Belum VS Reddy, A Ashok Kumar, P Parthasarathy Rao and P Sanjana Reddy International Crops Research...
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![Page 1: Belum VS Reddy, A Ashok Kumar, P Parthasarathy Rao and P Sanjana Reddy International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Patancheru.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649d945503460f94a7c35d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Belum VS Reddy, A Ashok Kumar, P Parthasarathy Rao and P Sanjana Reddy
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India
Global Consultation on Pro-poor Sweet Sorghum Development for Bioethanol Production and Introduction to Tropical Sugar Beet Agenda, 8-9 Nov 2007, Rome
Sweet sorghum domains, hybrid sweet sorghum seed production
and agronomic practices: An overview
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Contents
SAT and hungry
Sweet sorghum adaptation
Sweet sorghum growing areas/domains
Seed production
Cultivating sweet sorghum
Sweet sorghum vis-a-vis sugarcane
Conclusion
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The semi-arid tropics
Mostly located in 48 countries in Asia and SSA
• Inhabited by more than 800 million people: much of the world’s poorest• Unpredictable climate, low/erratic rainfall and poor soils• Inadequate physical and social infrastructure
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Near East; North Africa, 39 M
India221 M
Sub-Saharan Africa 204 M
China 142 M
OtherAsia/Pacific156 M
Latin America & Caribbean, 53 M
Where are the hungry?Where are the hungry?
CGIAR Plank 3 - Geographic Priorities: In determining the relative geographic priorities, the CGIAR will give highest priority to developing a concerted approach to address the needs of people in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia where poverty is concentrated and growing.
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Sweet sorghum
• Production similar to grain sorghum
• Sugar-rich stalks (16-23% Brix)
• Ethanol from juice of stalks after fermentation
• Stillage - feed; grain - food
• A cheaper and eco-friendly option for ethanol production
• No sulphur and aldehydes
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Temp: 15 to 45oC (optimum 23
to 40oC)
Day length: 10 to 14 hrs
Rainfall 700 to 1500 mm
Relative humidity 15 to 80%
Sweet sorghum adaptation
Optimum climatic conditions
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Red or black loamy with pH 6.5 to 7.5
Organic matter >0.6%
Depth >80cm
Bulk density <1.4 gcc
Water holding capacity >20% (weight basis)
N = >260 kg ha-1 (available), P = >12 kg ha-1 (available), K = >120 kg ha-1 (available)
Suitable soils
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S. No.Particulars of analysis Guidelines followed by ICRISAT
<6.5, acidic6.5 - 8.5, normal>8.7, alkaline<0.8, normal0.8 - 1.6, critical for salt sensitive crops1.6 - 2.5, critical for slat tolerent crops>2.5, injurious to all norms0.5%, low0.5 - 0.75, medium>0.75, high<5.0 ppm, low5.0 -10 ppm, medium> 10 ppm, high<50 ppm, low50-125 ppm, medium125 ppm, high
1 PH (1:2 soil : water)
2Salinity (electrical
conductivity (dS/m)
Reference: Jackson, ML. 1967. Soil chemical analysis.
5Available K (1 N
neutral am. acetate)
3 Organic carbon %
4Available P (Olsen's
method) ppm
Soil critical limits
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Soil critical limits (contd…)
S. No.Particulars of analysis Guidelines followed by ICRISAT
<40 ppm, low40-80ppm, medium>80 ppm, high<1000 ppm, low1000-1600 ppm, medium1600-2400 ppm, high
Critical limit ppm8 Zinc (Zn) 0.759 Copper (Cu) 0.50
10 Iron (Fe) 2.0011 Manganese (Mn) 1.00
12Hot water extractable Boron 0.58
13 CaCl2 extractable S 8-10
6Available Mg (1 N neutral am. acetate)
7Available Ca (1 N neutral am. acetate)
For Indian soils DTPA Extractable Particulars
Reference: Jackson, ML. 1967. Soil chemical analysis.
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Region 1990-95 2000-05 1990-95 2000-05 1990-95 2000-05
Asia 15.13 11.12 16.90 10.85 1.12 0.98Africa 20.83 23.58 16.47 21.43 0.79 0.91Northern America 3.85 2.93 15.54 11.02 4.04 3.76Others 3.81 4.76 10.55 14.34 2.77 3.01World 43.62 42.39 59.47 57.64 1.36 1.36
Sorghum area, production and productivityArea (m ha) Production (m t) Yield (t ha-1)
Global sorghum statistics
Cultivated over 92 countries in the world.
