thslvst odds ovr ccss to nturl rsourcs. Tis coptitiv nvironnt

ill rquntly produc hirrchis hrin rltions btn stts rshpd by thir rltiv por: jor pors ill copt ith ch othrt th top o th hirrchy, hil sllr stts ill otn join tothr to

blnc inst or porul, rssiv nihbour.

37

Such llincsr drivn by ncssity nd sl-intrst, nd thy lst only so lon s thprcivd coon thrt xists. In or xtr css, vry k stts

ill b coplld to subit to or porul stt in ordr to intinthir on survivl. In ll css, stts nrlly ttpt to xiis thirrsourcs nd scurity ithin liitd nu o options dicttd lrlyby th ount o rltiv por ch cn brin to br.

T Rlist pproch to intrstt rltions pplis ll to Itly in thlt ourth nd rly third cnturis.38 althouh th ncint sourcs tnd

to ocus on Ros roin por nd its rltions ith th vrious co-unitis, thy lso indict clrly tht Itlin stts ouht ch othr,

ith locl conficts rquntly prdtin Ron involvnt in ivnr; this ill b discussd in rtr dtil in th olloin chptrs.39Undoubtdly uch o th rr rsultd ro trritoril disputs, sinclnd s th ost iportnt nturl rsourc or pr-odrn riculturlsocitis. morovr, thr pprs to hv bn sinicnt chn in sttl-nt pttrns throuhout uch o southrn Itly by th nd o th ourthcntury, hich points to nrlly hihr dr o counl orn-istion. So rs, spcilly thos in clos contct ith nrby grk

37 T tndncy is or sll stts to blnc soht or rquntly thn to bndon (tojoin orcs ith n rssor): wlt 1987; s eckstin 2006: 656 (or ppliction to th ncintgrk contxt) nd 66 n. 122 (or dditionl bibliorphy).

38 It ust b strssd tht this book is th ork o historin, not politicl scintist. T nlyssound in th olloin chptrs ill not rptdly rr bck to Rlist or othr politicl sci-nc thoris, nor ill thy k rqunt us o cross-culturl coprisons. T bsic tntso th Rlist prdi, hovr, inor y undrstndin nd intrprttion o th ncintvidnc.

39 Intns intrncin rivlry hs lon bn rconisd in Cpni; s, or xpl, Cornll

1989: 3589. Spcic locl rivlris in Cpni nd th rst o southrn Itly r discussdthrouhout Chptrs 2 to 5.


47/402

Introduction18

clnis, such s msspi nd apuli, witnssd th dvlpnt lrnucltd cntrs nt unlik poleis. In thr rs, such s Lucni, r-in cntr plcs, thuh prbbly nt citis in th clssicl sns (thtis, polisr urbs), nvrthlss xhibitd hih dr sphistictin

nd scil rnistin: r xpl, ssiv stn rtictins, in scss nclsin lr rs nd cntinin public buildins.40 at nysits thr is ls vidnc r crrspndin rnc vry wlthy,pssibly hrditry lit ilis, such s nuntl tbs cntininultipl rvs nd wlthy buril ds. ovrll, thr pprs t hvbn n incrs in ppultin thruhut suthrn Itly in th urthcntury.41 all ths dvlpnts pint t r xtnsiv nd thr-uh xplittin cunitys surrundin trritry, s th lcl

ppultin ws cplld t xtrct surplus ds nd d t supprtth pliticl lit, th buildin nuntl rchitctur, nd thir wnrwin nubrs. Tis prcss urbnistin (r prhps bttr, cntrl-istin) crtinly ld t intnsid cnfict, s cunitis uht rclyr liitd rsurcs whil, t th s ti, thir rtr lvl rn-istin wuld hv ivn th incrsd cpcity t rshl rsurcs rcn prjcts, includin wr-kin.42 Furthrr, th rulin lit,

whs pliticl liticy ws tid t wlth nd succss in wr, wuldhv bn ncurd nt nly t prtct thir wn lnds but ls t

nrich thslvs nd thir city by ldin ris t cnqur nihbur-in citis, xtnd thir wn citys trritry nd brin bck vbl wlthsuch s slvs nd bty.

Finlly, thr wr w, i ny, institutins in plc in this prid tliit cnficts r t rslv th pcully. Tr wr nubr d-rl rnistins: lus r cndrcis, such s th s-clld SnitLu, Bruttin Lu nd etruscn Lu. Ts tn srvd pri-rily rliius unctins, thuh thy ls prvidd utul dnc rlu brs. It is nt clr hw rlly r cintly ths ulti-sttntitis unctind, nd in ny cs thy d nt s t hv liintd

40 Fr urbnistin r cntrlistin in suthrn Itly, s, r xpl, gultiri 1987; Vlp1990: 3645; Ls 2000; Frcchi 2004; gultiri 2004; Brkr 1995b: 181212; Isyv2007.Tis prcss vrid rtly r rin t rin, nd it wuld b isldin t iply tht thrws ny n typ Itlic sttlnt, lt ln n suppsdly dlld n th polis-typ.

41 Frcchi 2004: 801.42 on urbnistin in Rn nd pr-Rn Itly s n rtiv ct wrr, s Crnll

1995b. evn i w d nt cll rtid plcs such s Snit hill rts citis, th widsprdbuildin rticil rtictins in th urth nd rly third cnturis nt nly shws tht

cunitis wr invstin rsurcs in dnc but ls susts rl r t lst prcivdthrts t th cunitis scurity.


