Bell Ringer #1

• When and where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

Use Chapter 19 Section 1!

Chapter 19 Section 1

The Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution• Industrial Revolution– Starts in Great Britain,

1780s• Five Reasons-– Farming– Population– Capital– Resources– Colonies

Contributing Factors• Better farming practices– More food (potatoes) – Money for manufactured goods

• Population growth– Large labor force

• Ready supply of capital– Capital- $ to invest in machines &

factories– Entrepreneurs- person interested

in finding new business opportunities

Contributing Factors4. Natural resources– Rivers- Water Power &

Transportation– Coal & iron ore-

Manufacturing

5. Huge colonial empire– Markets- places to sell

goods

18th – 19th c. Changes in Cotton• Cottage industry- spinning

and weaving in own home– New inventions brought

workers to factories; flying shuttle

• 1782- James Watt improved the steam engine so it could drive machinery

• Import of Cotton– 1760- 2.5 mil lbs– 1787- 22 mil lbs– 1840- 366 mil lbs

18th – 19th c. Coal and Iron • Steam engine ran on coal– ↑ (increased) coal

production

• Puddling- process of burning away impurities in crude iron– Better quality of iron

• Iron production– 1740- 17,000 tons – 1780- 70,000 tons– 1852- 3 mil tons

19th c. Railroads• 1804- 1st steam-powered

engine• 1830- The Rocket- first public

train– Liverpool to Manchester

• Railroad Track-– 1840- 2,000 miles– 1850- 6,000 miles

• New jobs, cheap transportation

19th c. Factories• New labor system– Shift work

• Behavioral expectations– On time– Fired for being drunk– Child workers beaten

The Spread of Industrialization• Mid 19th century• Britain was the 1st and richest

industrial nationEurope• Belgium, France, and

Germany• Government paid for

infrastructure to support industrialization

Spread of IndustrializationUnited States• Farmers produced more

crops due to mechanization of tools

• Increase in population due to immigration

• Transportation– Railroads– Steamboat (1807)

• Factory workers = women and girls

The Clermont1st Steamboat

Social Impact in Europe• Industrialization drastically changed

the social life of Europe• Growth of cities• Emergence of two new social

classes– Industrial Middle Class– Industrial Working Class

Growth of Population and Cities• European Population– 1750- 140 mil– 1850-266 mil– More food supply

• European Cities– Home to industries– 50% of G.B. population lived in

cities (1850)– Terrible living conditions

The Industrial Middle Class

• Industrial Capitalism- economic system based on industrial production – Produced the industrial

middle class– Built factories, bought

machines, understood markets

– Bosses and owners of factories

The Industrial Working Class• Terrible working conditions• 12-16 hr work days• 6 days a week• No employment security• No minimum wage• Women and Children– 2/3rd of laborers– Factory Act of 1833

• Minimum age of 9

Bell Ringer #2

• What did Thomas Alva Edison invent?

• What did Alexander Graham Bell invent?

Use Chapter 20 Section 1!

Chapter 20 Sections 1 and 2

The Growth of Industrial Prosperity&

The Emergence of Mass Society

2nd Industrial Revolution• Steel-– Bessemer Process- technique

used to turn iron into steel• Mass production of steel

• Electricity-– Thomas Edison- perfected the

incandescent light bulb• Established power plants to

generate electricity

2nd Industrial Revolution• Steel-– Andrew Carnegie- Carnegie Steel

Company• Created a monopoly (no competition)

on steel in the US

• Vertical Integration- owning supply, manufacturing, and distribution companies

• Horizontal Integration- buying competing companies

• Social Darwinism- strongest businesses survive

2nd Industrial Revolution• Electricity-– Made industry grow

• Shift work (1st, 2nd, 3rd)

– Led to the invention of appliances• Toaster, washer, razor

– Made travel cheaper• Street cars, subways

– Alexander G. Bell- invented the telephone

– Transcontinental Railroad- connected eastern US to western US

Changes in Travel• Street Cars

– San Francisco– 1873

• Bridges– Brooklyn Bridge– 1883

• Subways– New York City– 1897

• Airplane– Orville and Wilbur Wright– 1st flight at Kitty Hawk, NC– 1903, 120 ft, 12 sec.