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Period
Area
(m ha)
Production
(m tons)
Productivity
(t ha-1)
Rainy Post- rainy
India Rainy Post -rainy
India Rainy Post -rainy
India
1980-85 10.0 6.2 16.2 8.3 3.3 11.6 0.83 0.53 0.71
1990-95 7.3 5.5 12.8 7.3 3.4 10.7 1.00 0.61 0.83
2000-05 4.4 5.1 9.5 4.6 2.6 7.2 1.05 0.52 0.76
2005-06 3.9 4.8 8.7 5.3 2.3 7.4 1.35 0.48 0.87
Balance sheet of sorghum: India
Source: Agriculture (CMIE), 2005-06 (April 2007)
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> 1000 750 to 1000 < 750>25.0 51 12 22 17>7.5 and <25.0 39 19 11 9>2.5 and <7.5 47 24 14 9
Total 137 55 47 35
Rainy season sorghum area 2001-03 - India.Rainfall (mm)Kharif area
(000 ha)No. of
districts
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> 1000 750 to 1000 < 750>25.0 24 4 10 10>7.5 and <25.0 19 4 12 3>1.0 and <7.5 16 3 10 3
Total 59 11 32 16
Rabi area (000 ha)
No. of districts
Rainfall (mm)Post rainy season sorghum area 2001-03 - India.
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Classes of seed:• Nucleus seed• Breeder seed• Foundation seed• Certified seed
Seed production
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Nucleus seed (Basic seed)
Breeder seed (Stage I)
Breeder seed (Stage II)
Foundation seed (Stage I)
Foundation seed (Stage II)
Certified seed(First generation)
Commercial seed
Agricultural universities and Research institutes
-do-
Agricultural universities and seed corporations (public/private)
Seed corporations (public/private)
Farmer
Category Producing agency
Seed-multiplication chain
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Insertion of a paper bag onto a pollen-shedding panicle
Anthers from male-fertile (left) and male-sterile (right) panicles
A comparison of developing inflorescences of a male-sterile A-line (left side of each pair) and restorer R-line (right side of each pair) in different growth stages
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Nucleus seed production
Variety/R-line
• Self each plant after rouging off types• Plant head to row next generation and rogue
out off types• Self and bulk progenies conferring to the
original description
Initial handful of seed originating through selection/breeding by the breeder
Produced by originating breeder
Steps
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Nucleus seed production
A/B-lines• Plant A/B in 2 rows of 1 m
• Rogue out off types/pollen shedders
• Bag before anthesis and make plant to plant crossing between A and B
• Plant the seed of paired A and B, rogue out off types/pollen shedders in A
• Make plant to plant crosses in two/three pairs which confirm to the original description
• Finally bulk within A-line and B-line progeny which confirm to the original line
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Breeder seed production
Variety/B-line/R-line• Varieties, B- and R-lines are pure lines• Sown in isolated plot• Maintain >300 m isolation from other sorghum cultivars
for B- and R-lines• >200m from other sorghum cultivars for varieties• >400m from Johnsons grass/other forage/grassy sorghum
types for all types• Crop grown under assured irrigation facilities• Recommended package of practices followed• Rogue out off types before anthesis• Harvest, clean and dry the seeds to <12% moisture
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Breeder seed production (contd..)
Male-sterile line• Plant A- and B-line in 4A:2B or 6A:2B ratio• Plant B-line all along the borders• Maintain > 300m isolation from other sorghum cultivars
• >400m from Johnsons grass/other forage/ grassy sorghum types for all types
• Rogue out off types in A- and B- and pollen shedders in A-line before anthesis
• Crop grown under assured irrigation• Recommended package of practices followed• Harvest B-line first followed by A-line• Seed collected on A-line gives rise to A-line• Label the seeds correctly• Harvested B-line seed can be reused for next generation• Clean and dry the seeds to <12% moisture
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Foundation seed production
• Intermediate stage between breeder and certified seed production
• Requires certification
• Produced by State Seed Corporations (SSCs)/Central Seed Farms (CSFs)/Extension Agencies (EAs)
• Production supervised by concerned breeders/representatives of SSCs/CSFs/EAs and seed certification agencies
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Certified seed
• Last stage of seed production chain• Directly goes to farmers/producers• Produced on large scale by public/private
sectors/EAs/ experienced growers• Quantity produced depends on the demand for
hybrid seed• Requires certification• Production supervised by concerned breeders/
representatives of SSCs/CSFs/EAs and seed
certification agencies
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Steps
Varieties• Steps are similar to breeder seed
production• Maintain >100 m isolation from other
sorghum cultivars• >400 m from Johnson grass/other
forage/ grassy sorghum types
Certified seed (contd..)
