BentleyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFor other uses, seeBentley (disambiguation).Bentley Motors Limited

TypeSubsidiary

Industry Engineering Manufacturing Distribution

Fate Acquired by Rolls-Royce Limited (1931) Acquired byVolkswagen Group(1998)[1]

PredecessorRolls-Royce Motors

Founded18January1919

Founder H. M. Bentley W. O. Bentley

HeadquartersCrewe, England,United Kingdom[2]

Area servedWorldwide

Key people Wolfgang Drheimer (Chairman, CEO)[3] Woolf Barnato(Chairman 19221929)

Products Continental Flying Spur Continental GT Mulsanne[4]

Production output 9,107vehicles (2012) 7,593vehicles (2011)[5][6]

ServicesAutomobile customisation

Revenue 1,453million (2012) 1,119million (2011)[5]

Profit 8million (2011) -245million (2010)[7]

Number of employees3,600 (2013)[8]

ParentVolkswagen Group[9]

Websitebentleymotors.com

Footnotes/ references[10][11]

Bentley's winged "B" badge and bonnet (hood) ornamentBentley Motors Limited(/bntli/) is a British luxury automaker, and a wholly owned subsidiary of the German companyVolkswagen AG.[12]Its principal activity is the design, engineering, manufacture, and distribution of luxury automobiles sold under the Bentley marque. Based inCrewe, England, Bentley Motors Limited was founded byW. O. Bentleyon 18 January 1919 in Cricklewood near London and was acquired byRolls-Roycein 1931.Bentley Motors Limited is the direct successor ofRolls-Royce Motors, which Volkswagen AG purchased in 1998. The purchase included the vehicle designs, model nameplates, production and administrative facilities, theSpirit of Ecstasyand Rolls-Royce grille shape trademarks, but not the rights to the use of the Rolls-Royce name or logo, which are owned by Rolls-Royce Holdings plc and were later licensed toBMW AG.Bentley vehicles are sold via franchised dealers worldwide, and as of November 2012,Chinawas the largest individual market for Bentley automobiles.[13]Most Bentley cars are assembled at the company'splant in Crewe, with a small number of Continental Flying Spurs assembled at theTransparent FactoryinDresden, Germany.[14]Automobile bodies for the Continental model line are produced inZwickau, Germany. Bentley cars are largely hand-built.Bentley cars won the24 Hours of Le Mansin1924,1927,1928,1929,1930and2003. The current Bentley production models are theContinental Flying Spur,Continental GTandMulsanne. Notable former Bentley production models include theBentley 4 Litre,Bentley Speed Six,Bentley R TypeContinental,Bentley Turbo RandBentley Arnage.Contents[hide] 1Cricklewood 1.1First major event 1922 Indianapolis 500 1.2Barnato becomes chairman 1.3The Bentley Boys 1.4Car models, Cricklewood 1.5Performance at Le Mans 1.5.124 hours of Le Mans Grand Prix d'Endurance 1.6Receivership, Sale to Rolls-Royce 2Rolls-Royce ownership Derby 2.1Car models, Derby 3Crewe 3.1Post-war standard-steel saloons 3.2Bentley Continental 3.3Car models, Crewe 4Vickers 4.1Car models, Crewe Vickers 5Volkswagen 5.1Volkswagen AG vs. BMW AG 5.2Car models, Crewe VW & BMW 5.3Modern Bentleys 5.3.1Deliveries, profits and staff 5.3.2Production 5.4Car models, Crewe Volkswagen 5.5Motorsport 6See also 7References 8Bibliography 9External linksCricklewoodBeforeWorld WarIin Cricklewood near London,Walter Owen Bentleyhad been in partnership with his brother Horace Millner Bentley selling FrenchDFPcars, but he had always wanted to design and build his own range of cars bearing his name. It was on a visit to the DFP factory in 1913 that W.O. noticed an aluminium paperweight, and had the inspired idea of using the lightweight metal instead of cast iron to make engine pistons. The first Bentley aluminium pistons went into service in aero engines for the Sopwith Camel duringWorld WarI. In August 1919, Bentley Motors Ltd. was registered, and a chassis with dummy engine was exhibited at theLondon Motor Showin October of that year.[15]An innovative4 valves per cylinderengine designed by exRoyal Flying CorpsofficerClive Gallopwas built and running by December, and orders were taken for deliveries starting in June 1920; however, development took longer than estimated, and the first cars were not ready until September 1921.[15]Their durability earned widespread acclaim. Appearances were made in hill climbs and atBrooklands.[citation needed]First major event 1922 Indianapolis 500Bentley entered the1922 Indianapolis 500mile race as their "first major event", sending one car with works driverDouglas Hawkesand riding mechanic H. S. "Bertie" Browning.[16]In a race dominated by specialized cars withDuesenbergracing chassis, Hawkes completed the full 500 miles in a modified road car, finishing 13th with an average speed of 74.95mph after starting in 19th position.[17]The team was then rushed back to England to compete in the 1922RAC Tourist Trophy.[16][18]Barnato becomes chairmanWoolf Barnatoacquired his first Bentley (a 3-litre) in 1925, just 12 months before he also acquired the business itself. With this car he won numerousBrooklandsraces. He was a member of a social set of wealthy British motorists known as the "Bentley Boys" who favoured the cars of W.O. Bentley. Many were independently wealthy, often with a background in military service. Barnato wasnicknamed"Babe", in ironic deference to hisheavyweight boxer's stature.The Bentley enterprise was always underfunded, but inspired by the 1924 Le Mans win byJohn DuffandFrank Clement, Barnato agreed to finance Bentley's business. Barnato had incorporatedBaromans Ltdin 1922, which existed as his finance and investment vehicle. Via Baromans, Barnato initially invested in excess of 100,000, saving the business and its workforce. A financial reorganisation of the original Bentley company was carried out and all existing creditors paid off for 75,000. Existing shares were devalued from 1 each to just 1 shilling, or 5% or their original value. Barnato held 149,500 of the new shares giving him control of the company and he became chairman. Barnato injected further cash into the business: 35,000 secured bydebenturein July 1927; 40,000 in 1928; 25,000 in 1929. With renewed financial input, W. O. Bentley was able to design another generation of cars.The Bentley BoysMain articles:Bentley BoysandBlue Train Races