Education and Women• State funded schools– Increase in literacy

• Women’s Rights Movement– Suffrage (right to vote)– Feminism- movement for

women’s rights– More job opportunities

• Clerks, secretaries

– Fewer children

Spread of Mass Culture• American Leisure– Amusement parks

• Roller coaster and Ferris wheel

– Bicycling, tennis– Theater– Boxing, baseball– Snack foods- Hershey

Bar and Coca Cola

Trade (Labor) Unions• Trade (Labor) Unions-– Organized workers in the same

type of industry• Steel, coal, textile

– Worked together to improve conditions of laborers• Safety, hours, pay

– Strike- form of protest to promote union goals• Employees did not work unless the

employers met their demands

Bell Ringer #3

• What is Imperialism?

Use Chapter 21 Section 1!

Imperialism

Not In Textbook

Old Imperialism vs. New Imperialism

Old Imperialism New Imperialism• Occurred between 16th and

18th centuries• European powers built a

series of trading stations• Cooperated with local rulers

in Africa, India, China, Japan, and Indonesia

• Traded for goods and slaves

• EXTENSTION OF A NATION’S POWER OVER OTHER LANDS

• Now European Countries wanted DIRECT control over their territories

Motivations for Imperialism

• Economics– Control trading markets and raw materials– Rubber, oil, and tin

Motivations for Imperialism

• Create Colonies– Dominate Rivals– Gain trading advantage– National prestige

Motivations for Imperialism

• Social Darwinism– In the struggle between nations, the fit (most

powerful( are victorious– Europeans were believe to be superior to other races• Racist ideologies

Motivations for Imperialism

• Moral Responsibility– “Civilize” the primitive people– White Man’s Burden

The White Man’s Burden

• Poem by Rudyard Kipling• Written to urge the U.S. to help the British

with the “burden” of colonization• The ruling of other nations for their benefit

The Brown Man’s Burden

• Poem by H.T. Johnson• Written in response to Kipling’s poem• Compared the treatment of the people in the

Philippines to that of African Americans.

Bell Ringer #4

• What is a protectorate?

• Define annex.

Use Chapter 21 Sections 1 and 2!

Colonial Rule in Southeast AsiaAnd

Empire Building in Africa

Chapter 21 Sections 1 and 2

Great Britain in Southeast Asia• 1819- Singapore– Malay Peninsula– Trade route

• Mid-1800s- Burma– Modern Myanmar– Protect possessions in

India and land route to China

France in Southeast Asia• 1857- Vietnam– Protectorate- a

political unit that depends on another government for its protection

– Prevent British takeover of Vietnam

• 1880s- Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Laos

United States in Southeast Asia• 1898- Philippines– Gained after the

Spanish American War– Trade with China– Prevent Japanese

expansion– “Civilize” Filipinos

Indirect and Direct Rule• Indirect Rule- Colonial

government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status– Gain access to natural

resources– Lower cost in government– Less effect on local culture

Indirect and Direct Rule• Direct Rule- Colonial

government in which local elites are removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the mother country– Prevented rebellion– Great Britain Burma– France Northern

Indochina

West Africa• 1808-– Slave trade declared illegal

• Before 1880- – No European Control

• After 1880- – 6 European nations

• 1874-– Britain annexed (took

control of) the west coast– Gold Coast

North Africa• 1854-69-– France built the Suez Canal – “Life line to India”

• 1875-– British took over the Suez

Canal, Egypt, and Sudan

• 1879-– French controlled Algeria,

Tunisia, and Morocco

Central Africa• Tropical Jungles• 1841-– David Livingstone

(explorer) wanted Britain to send settlers to Congo (No)

– Later asked Belgium (King Leopold II)

• 1876-– Settlers came from

Belgium

East Africa• 1885-– Great Britain and Germany– Berlin Conference- staked

out claims for European countries• Britain and Germany got

most of East Africa• No AFRICAN delegates were

present

South Africa• 1865-

– 200,000 white people– Indigenous (native)

people were put on reservations

– Zulu (African tribe) waged constant war with Europeans

• Later completely controlled by Britain– Diamond and gold mines

Colonial Rule in Africa• 1914-– GB, France, Germany,

Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Portugal divided up Africa

– Only independent African nations were Liberia and Ethiopia

• Britain used indirect rule– Led to tribal tensions

• Others used direct rule– Assimilate African subjects

into European culture

Bell Ringer #5

• Which European nation had a monopoly on the colonization of India?