48/402


confics bn lu brs.43 In ddiion, s ecksin nos,hrouhou h ncin mdirrnn orld, inrs diplocy spriiiv, ih noiions nrlly kin h or o on or boh sidspublicly lisin rivncs nd kin dnds.44 Such public diplo-

cy o copllnc or on hn no rchd up nsion bnss, ldin los invibly o r rhr hn o pcul rsoluion.T ovrll picur, hror, is o hihly cobusibl inrs nvir-onn in hich boh inrnl nd xrnl cors prood ndiccopiion, confic nd r.

as niond bov, inrnionl syss ill nd ords hirrch-is urin on or or doinn ss: in unipolr sys sinlsuprpor ssrs hony ovr h nir sys; bipolriy rrs o

sys ih o porul ss, ch o hich ssrs hony ovr hlss porul ss in is on doin ihin h lrr sys; ulipo-lriy rrs o sys ih ny porul ss ch ssrin rionlhony hil h s i copin or sys-id doin-nc. Unil Ro nlly dd Pyrrhus nd (r)ssrd conrol ovrh bulk o h pninsul, Ily ould b os ccurly dscribd s ulipolr sys. w should no s Ro, hn, s h only xpn-sionis honic s, bu rhr s on o nubr o porul ssnd coliions copin o doin h sys. also, Lk (1996)

hs obsrvd h ihin ny inrnionl hirrchy hr xis nur-ous rionl or locl hirrchis, ch ih is on unipolr, bipolr orulipolr rrnns. So vn r Ro bn o r s h osporul s in Ily, pushin h nir sys ords unipolriy crinly by round 300 i no rlir h pninsul s hol could sillb sn s sris o locl or rionl inrs syss ihin hich onor ss ssrd, or pd o ssr, hir on hony. Forxpl, arpi, Cnusiu nd prhps tnu apulu ch doind

43 Indd, h rnc o drl lus in h l-clssicl grk orld urhr coplicdinrs irs. a honic por ihin drl srucur ih us h lus rsourcsor is on ipril is, ihr o d ohr honic rivls or o subordin urhr hkr llis ihin h lu. In prcicl rs, such lus y hv ld o moreconficsrhr hn r. S Bck2008.

44 ecksin 2006: 5963. aon h priiiv urs o diplocy shrd by ll ss in hncin mdirrnn: ss inind no prnn diploic corps or roup o xprs;h nrl lck o inorion bou orin ss innions nd cpbiliis ld o hih lvlso isrus, s ch s oprd on ors cs scnrio ssupions; diploic issionsndd o b crrid ou only hn confic rchd crisis poin, hn r s ssnillyunvoidbl; diploic lnu ndd o b blun nd conronionl, rhr hn snsiiv

or cul; diploic xchns ndd o k plc in public nd ound lrly o riv-ncs, counr-rivncs nd dnds or rdrss.


49/402

Introduction20

cluser o sller couniies in apuli hile vying ih ech oher orregionl suprecy.45 Tus, jor hee in his book is h hegeonicspirions nd he desire by regionl poers o exend heir infuencend cquire ore resources in order o xiise securiy lurk behind he

cions ken by he lrger Ilin ciies, such s Cpu, trs or arpi, ndere no disincly Ron oives or behviour. menhile, he beh-viour o he oher couniies in region us hve been inored byhe ggressive posure o poerul neighbours.

we cn lso specule h copeiion nd red confics beeenregionl hegeonic ses, especilly hose ih shred borders such s

arpi nd Cnusiu, enioned bove surely led o grudges, uulhred nd inense nd oen unresolved rivlry, even i his dynic is

no lys noed explicily in he priry sources. Such rivlry ouldhve dded o isrus beeen ses, lessening he chnces h subse-quen dispues beeen he could be solved peceully. when one loclhegeonic se gins sregic dvnge, i kes sense or is rivls oseek ouside ssisnce in order o blnce gins he eerging doin-n poer. Tis igh led o he developen o long-snding llincebeeen o or ore ses gins he hre o poerul rivl. Suchenduring llinces do no conrdic he Relis prdig, s he bsicoivion behind heir orion reins securiy.46 In cerin cses

locl hegeonic poer igh severely hreen he securiy or even sur-vivl o is neighbours, hich igh copel is rivls o look or help roouside he locl (or regionl) syse. Lierry sources conin nuerousexples o couniies ppeling o Roe or help gins heir locleneies, hich should no be disissed lighly s pro-Ron propgnd,or hey squrely ihin he Relis odel h e re ssuing.47 Tisis no o sy h Roe s drgged unillingly ino locl dispues. Rher

45 For regionl inerse hierrchy nd hegeonic rivlry in apuli, see Frond 2006 nd his book,

Chper 2.46 In he srices Relis ers, llinces re expeced o ls only s long s he shred hre exiss.

In ncien Ily, s I hve rgued, he environen s highly copeiive, leding o endeicconfic. I rivlry developed beeen o ses or o clusers o ses i is possible heyould becoe locked ino cycle o isrus nd confic such h he perceived hre ouldnever dispper. Te llinces ored in response o he perceived hre could, hereore, lsoendure so long s he oher condiions ihin he syse did no chnge drsiclly. For orehorough discussion, see Chper 7, pp. 2817.

47 For exple: he Sidicini supposedly ried o plce heselves under Ron proecion ginshe Snies (Liv. 8.2.56); soe Lucnins ppeled o he Rons or proecion gins heSnies (Liv. 10.11.1113); he people o Turii sough proecion gins he Lucnins (Liv.Per. 11). Livys (7.29.47) ccoun o he oubrek o he Firs Snie wr is priculrly illusr-

ive: he Snies cked he Sidicini, ho sough proecion ro he Cpnins; hen heSnies proved oo oridble, he Cpnins urned o he Rons or help.


50/402


t opposit: t Rons wr unoubtly s opportunistic s ny otrcounity in Itly, nipulting n xploiting locl rivlris in orr to

justiy tir intrrnc n xtn tir infunc. Ros intrvntionprobbly xcrbt locl rivlris prps vouring on stt ovr its

rivl, ling to itionl locl tnsion n subsqunt confict, wic inturn ncourg or Ron involvnt. In ny cs, scon t ist iportnc o locl intrstt rivlry in sping ow Itlin cou-nitis intrct wit c otr n rct to intrvntion by outsipowrs, suc s Ro, Pyrrus n hnnibl.