1929 4 litre"Blower" Bentleydeveloped in Welwyn Garden City by "Tim" Birkin and pushed over W.O. to market before it was reliableA group of wealthy British motorists known as the "Bentley Boys"Woolf Barnato,Sir Henry "Tim" Birkin,steeplechaserGeorge Duller,aviatorGlen Kidston, automotive journalistS.C.H. "Sammy" Davis, andDr Dudley Benjafieldamong themkept the marque's reputation for high performance alive. Bentley, located atCricklewood, north London, was noted for its four consecutive victories at the24 Hours of Le Mansfrom 1927 to 1930.In 1929, Birkin had developed the lightweightBlower Bentley, including five racing specials that started with the Brooklands racing designedBentley Blower No.1.In March 1930, during theBlue Train Races, Woolf Barnato raised the stakes onRoverand itsRover Light Six, having raced and beatenLe Train Bleufor the first time, to better that record with his 6-litreBentley Speed Sixon a bet of 100. He drove against the train fromCannestoCalais, then by ferry toDover, and finally London, travelling on public highways, and won.Barnato drove hisH.J. Mullinerbodiedformal saloonin the race against the Blue Train. Two months later, on 21 May 1930, he took delivery of a Speed Six with streamlined fastback "Sportsman Coup" byGurney Nutting. Both cars became known as the "Blue Train Bentleys"; the latter is regularly mistaken for, or erroneously referred to as being, the car that raced the Blue Train, while in fact Barnato named it in memory of his race.[19][20]A painting byTerence Cuneodepicts the Gurney Nutting coup racing along a road parallel to the Blue Train, which scenario never occurred as the road and railway did not follow the same route.Car models, Cricklewood

