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IntroductionThe World Trade Organization (WTO/GATT)The United Nations (UN) and UNCTADOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)Case study: economic transition in Central and Eastern EuropeConclusionsCHAPTER 12; INT. TRADE ORGANIZATIONSInternational Trade & the World Economy; Charles van Marrewijk

Introduction International Trade & the World Economy; Charles van MarrewijkJan Tinbergen (1903-1994)

Objectives / key terms

Beggar-thy-neighbor

World Trade Organization (WTO)

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

United Nations (UN)

UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

Central and Eastern European economic transition process

The World Trade Organization (WTO/GATT) International Trade & the World Economy; Charles van MarrewijkThe international GATT agreement is based on three principles: Non-discrimination; as expressed in two sub-principles- Most Favored Nation (MFN) treatment- National treatment of foreign products Two main exceptions to the non-discrimination principle:- Free trade areas and customs unions- Developing countries Reciprocity (exception: developing countries) Prohibition on trade restriction other than tariffs (exception in case of balance-of-payments problems)

The World Trade Organization (WTO/GATT) International Trade & the World Economy; Charles van MarrewijkDuration of GATT rounds and number of countries involved.

The United Nations (UN) and UNCTAD International Trade & the World Economy; Charles van MarrewijkUN established in 1945, deals with many issues (culture, human rights, security, etc.); for economics most important ECOSOC: Programs and Funds; UNCTAD, UNDP, UNHCR, UNICEF, etc. Functional Commissions; Social Development, Human Rights, etc. Regional Commissions; ECA, ECE, ECLAC, ESCAP, etc. Specialized (independent) Agencies; ILO, FAO, UNESCO, WHO, WorldBank, IMF. UNCTAD established out of dissatisfaction with the role of developing countries in the world economy (Group of 77); publishes the World Investment Report.

Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development, OECD International Trade & the World Economy; Charles van Marrewijk

Case study: economic transition in Central and Eastern Europe International Trade & the World Economy; Charles van MarrewijkEconomic transition has different dimensions

Case study: economic transition in Central and Eastern Europe International Trade & the World Economy; Charles van Marrewijk

Case study: economic transition in Central and Eastern Europe International Trade & the World Economy; Charles van MarrewijkGDP/capita (index, 1990 = 100)

Conclusions International Trade & the World Economy; Charles van MarrewijkGATT, replaced by WTO, deals most directly with international trade problems (GATT rounds to reduce trade barriers become more complicated, take longer and involve more countries over the years).UN organizations affect all aspects of human life; UNCTAD focuses on problems of developing countries.OECD is organization of economically more advanced countries.Adjusting a countrys organizational and institutional framework is an enormous and time-consuming process, as illustrated by the Central and Eastern European countries.

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