Rlt to t orgoing iscussion is tir iportnt t ttrcurs trougout t prsnt work: tt t citis o Itly rin gn-rlly isunit, coptitiv, utully istrusting, n lcking in co-

on intity, vn long tr Ro brougt t ntir pninsulunr its control n supprss, s r s w know, wrr btwn loclstts. Tis t wrrnts itionl ttntion, sinc t opposit tpprnt cosivnss o Ros Itlin pir is otn ssu.48 Inorr to vlut tis t, I n to suris brify ow Ro lt

wit suborint counitis, wtr ty wr conqur or cor willingly witin its orbit.

accoring to Livy (8.14), t Rons rorgnis tis rltionsip in338, toug it is or likly tt t sttlnt vlop ovr nubr

o yrs. In ny cs, by t ti t wol o t pninsul ws con-qur, crtin gnrl pttrns wr in plc.49 First, Ro trtisor otrwis lt wit iniviul stts; lgus n conrcis wr

48 For xpl, Cornll 1995: 3648 psiss tt Ron rul brougt t llis crtin bntswit rltivly ligt burns, concluing: By rwing up tis kin o blnc st it bcospossibl to unrstn t loylty o t llis to Ro, n to xplin bot t ynics nt cosivnss o t syst (p. 368). For dvi 1996: 3553, Itly bc uni unr Ronrul bcus o t conoic n culturl cts o t sr hllnistion o t lit clsss,so tt in t tir cntury Itly ws trnsor into uni stt trnsortion lItlin un tt trritoril (p. 53 in t 1994 originl Frnc vrsion, p. 43 in t 1996 trnsltion in

englis). Slon 1982: 5772, sp. 712, owvr, ownplys t cosivnss o t RonCoonwlt o t tir cntury.

49 T ollowing bri sury o t orgnistion o t suborint Itlin stts is bs onStvly1989: 42036. It s otn bn ssu tt t rrngnt o lli stts orprt o projct, or or lss plnn, to unit t pninsul unr Ron gony. Trs bn t tpttion, tror, to ssu tt t orgnistion o t Itlin stts into strict irrcy o lgl n/or trty sttuss ws or systtic n intntionl tn y vbn t cs. Tis ssuption cn b trc bck to nintnt-cntury scolrs suc s Bloc1880. In, it is not t ll clr tt t sttus ocivitas sine sufragio (or xpl) ws igror or prstigious tn Ltin citiznsip or vic vrs, n it is bst to rjct t notion o strict irrcy o l lincs. mor rcntly, hntos 1983 s rgu tt t Itlin stts cn bgroup ccoring to v pttrns o obinc n intgrtion, wic Ro ppli ccoring

to spcic circustncs, not s prt o long-tr pln to unit Itly, but rtr in orr to con-trol n oint t llis. Still, hntos v ctgoris r tslvs ovrly sctis.


51/402

Introduction22

dissolved, or tey continued to function t te locl level but teir mem-ber sttes ere tied to Rome by seprte, individul treties (or by oterrrnements). Second, ll subordinte communities ere oblied durintimes of r to supply troops for te Romn rmy (or nvy). In ddition,

some cities, usully tose om Rome d defeted, ere forced to iveup prt of teir territory, ic s incorported into te roin agerRomanus. Tird, ll subject peoples fell into one of rne of reltionsips

it Rome bsed on te lel sttus of teir community: full citizensip(civitas optimo iure), citizensip itout te vote (civitas sine sufragio),Ltin-rit cities, nd llied cities. Communities it full citizensipincluded number of cities in Ltium tt ere incorported into teRomn stte but remined self-overnin municipia,50 nd series of smll

rrison colonies mnned by Romn citizens (colonia civium Romanorum).all oter subordinte cities ere lso self-overnin. Te inbitnts ofcities possessin civitas sine sufragio, locted mostly but not exclusivelyin Cmpni, ere tecniclly Romn citizens (cives); tey possessedte rits ofcommercium nd conubium nd ere oblied to serve in teRomn leions, but tey could not vote in Romn ssemblies or oldoce in Rome. Ltin cities possessed nerly identicl rits to tose ofte civitates sine sufragio, includin conubium nd commercium. Unlikete cities itout te vote, Ltin cities ere tecniclly forein (peregrini),

so te troops tt tey contributed to te Romn rmy served not in teleions proper, but in ssocited llied continents (socii). Te Ltin cit-ies included some tons in Ltium tt ere not incorported s citizenmunicipia, s ell s strin of strteiclly plced colonies, founded byformer Romn citizens nd probbly some llies on lnd conscted fromte conquered. Finlly, te llies (socii) ere tecniclly free communities

ose citizens possessed neiter Romn (in its vrious forms) nor Ltinrits, so tey did not enjoy te ssocited privilees. Tey ere boundto Rome by individul treties, ic lid out te specic oblitions ndconditions of teir reltionsip. It is likely tt tese terms vried fromcity to city, ltou tis is not certin, but (s mentioned bove) ll lliedcities ere oblied to provide Rome it troops. Tis rrnement ofdependent communities bound to Rome by treties nd vrious sredrits, privilees nd oblitions s been iven vrious nmes, suc s

50 I use te term municipium to refer to ny incorported, self-overnin community ose citizenspossessed some form of Romn citizensip. weter tese communities ere clled municipiaor sometin else (e.. oppidum civium Romanorum) in te period before te Socil wr does not

ber on te present discussion. In enerl, see: Serin-wite 1973: 3894, 20014; glsterer1976: 6484; humbert 1978: esp. 143; Bispm 2007: 1316, 10312.


52/402

23Rome and the Italians, crc 350220

Rn Cnl r rsc Bundsnssnsys. err pls frl n rnsn, s prps lsr rnly,suc s Rn llnc nrk (r slr), s b prfrrd.51

wvr r cs us, b xpcd Pyrrc

wr rkd sncn n n dvlpn f rln-sp bn R nd s subjc lls. Fr rs R fu jr r ns hllnsc kn nd, fr dcul srul, rdvcrus nd bl sk s cl s jr plyr n brdrmdrrnn rld.52 a s , r s s ndcn Rns ncrsnly s Ily pnnsul su f P, ncludnlnds r n cnclly pr f ager Romanus n s cllc-n f subrdn y ndpndn cuns, bu rr s crn

ny, undr Rn ury, nd dnd ns usdrs suc s eprs nd, spclly, guls.53 Indd, Plybus (1.6.6) ss rund f Pyrrc wr Rns bn ck rsf Ily d n y bn subdud n s f r frn cunry,bu s f rfully blnd , nd lr (2.20.10) nnsn pssn Rns fu ns Pyrrus fr Ily ( ). a srs f n Ln clns r fundd fr fr R,