Bentley 8 Litre4-door sports saloon 1921293-litre 1926304-litre & "Blower Bentley" 1926306-litre 1928306-litre Speed Six 1930318-litre 19314-litreThe original model was the 3-litre, but as customers put heavier bodies on the chassis, a larger 4-litre model followed. Perhaps the most iconic model of the period is the 4-litre "Blower Bentley", with its distinctivesuperchargerprojecting forward from the bottom of the grille. Uncharacteristically fragile for a Bentley it was not the racing workhorse the 6-litre was, though in 1930 Birkin remarkably finished second in theFrench Grand Prix at Pauin a stripped-down racing version of the "Blower Bentley", behindPhilippe Etancelinin aBugatti Type 35.The 4-litre model later became famous in popular media as the vehicle of choice ofJames Bondin the originalnovels, but this has been seen only briefly in thefilms.John Steedin the television seriesThe Avengersalso drove a Bentley.The new 8-litre was such a success that when Barnato's money seemed to run out in 1931 and Napier was planning to buy Bentley's business, Rolls-Royce purchased Bentley Motors to prevent it competing with their most expensive model, PhantomII.Performance at Le Mans

Bentley Speed Six24 hours of Le MansGrand Prix d'Endurance 19234th (private entry)(3-Litre) 19241st (3-Litre) 1925did not finish 1926did not finish 19271st 15th 17th (3-Litre) 19281st 5th (4-litre) 19291st (Speed Six); 2nd 3rd 4th: (4-litre) 19301st 2nd (Speed Six)Bentley withdrew from motor racing just after winning at Le Mans in 1930, claiming that they had learned enough about speed and reliability.[21]Receivership, Sale to Rolls-RoyceTheWall Street Crash of 1929affected the Bentley business greatly, with theGreat Depressionreducing demand for its expensive products. In July 1931, two mortgage payments on the firm that were guaranteed by Barnato fell due, and he advised the lenders that he was "unable to meet these debts". On 10 July, on the application of the mortgagee, the court appointed aReceiverto Bentley Motors Limited.[22]The Press Association understands that Messrs Napier and Son, aero-engine builders, have reached an agreement to take over Bentley Motors Limited which is in voluntary liquidation. It is expected that the matter will come before the Court within the next few days.Press Association,"Napier To Absorb Bentley Motors",The Times, Saturday, Oct 24, 1931; pg. 18; Issue 45962Napier & Sonnegotiated with Bentley's receiver to buy the company, with the takeover expected to be made final in November 1931. Instead, a competitor named British Central Equitable Trust offered a counter-proposal and with an offer of 125,000 outbid Napier in a sealed bid auction.[23]British Central Equitable Trust later proved to be afrontforRolls-Royce Limited.[24]Not even Bentley himself knew the true identity of the purchaser until the deal was completed.[15]Barnato received around 42,000 in return for his shares in Bentley Motors, having bought a sizeable stake in Rolls-Royce not long before Bentley Motors was liquidated.[citation needed]By 1934 he was appointed to the board of the new Bentley Motors (1931) Ltd.[25]This attempted total obliteration of Bentley Motorsand its founderwas one outcome of a highly personal "vendetta" between the two engineers,HivesandBentley, two men of quite different natures, begun in 1914 when Bentley was madeofficial liaisonbetween Government and aero engine manufacturers.[citation needed]Bentley's abiding weaknesses were in sometimes poor personal relationships combined with his apparent inability to curb spending on development. The 8-Litre was acknowledged[by whom?]to be the better if more expensive car. Bentley may have been the better engineer.[citation needed]He accepted the position of patron of the Bentley Drivers' Club just before the end of Woolf Barnato's term as its president.Rolls-Royce ownership Derby

"The silent sports car"1935 3-litre Cabriolet byRolls-Royce took over the assets of Bentley Motors (1919) Ltd and formed a new wholly owned company called Bentley Motors (1931) Ltd. Rolls-Royce had acquired the Bentley showrooms in Cork Street, the service station at Kingsbury, the whole establishment at Cricklewood and Bentley himself. This last was disputed by Napier in court without success. The old business had not troubled to register their Bentley trademark. Rolls-Royce took immediate steps to remedy that. TheCricklewoodfactory was closed during 1932 and sold. Production stopped for two years,[26]before resuming at the Rolls-Royce works in Derby. Unhappy with his role at Rolls-Royce, when his contract expired at the end of April 1935 W.O. Bentley left to joinLagonda.When the newBentley 3 litreappeared in 1933, it was a sporting variant of theRolls-Royce 20/25, which disappointed some traditional customers yet was well received by many others. W.O. Bentley was reported as saying, "Taking all things into consideration, I would rather own this Bentley than any other car produced under that name".[15]Rolls-Royce's advertisements for the312Litre called it "the silent sports car",[27]a slogan Rolls-Royce continued to use for Bentley cars until the 1950s.[28]All Bentleys produced from 1931 to 2004 used inherited or shared Rolls-Royce chassis, and adapted Rolls-Royce engines, and are described by critics asbadge-engineeredRolls-Royces.[29]Car models, Derby 1933373-litre 1936394-litre 193941Mark V 1939Mark VCreweA 60 acre site was acquired for Rolls-Royce by the British government on the western side ofCrewe,Cheshirein May 1938 in order to support the company's work for the anticipatedwar.[30]During the war more than 25,000 "Merlin" aircraft engines were produced at the new factory.[30]After World WarII, Rolls-Royce chose to focus its aero-engine production on Derby.[30]Production of motorcars was moved to the ex-wartimeshadow factoryinCrewe.[30]Post-war standard-steel saloons

