Better Milk Quality from Better Mastitis Therapy Decisions- Dr. Ron Erskine
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Better Milk Quality from Better Mastitis Therapy Decisions
Dr. Ron Erskine, Michigan State University
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Mammitis: Inflammation of the Bag
Treatment : Prevention•Bichloride of Mercury, 2 grains
•Boracic Acid, 2 drams•q.s. One quart water, intramammary infusion
CJ Korinek, The Veterinarian, 1915
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Alternative Therapies X X X
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Tanker loads with antibiotic residues have decreased ………
• Has the amount of drug use changed ?
• Has the amount of Extra Label Drug Use changed?
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Antimicrobial Drug Use
106 doses/week/1,000 cowsAdult cowsSurvey
Pol and Ruegg, JDS, 90:2007
100 doses/week/1,000 cowsAll animalsTrash Collection
Saini et al, JDS, 95:1209, 2012
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Extra Label Drug Use- IMM administration20 Wisconsin dairy herds
• 11 HerdsAmpicillin - 6 herdsCeftiofur - 3 herdsGentamicin- 3 herdsPenicillin- 1 herdMiconazole- 1 herdTetracycline- 1 herdVeterinary Magic Bullets- 2 herdsSulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim – 2
herds Pol and Ruegg JDS 90: 2007
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Implications for failure of therapy
• “Drugs just don’t work the way they use to……”• Antimicrobial resistance ? • Limited drugs for use in dairy cattle ?• Immune stress ?• Higher milk production?
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Is AMR in mastitis pathogens emerging?
• ‘scientific evidence does not support a widespread, emerging resistance among mastitis pathogens to antibacterial drugs’
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AMR in mastitis pathogens emerging ?
• Staph aureus
• 50 to 60% of S aureus isolates resistant to unprotected β-lactam drugs • Numerous studies • Forty years• No evidence of any change
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Is antibacterial resistance in mastitis pathogens emerging?Temporal studies: same laboratory
S aureus Strep E. coli Coagulase negative staph
Mackie, et al. 1989
N/C ---- N/C (coliforms)
----
Erskine, et al. 2002
N/C N/C N/C ----
Makovec and Ruegg, 2003
ErythromycinLincomycin
N/C Erythromycin LincomycinPirlimycin
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US National Residue Program -2010
• Kidney Inhibition Swab test or Fast Antimicrobial Screen Test
• 211,733 Inspector Generated Samples• 7,000 positive samples• 2,043 confirmed violative residues (1,609
animals)
2012 Residue Sampling Plans, USDA FSIS
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2010 Inspector-generated Violations
Series10
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Beef cowsBob vealBullsDairy cowsFormula fed vealGoatHeavy calvesHeifersMarket hogsNon-formula fed vealSteers
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FDA Survey
• The long-anticipated drug-residue-sampling survey by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has begun.
• 900 milk samples from dairy farms had a cull dairy cow residue violation
• 900 milk samples from dairies at large.• 26 different drugs
Dairy Herd Network, Jan 10, 2012
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FDA Bulk Tank Sampling Program
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Mastitis……..
• Largest cause of antimicrobial drug use in dairy cows
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Antibiotics 101
Concentration-dependent inhibition Magnitude above MIC enhances killing
• Peak serum > 10 times MIC
Time-dependent inhibitionTime above MIC, not peak concentration
• All labeled drugs for use in lactating dairy cattle
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Antibiotics 101
Dose intervals-• Holstein calves treated with chloramphenicol 4x more likely to die if treated once per day as opposed to twice per day (Waltner-Toews, Can Vet J, 1986)
Duration• 2 days after clinical and microbiological resolution, severe cases: 7-10 days, chronic: may involve months (Giguere, et al. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine, 4th edition, 2006, pg 113)
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Ampicillin Trihydrate (Polyflex)
“3 days treatment is usually adequate, but treatment should be continued for 48 to 72 hours after the animal has become afebrile (up to 7 days)”
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Extended mastitis therapy :subclinical mastitis
• 125 mg ceftiofur cure rates• 10 % : control • 39 % : 2 days• 54 % : 5 days• 66 % : 8 days
• Staph aureus 36%• Strep uberis 67%• Strep dysgalactiae 80 %• CNS 86 %
(Oliver, et al, JDS, 2004)
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Is extended therapy right for you?Depends on the herd
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DrugConcentration Milk:
PlasmaCeftiofur <1%Sulfadimethoxine 18%Penicillin 19%Ampicillin 27%Spectinomycin 75% Tetracycline 140%Tylosin 250% Lincomycin 450%Erythromycin 650%
Adapted from Langston, Antimicrobial Use in Food Animals, in Howard & Smith ed., Current Veterinary Therapy food animal practice, IV.
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Making Better Therapeutic Choices
• Repeat Offenders• Duration of infection• Lactation• Higher SCC • Multiple infected quarters
• Non-responsive pathogens• Mycotic organisms (Candida), Prototheca,
Pseudomonas, Mycoplasma, Serratia, Nocardia, Proteus, Pasteurella, etc.
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S. Nickerson
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MILD CLINICAL MASTITIS
Culture
ColiformsYeast, Pseudomonas, etcNo organism isolated
Gram Positive
CHRONIC ???
No antibiotic treatment
Administer IMM antibiotics
Records
????
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Culture based therapy
• 3,500 cow dairy - MI (Hess et al, 2003)• Reduced days withheld by 80%• Two full time veterinarians• Laboratory
• 4 herd study - SD and MI (Wagner, et al, 2007)• Bacteriology skills highly variable among herds
• 8 herd study - MN, WI, ON ( Lago et el, JDS, 2011) • Reduced antibiotic use 50%
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Culture Based TherapyEffects on lactation
Immediate Therapy Culture BasedBacteriologic cure* 71 % 60%Milk discard days* 5.9 5.2Herd removal 28% 32%Days at removal 160 137 Relapse of clinical mastitis
35 % 43 %
Days at relapse 78 82LSCC 4.2 4.4
Lago, et al JDS, 2011* 21 days
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SEVERE CLINICAL MASTITIS
Culture
FluidsAnti-InflammatoryIMM and Systemic antibiotics
Gram PositiveContinue IMM antibiotics
Unusual Pathogens (e.g., Pseudomonas, Prototheca)No antibiotics, Supportive care
ColiformsContinue antibioticsSupportive care
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It’s not the drugs…….it’s how we use them!