c n nly lpd scur dsn subjud lnds bu ls prps

51 Truu s bk I dp rdx psn Rs Iln lls r ypcllybund by frl rs. In rcn, suln rcl Rc (2008) rus rs bnR nd Iln lls r n nr. I n nrly cnvncd by Rcs ss. I sdd r r nly ld nubr f xplc ncn rfrncs rs bnR nd ndvdul cuns n Ily, bu vn pcy nur f surcs, spclly lss f Lvys scnd dcd, s n surprsn ny ls f rd ss ll b nc-pl. mrvr, I blv Rc s vrly scpcl n dsssn svrl pnl xpls f

foedera. Fr xpl, dubs uncy f Lvys (9.20.8) rfrnc ry bnR nd tnu apulu, flln lrs df n 318317, pss s srcy Iv dfndd lsr (Frnd 2006: 399402; s ls Cpr 2, pp. 801). Fnlly, f knrs lls s nrl Rn prcc, s n surprsn ncn s-rns (spclly Rn urs) dd n lys xplcly nn rs flln Rn

cnqus: suc n uc uld v bn ssud. Rcs ss s rcv, vr, n suc s psss lkld rs bn R nd Ilns r dlyvrd nd rr unsysc, psn s cnssn prsn dscussn. In nd, s db ds n br vly n n runs n s bk, fr Rc rs rs ry-lss ll s uld sll v bn undr Rn sy nd bld prvdrps ccrdn xd scdul (2008: 6770). Tus, rrnn rus fruld b funcnlly slr I v dscrbd. Fr furr dscussn, s ls okly19972005: iii.2714, cncluds r dcsn n s r s n pssbl (p. 274).

52 Crfrd 1992: 456: w Pyrrc wr, R fcd fr rs n ny fr cvlsd cr f mdrrnn rld nd, s df, rld bn k n fR. Frsy 2005: 358: Rs df f Pyrrus s clr dclrn rs f ncn mdrrnn rld Rns d rrvd n rld scn f rfr nd

pr plcs, nd rcnn f s fc s n ln n cn.53 S fr xpl, wlls 2001: 12830.


53/402

Introduction24

syls xnsn Rn nrl vr ln n r pnnsul: Cs (273) n arnu (268) nr, Psu(273) n Bnvnu (268) su.54 T nsul P. SprnusSpus s supps v v pl tllus urn s

l Pnns n 268; pl s ul sn rr n,rn Vrr (Rust. 1.2.1), nn pnn Italia (in pariete

pictam Italiam). I s pn Italia s pr rnl -pl nsrun, n y rs l r nury Rns s np Ily n unrs r n.55 Fnlly,rrns rs suppr s pn. appn (Sam. 7.1) nnsn nn ry n R n trs un Rns n sl yn Lnn prnry. T ry s nrvn y

Rn f n 282, prvn terminus ante quem, u y vn sn s rly s 330.56 Plyus (3.26.24) ss srnPlnus rr ry n R n Cr spuln rr ul kp y r l Sly, lr y r l Ily. Plyus sl u s ry vr xs,n s slrs v r s ssssn.57 Srr (2006: 1209)s rnly rus, vr, r sry Plnus try,ssn rnl ry n R n Cr n306, nn y Lvy (9.43.26).58 I srl, Plnus try

n appns nn ry s Rns nsr ll (rsly ll) Iln pnnsul n r xlusv spr nfun prps s rly s urn r nury. Rs vryvr Pyrrus n susqun ps-r sln ul v rn-r s l.59

54 T Rns lry pl lny n su-srn Ily, Vnus n 291. Vnus n ur lns un n 273 n 268 vly rk rnrs Ily, sls-n ln n Rn n gll Ily n nr, l lvn urs surn Ily r

lns r n. S Purl l 1990: 10.55 on syls pn, s wsn 1986: 91; n pl, s Flr. 1.14; Vl.

mx. 6.3.1; dn. hl. 8.79; Plnr n asy1929: 511. R 2007 rus picta Italiasr y Vrr s rl r, u n prly rsrn pl tllus n rs nury bc. h lvs pn pssly, vr, s suppsly lr rpl n rlr pn Italia.

56 S Lv. 8.17.10; n sry n ry: okly19972005 ii.681 n. 1; Frsy2005: 350; Frn 2006: 414 n. 79 n s k, Cpr 5, pp. 1978; nr Brns 2005: 889.

57 wlnk1970: i.354; eksn 1987: 778; Sullr 1989: 5307 s lss rn; hys 1985 ul-ly rus ns ry u prsns n xl ln sury ss . Fr r pl lrpy, s Srr 2006: 120 n. 25.

58 S ls Lv. Per. 14; Srv. ad Aen. 4.628.59 S wlls 2001: 129 nlus: By 260s bc, n, ss r vll vn

Rns nsr Il s rplly quvln pnnsul, gll (..


54/402

25Rome and the Italians, crca 350220

But t alls sar ts v an tus, r prtantly, s t-slvs as brs f a ratr, sar, pltcal ntty ratr tan as n-vual an autnus svrn stats? In tr rs, t allsvlp strnr flns f Ran an Italan unty urn t tr

cntury? Crtanly s rn sclars assu tat suc a sns fsar ntty an purps as ll n plac by t Scn Punc war,60an t narst cntprary ltrary surc ss t ln supprt t ta. Plybus, n s scrptn f t utbrak f t ar aanst tB an Insubrs (2.234), c s prbably ran fr Fabus Pctr,

juxtapss t nabtants f Italy t t gallc nvars, clantat t Italans n lnr sa tslvs as alls f R, nr tytnk tat t ar as fr Ran ny.61 In rspns t t gallc

nvasn, t Rans call upn tr alls, ract t alacrty,alln t Rans t l tr ars ttalln vr 60,000 Ranan vr 90,000 all slrs. In t sa faus passa lsts tttal nubr f n abl t bar ars fr R, nuratn nt nlyt nubr f ctzns f ltary a but als t ptntal cntrbutnfr ac f varus all ppls truut Italy. Plybus scrp-tn f Ran anpr n 225 ll b scuss at ratr lnt bl(pp. 379). Fr t nt, t sucs t nt tat Plybus/Pctr plsa clsnss btn R an ts alls; t nabtants f Italy unt

aanst frn ns suc as t gauls r, latr, hannbal.62Yt at t sa t tr s strn vnc tat t Italan alls stll

nt brac t ntn f a un Italy unr Ran larsp, vnaftr t Pyrrc war. Frst, t ust b strss tat t pnnsula sut ft P ran a ar zn fr a ca aftr t fat f Pyrrus, tRan nrals clbratn furtn trups btn 275 an 264 vrvarus Italan cunts, n atn t m. Curus dntatus trupvr t Sants an Pyrrus n 275. In s cass, ts capans canb sn as ppn-up pratns xtnn naturally fr t Pyrrc

war: t Sants, Lucanans, Bruttans an Italt cts a s t

vrytn byn Pcnu) as nt nclu tn t, an tat ty rar Itala as n ssns trs, nsfar as ty a c t xrcs tr ny vr all f t.