Bentley Mark VIstandard steel saloon, the first Bentley supplied by Rolls-Royce with a standard body.Until some time afterWorld WarII, most high-end motorcar manufacturers like Bentley and Rolls-Royce did not supply complete cars. They soldrolling chassis, near-complete from the instrument panel forward. Each chassis was delivered to the coachbuilder of the buyer's choice. The biggest specialist car dealerships had coachbuilders build standard designs for them which were held in stock awaiting potential buyers.

The assembled pressings from Pressed SteelTo meet post-war demand, particularly UK Government pressure to export and earn overseas currency, Rolls-Royce developed an all steel body using pressings made byPressed Steelto create a "standard" ready-to-drive complete saloon car. The first steel-bodied model produced was theBentley Mark VI: these started to emerge from the newly reconfigured Crewe factory early in 1946.[30][31]Some years later, initially only for export, theRolls-Royce Silver Dawnwas introduced, a standard steel Bentley but with a Rolls-Royce radiator grille for a small extra charge, and this convention continued.Chassis remained available to coachbuilders until the end of production of theBentley S3, which was replaced forOctober 1965by the chassis-lessmonocoqueconstructionT series.

Bentley Continental

Bentley Continental, fastback coup body by H J MullinerThe Continental fastback coup was produced principally for the domestic home market, the majority of cars produced (165, including aprototype) being right-hand drive. The chassis was produced at the Crewe factory and shared many components with the standard R type. Other than the R-Type standard steel saloon, R-Type Continentals were delivered as rolling chassis to thecoachbuilderof choice. Coachwork for most of these cars was completed byH.J. Mulliner & Co.who mainly built them in fastback coupe form. Other coachwork came fromPark Ward(London) who built six, later including a drophead coupe version. Franay (Paris) built five, Graber (Wichtrach, Switzerland) built three, one of them later altered by Kng (Basel, Switzerland), andPininfarinamade one.James Young(London) built in 1954 a Sports Saloon for the owner of James Young's, James Barclay.The early RType Continental has essentially the same engine as the standard RType, but with modified carburation, induction and exhaust manifolds along with higher gear ratios.[32]After July 1954 the car was fitted with an engine, having now a larger bore of 94.62mm (3.7in) with a total displacement of 4,887cc (4.9L; 298.2cuin). The compression ratio was raised to 7.25:1.

Car models, CreweBentleys made by Rolls-Royce Ltd. in Crewe

"The silent sports car"1952 4-litre 2-door by H J Mulliner

Bentley S-series Standard Saloon

Bentley T-series Standard Saloon (l.w.b.)

Standard-steel saloon 194652Mark VI 195255R Type Continental 195255R TypeContinental S-series 195559S1and Continental 195962S2and Continental 196265S3and Continental T-series 196577T1 197780T2 197184Corniche 197586Camargue

Vickers

The Bentley logo on a 1998 ArnageThe problems of Bentley's owner with Rolls-Royce aero engine development, theRB211, brought about the financial collapse of its business in 1970.The motorcar division was made a separate business, Rolls-Royce Motors Limited, which remained independent until bought byVickers plcin August 1980. By the 1970s and early 1980s Bentley sales had fallen badly; at one point less than 5% of combined production carried the Bentley badge.[15]Under Vickers, Bentley set about regaining its high-performance heritage, typified by the 1980Mulsanne. Bentley's restored sporting image created a renewed interest in the name and Bentley sales as a proportion of output began to rise. By 1986 the Bentley:Rolls-Royce ratio had reached 40:60; by 1991 it achieved parity.[15]Car models, Crewe Vickers