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Hybrids• Production involves A- × R- (hybrid) seed
production• Plant designated A- and R-lines in 4A:2R or
6A:2R ratios in isolated plots• R-lines are planted all along the borders• Maintain >300m isolation from other sorghum
cultivars• >400m from Johnson grass/other forage/grassy
sorghum types• Crop grown under assured irrigation• Recommended package of practices followed
Certified seed (contd..)
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• Synchrony in flowering is most important• Staggered planted depending on the difference
in days to flowering between A- and R-lines• Flowering behavior of A- and R-lines interact
with day length and temperature• Staggered planting is standardized for each
seed production area• Careful manipulation of nitrogenous fertilizers
and irrigation improves synchrony of flowering
Certified seed (contd..)
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• Rogue out off types, pollen shedders and diseased heads in A-lines before anthesis and off types and diseased heads in R-lines
• Supplementary pollination techniques such as beating R-lines with sticks or brisk walking between R-line rows enhances seed yield of A-lines
• Seed harvested in A-line is hybrid seed that goes to farmers/producers
• Seed collected on R-line is not permitted to be re-used for A x R seed production
• Harvested seed on A-line is cleaned and dried to bring the moisture to <12%
Certified seed (contd..)
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Minimum isolation distance required
Minimum isolation distance (m)
Foundation CertifiedField seed field seed field
Other grain sorghum fields 300 200
Field of same variety not 300 25 conforming to varietal purityForage sorghum and Johnson 400 400 grass
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An isolated breeders seed production plot of A- and B-lines at ICRISAT
An isolated JKSH 22 hybrid seed production plot at Nandyal , Andhra Pradesh
An isolated breeders seed production plot of S 35 variety at ICRISAT
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Maximum permitted level of pollen shedders, off-types, diseased heads for foundation and certified seed
of sorghum
Maximum permitted level (%) Foundation Certified
seed field seed field
Pollen shedders 0.05 0.1Off-types in both seed parent 0.01 0.05 and pollinatorDiseased heads like grain 0.05 0.1 smut and head smut at final inspection
* However, reinspections are allowed after removal of diseased plants before flowering
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Projected area of commercial hybrid (ha)
Seed requirement (t)
Area to be sown (ha)
Seed requirement for foundation seed production (kg)
Area to be sown (ha)
Required breeder seed production (kg)
Area to be sown (ha)
100 000 1000 1000 A 6000 6 60 0.1
B 4000 4 40 0.07
R 4000 4 40 0.07
200 000 2000 2000 A 12000 12 120 0.2
B 8000 8 80 0.14
R 8000 8 80 0.14
Estimates of land and seed requirements for various classes of hybrid parents and hybrid seed in sorghum on an
annual basis1
1. A seed rate of 10 kg ha-1
and seed yield of 1000kg ha-1
were assumed for certified and foundation seed plots.
Breeder seed plot yields were estimated on the basis of 600 kg ha-1
.
Certified seed Foundation seed Breeder seed
Planning seed production
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Causes of contamination
• Natural crossing with another cultivar
• Mutation
• Unclean harvesting environment
• Carelessness at processing plant
• Mistakes in bagging and tagging
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Thorough preparation of fields with the onset of monsoon (summer plowing - apply 10 t ha-1 farmyard manure at last plowing)
Cultivating sweet sorghum Land preparation
Sowing within one week of first shower will help to escape shoot fly damage (aggregated sowings)
Large-scale planting at a time in a given area minimizes shoot fly damage
Agronomic practices
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A seed rate of 7.5 to 8.0 kg ha-1
Late sown crop – seed rate of 12-15 kg ha-1
along with Carbofuran 3% G @ 20 kg ha-1
120,000-140,000 plants ha-1
Seed rate/spacing
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Sowing
Sowing on ridges with a spacing
of 45 cm between rows and 15
cm within rows or 18“ x 5-6"
3-4 seeds dibbled per hill –
eventually thinned to one per
hill
Sowing with planter is more
appropriate
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100 kg N : 50 kg P2O5 and 40 kg
K2O (add potassium especially
on sandy loam soils)
Half N and whole of P and K as basal
Fertilization
Remaining N is top dressed around 35-40 days after sowing
Use 200 kg of Ammonium phosphate (28N:28P:0K) at sowing and apply 100 kg of urea (46% N) at 35-40 days after sowing
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Intercultivation and pesticide application