60 S abv, n. 48. Fr atnal scussn, s bl (pp. 278).61 Fr vnts surrunn t gallc nvasn f 225, Plybus prbably us Fabus Pctr as surc,

an ul av bn ntrst n prsntn Italy unt unr Ran larsp aanst afars gallc trat. Plybus pctn s prblatc, trfr, as t st prbably cntanspr-Ran xaratn f t cpratv sprt btn R an t alls. S walbank1970: i.184, 196; cf. Bck an waltr, FRH 1 F30ab (= fr. 23 Ptr, fr eutr. 3.5 an ors.

4.13.67), t cntary.62 S t Lvy (23.5.1113, 24.47.5), n rfrnc t hannbal.


55/402


56/402


nd rsld in h nrby plin, nd bh cnsuls clbrd riumph.67T xc cuss h Fliscn r r unknn bu, hvr h cs,i snds u s prul xmpl rsisnc Rmn hmny ndssrin unmy by s siud cls Rm rhr hn h

rins h pninsul, in h middl h hird cnury. In h smyr (241) h Lin clny Splium s undd in suhrn Umbri,cls h srn brdr eruri. ovrll, h Rmns ppr sill hv bn cnslidin hir hld n eruri nd suhrn Umbri vns hy r hin r vrss ins h Crhinins.

Finlly, l us rurn Plybius discussin Ilin snimns jusprir h Bl tlmn in 225. I mnind bv h his ccunimplis sns RmnIlin uniy in h c h mssiv gllic

incursin, bu clsr rdin h x suss h h vidnc isrhr mbiuus. I is bs lk h pss (2.23.1113) in ull:

. , . .

on vry sid hr s rdy dispsiin hlp in vry pssibl y; r hinhbins Ily, pnic-srickn by h ck h guls, n lnr rck-

nd h hy r hin s llis h Rmns, r h h r s bunr hir [h Rmns] hmny, bu ch mn cnsidrd h dnr binbruh upn himsl nd his n ciy nd cunry. S hr s r lcriyin byin rdrs.

Plybius mphsiss h r h guls, n clsnss Rm, cn-vincd h llis by rdrs nd mk h pprpri r prprinsmr quickly. T pss ds hin h h xrm dnr h siuinld h Ilins l h hy nd h Rmns r ll in i hrdndin ins cmmn hr, rhr hn subjcs hin ur-hr Rmn inrss.68 Bu nic h undmnl mivin bhind h

67 Zn. 8.18; CIL 12 p. 47; Frdriksn nd wrd-Prkins 1957: 12836; Uri 1998b. trrn2004: 234 suss h h n s n dsryd by h Rmns nd h h chn in s l-mn prns indicd by h rchlicl vidnc cn b xplind s lcl rspns shiin lins cmmunicin nd chnin cnmic cndiins, such s h buildin hVi amrin (c. trrn 1998). Y trrn sill ccps h Fliscn wr s hisricl, ndhus vn i n dps his rchlicl inrprin, h cnfic rmind n inriuin cs l Ilin rsisnc Rmn pr.

68 T hnic nl h srul ls shuld n b vrmphsisd. Vrius Ilin ppls hdcprd ih h guls in h ps, smims h urin h Ilins hmslvs: h

guls nd eruscns llid ins Rm in 299 (Plyb. 2.19.12; Liv. 10.10.612); Smnis,eruscns, Umbrins nd guls rmd cliin ins Rm in 295 (Liv. 10.18.2, 10.21.2;


57/402

Introduction28

rrkbl RonItlin cooprtion: c s tinkin bout islfn is on city. If is crctristion of t Itlins inst cn btrust, Polybius ss to b syin tt t svr trt brout outintns loclis n prticulris, not flins of unity. givn t bov

prvious iscussion of t Rlist tory of intrstt rltions, tis cs ofrrkbl cooprtion btn Ro n t llis soul not b sur-prisin: ty ork totr to ft sr trt, but t unrlyinotivtion s still t slf-intrst of iniviul stts.

w cnnot conclu, trfor, tt stron sns of unity btnRo n its subjct llis surfc in t fty yrs btn t Pyrric

wr n t Scon Punic wr, tvr is t Rons tslvsy v bliv or proot. In, t Rons r still tin

rs of conqust n consolitin tir por itin t pninsul s lts t scon lf of t tir cntury, t tis just sort istnc frotir on lls. T pictur of t so-cll Ron Coonlt ttcos into vi, tn, is fr fro sort of proto-ntion, but rtr col-lction of iniviul sovrin stts otivt, s lt s 225, by tir onslf-intrst n xrcisin tir on utonoy, in so fr s it s possiblivn Ros oinnt position in t pninsul. Tt v rltivlyf css of Itlin stts ctin utonoously n rsistin Ron -ony cn b xplin prtly by our sourcs, ic ftr t Pyrric wr

tn to focus on Ros lins it t bror mitrrnn orl.69It cn b unrstoo ostly, ovr, s t prictbl outco ofRos rnc s t onic por in stply unipolr irrcyof Itlin stts. In tis nvironnt t sllr stts Ros subjctllis still vlu tir on sovrinty n utonoy yt littl coicbut to cooprt it t oinnt stt until t irrcy s ricllyltr. In suc cs, t coptitiv tnncis of Ros llis oul bxpct to rsurfc s c stt strul to xiis its rsourcs nposition itslf itin tvr n blnc of por vlop.