1984Bentley Mulsanne Turbo

Bentley Brooklands 198495Continental: convertible 199295Continental Turbo 198092Bentley Mulsanne 198488Mulsanne L: limousine 198285Mulsanne Turbo 198792Mulsanne S 198492Eight: basic model 198595Turbo R:turbochargedperformance version 19912002Continental R: turbocharged 2-door model 199495Continental S:intercooled 19962002Continental T 19992003Continental R Mulliner: performance model 199298Brooklands: improved Eight 199698Brooklands R: performance Brooklands 199495Turbo S: limited-edition sports model 199495Continental S: to order only version of Continental R with features of Turbo S incorporated 199597New Turbo R: updated 96MY Turbo R with revised bumpers, single front door glazing, new door mirrors, spare in trunk, engine cover, new seat design, auto lights, auto wipers etc. 19952003Azure: convertible Continental R 19962002Continental T: short-wheelbase performance model 199798Turbo RL: "new" Turbo R LWB (LongWheel Base) 199798Bentley Turbo RT: replacement for the Turbo RL 199798RT Mulliner: Ultra exclusive performance modelVolkswagenThis sectiondoes notciteanyreferences or sources.Please help improve this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(September 2010)

Volkswagen AG vs. BMW AGIn October 1997, Vickers announced that it had decided to sell Rolls-Royce Motors.BMW AGseemed to be a logical purchaser because BMW already supplied engines and other components for Bentley and Rolls-Royce branded cars and because of BMW and Vickers joint efforts in building aircraft engines. BMW made a final offer of 340m, but was outbid byVolkswagen AG, which offered 430m. Volkswagen AG acquired the vehicle designs, model nameplates, production and administrative facilities, the Spirit of Ecstasy and Rolls-Royce grille shape trademarks, but not the rights to the use of the Rolls-Royce name or logo, which are owned by Rolls-Royce Holdings plc. In 1998, BMW started supplying components for the new range of Rolls-Royce and Bentley carsnotablyV8 enginesfor theBentley ArnageandV12 enginesfor theRolls-Royce Silver Seraph, however, the supply contract allowed BMW to terminate its supply deal with Rolls-Royce with 12 months' notice, which would not be enough time for Volkswagen to re-engineer the cars.

Bentley AzureMulliner 2003 Final SeriesBMW paidRolls-Royce plc40m to license the Rolls-Royce name and logo. After negotiations, BMW and Volkswagen AG agreed that, from 1998 to 2002, BMW would continue to supply engines and components and would allow Volkswagen temporary use of the Rolls-Royce name and logo. All BMW engine supply ended in 2003 with the end of Silver Seraph production.From 1 January 2003 forward, Volkswagen AG would be the sole provider of cars with the "Bentley" marque. BMW established a new legal entity, Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited, and built a new administrative headquarters and production facility for Rolls-Royce branded vehicles in Goodwood, West Sussex, England.Car models, Crewe VW & BMW 19992002Azure Mullinerperformance model 1999Continental T Mullinerfirmer suspensionModern Bentleys

The Bentley line-up from late 2000s (from left):Flying Spur,Continental GT, andArnage