Intercultivation at 15-20 DAS
Observe for shoot fly and stem borer incidence from two weeks after sowing
Furrow application of Carbofuran 3G @2 g/m row at sowing time and spraying endosulfan 35 E.C. 2 ml/l of water at 7th and 14th day after germination controls insect pests
2-3 granules of Carbofuran applied in each whorl at 15-20 days after sowing prevents shoot fly
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Protective irrigation if required at Germination
Seedling stage
Flower primordial initiation stage
Flowering
Dough stage of grain formation
Irrigation
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Mechanical weeding up to 30 days age of the crop Pre-emergence spray of Atrazine @ 0.5–1.0 kg
ai/ha or stomp (pendimethalin) @ 1.5 kg ai/ha immediately after sowing
Striga management
Crop rotation with trap crops, viz., cotton, sunflower and groundnut
Hand pulling when Striga population is less
Spraying 2,4-D @ 2.0 kg ai/ha
Weed management
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Harvesting
Harvest the stalks and grain
separately
Stage – black layer (hilum)
appears at the bottom of the
seed in lower half of the
panicles
Stalks sold to nearby
distilleries within 24 hours
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Preparation of cane
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Extraction of juice
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Major insect pests and management
Affects in the first fortnight of
the crop
Symptoms:
• Drying of central leaf leading to
dead hearts
• Production of side tillers
Shoot fly
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Sowing within 7-10 days of the onset of
monsoon (before July 15) avoids shoot fly
Cypermethrin 25%EC @ 0.5 l in 300 l of
water ha-1. 2-3 sprays starting from 6 DAE
(days after emergence) will give effective
control of shoot fly (mix surfactant
"Sandovit" in all the applications @ 1 ml/l)
Shoot fly control
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Infests from second week till maturity
Symptoms:• Transparent windows/
shot holes• Deadhearts• Stem tunneling• Peduncle tunneling –
breakage or complete or partial chaffy panicles
Stem borer
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Uprooting or burning of stubbles
Endosulfan 35%EC @ 2.0 l in 300 l of water
ha-1 or quinalphos 25%EC @ 2.0 l in 300 l of
water ha-1 or whorl application 5-6 granules
of Carbofuran 3% granules (mix surfactant
"Sandovit" in all the applications @ 1 ml/l)
Stem borer control
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Major diseases and management
Grain assumes equal
importance apart from stalk
Caused by a complex of several
fungal species
Symptom:
Grain discoloration depending
on the fungal infection
Grain molds
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Leaf diseases
Anthracnose Leaf blight
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Rust Downy mildew
Leaf diseases (cont…)
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Grain mold Adjusting planting time to escape rain during
grain development Timely harvesting (hilum layer formation) Spraying three times with Captan (0.3%) +
Dithane M-45 (0.3%) at 10 days interval from flowering
Disease control
Leaf diseases
Dithane M 45 (@ 2 g /Liter of water) at 35 DAS
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Comparative characteristicssweet sorghum and sugarcane
Parameter Sweet sorghum Sugarcane
Domain Rainfed SAT Irrigated SAT
Propagation Seed Vegetative
Crop duration 4 months 12-16 months
Water requirement 8000 m3 over 2 crops 36000 m3 crop-1
Crop production Mechanized ManualBreeding Hybrid technology Limited hybrids,
based on CMS in breeding restrictedplace to specific
locations
Cost of cultivation 440 over 2 crops 995
(US$ ha-1)
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Comparative characteristicssweet sorghum and sugarcane
Parameter Sweet sorghum Sugarcane
Millable stalk (t ha-1) 60 over 1 crop 75
Ethanol productivity (l t-1) 48 over 1 crop 75
Ethanol productivity (t ha-1) 2880 over 1 crops 5600 crop-1
Reducing sugars Higher Comparatively lower
Grain yield (t ha-1) 2 to 6 --
Bagasse Higher biological value Comparatively lower
Fermentation efficiency 90 to 92 85 to 90
Ethanol cost per kilo liter (US$) 76.4 111.5
Ethanol production process Eco-friendly Comparatively not so
Ethanol burning quality Less sulphur More sulphur
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In conclusion…
• Sweet sorghum can be cultivated over large areas in rainfed conditions
• Sweet sorghum is seed propagated and hybrid seed production system was worked out
• Since sorghum is an age-old crop, farmers have no difficulty in its cultivation and cultivation practices are simple and readily adoptable
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Thank You
®
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By-products from sweet sorghum
Stillage
Jaggery