But o i Ro co to occupy suc n scnnt position vis--vist otr stts n counitis in Itly, it ssntilly uncllnony fro Pyrrus prtur in 275 until hnnibls invsion in218? wt r t cniss of Ron control? I v lry touc

Zon. 8.1); t guls ppl to t etruscns for lp in 283282 (Polyb. 2.1920; s lso Css.dio 8.38.1). If cn trust Polybius, t Itlins r fri of t guls in 225, but tir fris bttr xplin by t frocity of tis prticulr invsion, n not bcus t Itlins flt stron sns of coon intity it t Rons (or c otr).

69 Fitin urin t First Punic wr took plc inly in Sicily n afric, n s rsult

r vry littl bout Itlin irs urin t r. For hilcr Brcs orts t riin Itlincostl counitis, s blo, pp. 456.


58/402


n se f hese in pssin. one cnn versress he iprnce f heprcice f bsrbin se cnquered erriry in he ager Romanus,exendin frs f Rn ciizenship vrius Ilin cuniies, ndin ll cses bliin subrdine ses cnribue rps he Rn

ry. Tis hreefld plicy lled fr he ciizen ppulin f Re r s s drf ny sinle penil peninsulr cpeir, even helres (such s Cpu r trs).70 als, he Rn ciizen ppulin,cbined ih he iliry bliins f ll f he subrdine llies,en h Re culd dr n vs reservir f nper h is

rs. Tus, he Rns culd verhel ny sinle Ilin se nd es-ily defe even sll cliins. only n rnised nd cncered er bynuerus sller ses culd ever chllene Rn suprecy, unless n

uside frce lered he equin, hile Res plicy f delin frllynly ih individul ses, rher hn leues r cnfedercies, presu-bly liied he chnces fr such idespred cliin frin.

Te plceen f clnies nd rrisns sreic lcins hruh-u he peninsul ls ihened Res rip. grrisns pper hve beenused infrequenly: e nd Rn rrisns in fe f he Ilie ciies,includin trs nd mepnin. a hndful f sll Rn clnies,cpsed f n re hn fe hundred clniss, ere siued slyln he Ilin cs, prbbly sfeurd prs nd djcen csline

eiher ins he neihburin nives (Vlscins aniu, fr insnce) rins eneies, heher pires r hers, cin fr he ses.71 of reersreic iprnce ere he Lin clnies, lrer seleens f beeen2,500 nd 6,000 dul en nd heir filies, f h les se ere

70 If survivin census ures cn be rused, Re pssessed re hn 150,000 en f ilirye by he iddle f he furh cenury, nd he l y hve been uch hiher by he end fhe furh cenury (Brun 1971: 2633). assuin 150,000 en f iliry e, he l Rnciizen ppulin, includin en, children nd lder en, uld hve been in he neih-burhd f 500,000 persns (ssuin h dul les de up pprxiely 30 per cen f

he ppulin: L Csci 1994). afzelius 1942: 153, exrplin he Rn ppulin frhe size f he ager Romanus, ce up ih seh ler ure f rund 350,000 free per-sns fer 338. By 225 he nuber f Rn ciizens (dul les) hd selled 300,000, hel free ppulin ver 900,000 persns, ccrdin Bruns (1971: 4460) cnserviveesie. By cprisn, trs is heih in he furh cenury hd l ppulin f nly110,000 150,000 persns (Pni 2005: 22). I shuld be ned h L Csci 1999 rues freven hiher ppulin ures fr Re, esiin at least1,000,000 dul les (3,500,000l free persns) livin n he ager Romanusin 225. I scepicl f such hih esies bu,ccrdin ny esie, he ppulin f Re (i.e. he nuber f ciizens) s lredy huein cprisn ih her Ilin ciies by he iddle f he furh cenury, nd i re lrer byhe ls qurer f he hird cenury, drn her lre cuniies in Ily. we ill reurn his pic in Chper 7.

71 Fr he funcin f csl Rn ciizen clnies (s-cl led coloniae maritimae) funded befrehe Punic wrs: Sln 1955 (quin p. 67).


59/402

Introduction30

R citizes util tey ere erlled s clists. I recetly fudedcly y f its ibitts uld ve ce pssessed R citizesipr ve desceded fr R frebers. Presubly, Re culd expect iger degree f lylty fr te Lti clies t fr ter llied sttes,

d ideed, tese clies did s rerkble cstcy.72 at te setie, Lti clies ere lcted t sesitive pits, verlkig res ttd recetly ce uder R ctrl r tt cded turl liesf cuicti. Cicer (Leg. agr. 2.73) fusly clied tt te Rsi prir geertis plced clies tus i suitble lctis gist te sus-pici f dger, tt tey seeed t t be ts f Itly butpropugnaculaimperii(bstis f te epire).73 Tere is dubt tt Lti (d R)clies served t ly t prtect te frtiers f R expsi, but ls

t keep eye d i se cses gegrpiclly divide te llied sttesg ic tey ere iterspersed.74

Itly s t ctlled trug cpulsi le. I dditi, Rrule relied evily cllbrti by te pliticl elite f te llied sttes,geerlly te lcl ristcrtic clss.75 n dubt se lcl ristcrts ereseduced by te sred prts f Res successful rs: llies certilyreceived bty, d tey ere prbbly lltted ld fr territry cs-cted fr te defeted d ere erlled s citizes i Lti clies.76But te Rs ls prvided supprt fr lcl ristcrts, eiter bckig

te etire rulig clss f cuity r prtig specic idividuls,filies r grups eiter directly r (re likely) idirectly. 77

72 Tere is ly e k exple f te defecti f Lti cly befre te Scilwr: Fregelle revlted rud 125, tug te circustces re ebulus (Liv. Per. 60; Vell.Pt. 2.6; obseques 90; Vl. mx. 2.8.4; asc. 17 C; Plut. C. Gracch. 3; De vir. ill. 65.2). Tere isls te fus istce durig te Secd Puic wr, e uber f Lti clies fi ledt eet teir trp bligtis; te clies ere publicly rebuked i Re, d lter i te rere frced t sed dditil trps s puiset (Liv. 27.9.110.10, 29.15.115). Still, tere is evidece tt y f te clies defected.

73 [Maiores] colonias sic idoneis in locis contra suspicionem periculi collocarunt, ut esse non oppidaItaliae, sed propugnacula imperii viderentur.