Queen Elizabeth II'sBentley State LimousineAfter acquiring the business, Volkswagen spentGBP500million (about US$845million) to modernise the Crewe factory and increase production capacity.[33]As of early 2010, there are about 3,500 working at Crewe, compared with about 1,500 in 1998 before being taken over by Volkswagen.[34]It was reported that Volkswagen invested a total of nearly US$2billion in Bentley and its revival.[35]As a result of upgrading facilities at Crewe the bodywork now arrives fully painted at the Crewe facility for final assembly, with the parts coming from Germanysimilarly Rolls-Royce body shells are painted and shipped to the UK for assembly only.In 2002, Bentley presentedQueen Elizabeth IIwith an officialState Limousineto celebrate herGolden Jubilee. In 2003, Bentley's two-door convertible, theBentley Azure, ceased production, and Bentley introduced a second line,Bentley Continental GT, a large luxury coup powered by aW12 enginebuilt in Crewe.Demand had been so great that the factory at Crewe was unable to meet orders despite an installed capacity of approximately 9,500 vehicles per year; there was a waiting list of over a year for new cars to be delivered. Consequently, part of the production of the newFlying Spur, a four-door version of the Continental GT, was assigned to theTransparent Factory(Germany), where theVolkswagen Phaetonluxury car is also assembled. This arrangement ceased at the end of 2006 after around 1,000 cars, with all car production reverting to the Crewe plant.In April 2005, Bentley confirmed plans to produce a four-seat convertible modeltheAzure, derived from theArnage Drophead Coupprototypeat Crewe beginning in 2006. By the autumn of 2005, the convertible version of the successful Continental GT, theContinental GTC, was also presented. These two models were successfully launched in late 2006.A limited run of aZagatomodified GT was also announced in March 2008, dubbed "GTZ".A new version of the Bentley Continental was introduced at the 2009Geneva Auto Show: TheContinental Supersports. This new Bentley is a supercar combining extreme power with environmentally friendly FlexFuel technology, capable of using petrol (gasoline) and biofuel (E85 ethanol).Bentley sales continued to increase, and in 2005 8,627 were sold worldwide, 3,654 in the United States. In 2007, the 10,000 cars-per-year threshold was broken for the first time with sales of 10,014. For 2007, a record profit of155million was also announced.[36]Bentley reported a sale of about 7,600 units in 2008.[37]However, its global sales plunged 50 percent to 4,616 vehicles in 2009 (with the U.S. deliveries dropped 49% to 1,433 vehicles) and it suffered an operating loss of194million, compared with anoperating profitof10million in 2008.[33][38]As a result of the slump in sales, production at Crewe was shut down during March and April 2009.[39]Though vehicle sales increased by 11% to 5,117 in 2010, operating loss grew by 26% to245million.[40]In Autumn 2010, workers at Crewe staged a series of protests over proposal of compulsory work on Fridays and mandatory overtime during the week.[41]Vehicle sales in 2011 rose 37% to 7,003 vehicles, with the new Continental GT accounting for over one-third of total sales. The current workforce is about 4,000 people.The business earned a profit in 2011 after two years of losses as a result of the following sales results:[42]

1998

20052011Deliveries, profits and staffYearProfit or loss millionStaffTotaldeliveriesAmericasChinaEuropeexc UKUKMiddleEastAsiaPacificJapanOther

19981500414

19991001

20001469

20011429

2002115736

20031017

20047411

2005862736545004473

2006+1379387403517520243153

2007+155100144196338216620791235

2008+107605

2009-1943500461614334898971797

2010-24551171525910776982924

20118400070032021183911871031566249110

201210085102457225313331104815358190

20131761012031402191148013811185452291

SourcesVolkswagen AG Annual Reports and press releases[43]ProductionYearCGT CoupCGT CabrioFlying SpurMulsanneArnageBrooklandsAzureContinentalOther BentleyRolls-RoyceTotal

200012431319324691938

20011049205114613521781

20028836950611471210

20031076076216792

200468967907686

2005473342715569560

200636111742404246417710036

200721404847227035783509972

20082699240818132773121657674

200912117221358147106933637

201017358431914354624854

20113416677235411467593

201235362638176411699107

2013360221973960111710876

SourcesVolkswagen AG Annual Reports[43]Unsold cars. During the years 2011 and 2012 production exceeded deliveries by 1,187 cars which is estimated to have trebled inventory.Car models, Crewe Volkswagen 1998:Arnagesaloon 1999:Hunaudieres Concept 2002:State Limousine 2003:Continental GTcoup 2005:Continental Flying Spursaloon 2006:Azureconvertible 2006:Continental GTconvertible 2007:Continental GT Speedcoup 2008:Bentley Brooklandscoup 2008:Bentley Continental Flying Spur (2005)Speedsaloon 2009:Continental GTCSpeed 2009:AzureT 2009:Arnagesaloon, Final Series 2009:Continental Supersports 2009:Bentley Zagato GTZ[44] 2010:Bentley Mulsanne 2011:2nd Generation Continental GT 2013:Bentley Flying Spur 2016:Bentley BentaygaMotorsportABentley Continental GT3entered by theM-Sportfactory team won the Silverstone round of the 2014Blancpain Endurance Series. This was Bentley's first official entry in a British race since the 1930 RAC Tourist Trophy.[45]