74 See J. R. Ptters 2006.75 mzer 1920 reis fudtil rk fr te itercecti f R d Itl i elites.76 I se cses, idigeus ppultis y ve cexisted it clists tug pssessig

subrdite sttus; tives y ls ve bee grted sller plts f ld. Yet tere re ex-ples f lcls eterig it te clil elite. See Crell 1995: 3668; Brdley2006: 1717;ctr Brut 1971: 53940. Veusi is idely cited s exple f cly-fudti tticluded lrge ubers f idigeeus perss: see Cpter 2, pp. 612, 98.

77 I te perid betee but 270 d 220 te lylty f te lcl rulig clsses s prbbly esyt iti, sice tere s relistic ltertive t beyig Re. Teir lylty culd tbe ssued, ever, i perids e R egey s seriusly tested, suc s t pits

durig te Site wrs, te Pyrric wr d te hiblic wr, r e te gepliticlsituti s re biguus, suc s it prbbly ppered t lcl sttes e te Rs rst


60/402


In priculr, h Rns s hv rr lcl riscrs hcivly vnc h Rn cus r h in s y rg cls is h Rn riscrcy.78 In s css Rn bcking us hv knh r nncil suppr, such s gis ny r ln ih hich

lcl riscr cul nrich hisl. Bu, curs, such cnic bn-s h pliicl insin, sinc lh s prrquisi r pliiclvncn in s ncin mirrnn sciis. ohr gis nhnurs y hv lcl riscrs syblic cpil n huscnribu his sus. a lcl riscr ih cls prsnl is hRns cls rinship r inrrrig bn hir ilis yhv pssss grr cribiliy in his h n. an riscr ihrlivs r cls rins ng h Rn nobilesul prsubly hv

h s lvrg in R, giving hi r infunc ng his llciizns, h ul urn hi s n xpr n Rn irs r siply c s rus inriry. Pr-Rn riscrs ccsinlly yhv rqus (r ls bn givn) iliry suppr supprss lclppsiin, hhr n uprising h lr clsss r s sr ris-cric cinl vilnc. on igins h in ny ciis crin ini-viuls r ilis njy high r vn inn pliicl sning inlrg pr bcus hir ssciin ih R.79 a h s i, hisprbbly sr crin un iscin ng riscrs h

ls u s rsul gring Rn infunc. Fr xpl, h Rnscrinly punish riscrs h r islyl r h r h linggurs in hir ciys rsisnc iniil Rn cnqus, prhps xcu-ing brs crin ilis, r cnscing hir prpry (hich in

inrs in givn rgin. In such css i s vil r h Rns in vr criiclss h lcl li n cnvinc h h cpring ih R s h br pin. Strrn 1998b, rguing h h lcl riscrs i Rn pr, using h eruscnli s cs suy,

78 Znrs (8.6) prsrvs n inriguing xpl such prsnl is bn Rn n lcllis. during h Pyrrhic wr, r h ciy Crn h c, s Crni riscrsp hn hir ciy vr h Rn cnsul P. Crnlius Runus, h s cpign-ing nrby. T pln il hn ppsing riscrs lrn i n sn r hlp r Pyrrhuscnr, mil. Znrs ss xplicily h h pr-Rn riscrs r h rins( ) Runus. S ls Frnin. Str. 3.6.4.

79 Cnsir h Cilnii arriu, vry prul ily (genus praepotens) hs gr lhngnr such jlusy (divitiarum invidia) h hir ll ciizns ri xil h (Liv.10.3.2). T Rns, unubly h rqus h Cilnii, sn icr ih n ry qull h isurbnc, h llgly rcncil h Cilnii ih h ppl (Liv. 10.5.1213). onsuspcs h his s n siply cs clss cnfic, bu ins invlv hr riscricilis. whvr h xc circusncs, h Rn rcnciliin ss hv l h

Cilnii in pr. Siilrly, hn h Rns rsl Vlsinii n Flrii (iscuss bv,pp. 267), vur ilis us surly hv rciv chic lns.


61/402

Introduction32

urn y v bn givn vr pnly pr-Rn ilis).80 Try v bn ccsins n Rns, ir by prping sn r by dcisin n individul gisr, siply bckdn sid vr nr in lcl cinl sruggl. a vry ls, s

ilis uld v und ir lcl infunc nd prsig diinisdvis--vis ir pliicl rivls d Rn bcking. Tus, xn-sin Rn gny uld v prducd b innrs nd lsrsng riscrcis in ny ciis.81

on nl, rrkbl nd prbbly rprsniv xpl dn-srs is dynic. Livy (23.1.13) rprs crin riscr ndSius trbius r Sni n Cps cncd hnniblr bl Cnn nd prisd urn vr is ciy suld

hnnibl bring is ry nr. trbius s lding riscr (nobilis) d bn ppsd by n riscric cin mpsii, ily ld pr bcus vur r rindsip Rns (ac-tio Mopsiorum amiliae per gratiam Romanorum potentis). Cps s n principl ns hirpini, d bn cnqurd rund290 r 270.82 S, bu gnrins r Rn cnqus, n ris-cric ilys pliicl pr s srngly linkd ir ssciin iR. eir Rns plcd mpsii in pr r in s yvurd in 290/270 nd iniil suppr s nug slidiy

ir pliicl psiin r gnrins, r R prvidd nging(r ls r rcn) suppr r mpsii, us gurning is lyl riscric pry culd kp ld n rins pr.83 a s i, trbius nd prsubly r rivl Cpsn riscrsppr n v srd qully in bns Rn rul.

80 Fr xpl, ccrding Livy (10.1.3) Frusins r invlvd in s sr cnspir-cy i hrnici in 303. T Rn cnsuls cnducd invsigins n scurgd ndxcud ldrs cnspircy. an xpl r Scnd Punic wr is priculrlyilluining: n Scipi rcpurd Lcri (in 205), ic d dcd rlir in r,

xcud urs rvl (prsubly riscrs) nd gv ir prpry ldrs r pry n ccun ir usnding lyly Rns (de auctoribus sup-

plicium sumpsit bonaque eorum alterius actionis principibus ob egregiam fdem adversus Romanosconcessit): Liv. 29.8.1; s Cpr 7, pp. 31314.

81 on rng prsnl nd ilil cnncins bn Rn nd llid lis, cusingr n scnd cnury, s n J. R. Prsn 2006.

82 T hirpini r dd nr nd Tird Sni wr nd gin r siding iPyrrus. Cps prsubly ll si in is prid. S Sln 1967: 2756, 28590.

83 I is pssibl mpsiis ris pr d bn rlivly rcn, ving rnd Rnvur si clsr Scnd Punic wr. evn is siuin supprs y cs, r iuld sill indic s r Rn inrvnin n bl lcl riscric ilylbi lng r rs cnc. I ss r likly, vr, mpsii bnd r

Rs ps-cnqus sln in 290/270, nd ir psiin s prps rinrcd pridic-lly vr subsqun l-cnury.


62/402

33Rome and the Italians, circa 350220

Jus as I argued i regard lcal inersae rivalry, e Ran pr-in individuals, ailies r grups iin a ciy ay ave brkendn alng acinal lines and us exacerbaed pre-exising pliicalrivalry: a is, by avuring ne grup ver eir rivals, e Rans ay

ave inensied cpeiin and eniy beeen e grups. or per-aps e Ran backing cerain lcal individuals r grups gave rise ne jealusies and acinal rivalry. In e Cpsan exaple a ascied abve, e ailies trebius and e mpsii ay ave been pli-ical rivals r generains, r eir rivalry nly eerged nce e Ransavured e mpsii and us iled lcal pliical cpeiin in eiravur. Tis need n ave been a cnscius plicy ug e Ransenae ay ave decided a ies back ne aily ver aner s

uc as e naural cnsequence ad hoc

decisins and persnal relain-sips arising r specic circusances. waever e case, an ngingee in e lling capers is e dynaic Res indirecrule rug cllabrain by e lcal gverning classes inerseced ipersnal and pliical rivalries iin se lcal ariscracies, and ese inernal divisins cae e surace en Res psiin asreaened by hannibals early iliary success. Tse ariscraic indi-viduals and grups perceived a ey ad ls u eir rivals asa resul Ran rule uld ave been re likely see hannibal as a

re aracive alernaive; i is arund ese disaeced lcal ariscrasa pr-hannibalic (r ani-Ran) veens culd crysallise.

t suarise briefy, Ialy in e lae ird cenury, n e eve eSecnd Punic war, cnsised scres aunus, cpeiive saesdinaed by Re a single, large, egenic per. Re bundese saes isel rug a series bilaeral reaies, as ell as erral bligains. Te Ialian saes ere ecnically Res svereignallies, ug in realiy ey ere unable exercise eir n reignplicy. Using e erinlgy inernainal relains, is siuain isbes dened as a uniplar inernainal syse. Re as able ain-ain is psiin a e p is ierarcy saes in par because iad vereling iliary advanages, suc as vas resurces in e r erriry and ppulain, ic discuraged r even pribied esaller saes in e syse r callenging Ran auriy. Ranegeny as als based in par n cperain r e lcal rulingclasses. Tese lcal ariscracies ere, ever, riven by pliical c-peiin and acinalis, ic in se cases appears ave been e

prduc r a leas exacerbaed by e relainsip beeen eRan nobilesand ebers e lcal elies. I as is arrangeen


63/402

Introduction34

cf 218; vp xcu cu k R c u c ujc f R. T cu u u f pvu xp-

f f.

hannibal s strategy

m v p v , cc, ,c p, qu f c f c- Sc Puc w.84 p xp fu f c v k puc vuu cp. Bu

, fc, ? u c u c c jcv c I f v puu c ,85 c fu cv pcc jcv. xpc cpu z c f R u v ccu R ccpccp pc .86 Pp V fmc 215, pv f f Pu (7.9.217), cpv f fuu R, c R

84 I f f f Sc Puc w pc, ccu dck1975: 311; f f Sc Puc w p f ppcv f -, , f xp, d 1891; T 1946: 32199; m 1968: 8998; dck1975: 31190; Lz1978; Cv 1980: 85258; B 1990: 155299; P 1997; 2000: 143328; f c f c c f, pcc f Sc Puc w, kp 1998; f cc f Sc Puc w, S 1996; d2002. T Sc Puc w f pc Rc pc , xpv p. F xp: uk f R p, d1956; 1972: 96101; ck 1987: 16977;Rc 1996 ( p); R pc: m. L. P 1942;

Ck 1963; dv 1985: 828, 11725, 15364; R 1990, 1993. o cc pc c f c cu : Bu 1971; c 1965 (u c f Sc Puc w f u I cu); C 1996 (f xc u f ). f c-c vc cu u f c, c qu p vc Sc Puc w cu pfu - cuu puc -c c ppu uI; , f xp, L 1993: 11523.

85 P 1997: 56, 199200.86 Lz1978: 856; Bc 1989: 46; Lz1996: 412; Lc 1999: 109. 1929: 7996

u p c f p m uc R c I. T p uc pcc ,

u u u f R u cp ccp -c u.


64/402

Hannibals strategy 35

dstructn s nt t ssud utc t tt t.87 accrdn tLvy (22.58.3), hnnbl tld s Rn cptvs tr Cnn tt

s nt tn r r t dt t Rns (non internecivum sibiesse cum Romanis bellum), but rtr r dnty nd pr (de dignitate

atque imperio). atr t spc snt tn cpturd equitest t Rnsnt n rdr t dscuss t rns Rn prsnrs, s ll s Crtnn rprsnttv nd Crtl t dscuss pc trs (Lv.22.58.67). T rdn t pss susts tt hnnbl (n Lvysv) suspctd t Rns uld v dsrd pc tr surn suc sncnt dt t Cnn.88 as Lznby (1996b: 41) ntd, hnnblrcd n R nly nc, n 211, nt n rdr t sz, bs r ds-try t cty, but rtr t dr t Rns r tr s Cpu. It

s dcult n t hllnstc prd r n lr stt t uttrly dstryntr n r, s t strtc bjctv rr usully nt cpl-ln n ny t surrndr r sk pc.89 In ts rrd, hnnbls t rc R t ccpt trs cnrd t cntprry prctcs ndxpcttns.

wrs n t hllnstc prd ls tndd nt t b prtrctd rs ltu tr r xcptns nd t nnn sd culd p t rct lsn sd t sk trs n rltvly srt t. a stt culd cplts

Between Rome and Carthage

Documents

Transcript of Between Rome and Carthage