Use Chapter 21 Section 3!

British Rule in India

Chapter 21 Section 3

Colonial Rule in India• British government used

direct rule in India– Viceroy- a governor who

ruled as a representative of a monarch

– Staff of 3,500 ruled over 300 million people

Benefits for India• Brought order and stability

– India had previously been divided by civil war

• Honest and efficient government• New school system

– Train Indian children to serve in the government and army

– Elite, upper-class citizens– 90% of population was illiterate

• Improved infrastructure– Railroads, telegraph, postal service

Negative Impact for India• British entrepreneurs and a few

Indian businessmen gained wealth

• British manufacturing destroyed local industries– Textile

• Corrupt tax collectors • Peasants lost most of their land• More cotton/indigo production

than food– Shortage of food – 1800-1900 30 mil. died from

starvation

Negative Impact for India• Indians were seen as inferior

to Britons– Best housing was reserved for

British citizens

• British disrespected India’s cultural heritage– Taj Mahal (sacred tomb)

became a venue for weddings and parties

– Pieces were chipped off as souvenirs

• Led to an Indian nationalism movement

Indian Nationalist Movement• Upper-class, well educated,

and from urban areas– Mumbai (Bombay)

• Slow pace of reform led to revolution– Indian National Congress-

1885, called for Indians to participate in the government

– Split due to differences between the Hindu and Muslim members

Indian Nationalist Movement• Gandhi- Indian Hindu– Educated in London– Lawyer– 1893- Helped Indians living in

South Africa– 1915- Returned to India and

called for independence from GB

– Non-violent resistance– Improve the life of the poor– Led to Indian independence

Bell Ringer #6

• What was the purpose of the Monroe Doctrine?

Use Chapter 21 Section 4!

Nation Building in Latin America &United States Expansion and

Imperialism

Chapter 21 Section 4 & Not In Textbook

Continental United States• By 1853, the US

controlled all of the modern continental US

• 1867- Alaska• 1898- Hawaii• Soon aimed to control

other territories

Motivations for Imperialism1. Desire for Military Strength• Land = Money = Power• Build up the US Navy– Steel-hulled cruisers– Industrial Revolution fueled

growth in military

Motivations for Imperialism2. Thirst for New Markets• Industrial Revolution

fueled US production– Made too many goods

Americans couldn’t buy it all (overproduction)

• Needed more raw materials– Lumber, tin, coal, gold

• Created jobs– Trade, mining, etc

Motivations for Imperialism3. Belief in Cultural Superiority• Social Darwinism• Spread Christianity• Took land from Native

Americans– Not considered US citizens

• “White Man’s Burden”

Monroe Doctrine• 1823• President James Monroe• Monroe Doctrine-

guaranteed the independence of Latin American nations and warned against European intervention in the Americas– Protected US interests in

Latin America

Caribbean and South Pacific• Spanish America War

1. Cuba was demanding independence

2. Human rights violations3. Spain took over American

plantations4. Mysterious explosion of

the USS Maine in Havana Harbor1. Fueled by Yellow

Journalism- sensational style of writing that exaggerates truth

Caribbean and South Pacific

• US fought Spain in the Caribbean and the Pacific

• US gained Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Philippines, and Guam

Panama• US aided Panama in a

revolt against Colombian control– Panama gains

independence and lets US build a canal

• Panama Canal– Shortcut from Atlantic

to Pacific– NYC to San Francisco

• 12,600 miles to 4,900 miles

`

Presidential Diplomacy• Theodore Roosevelt’s Corollary

to the Monroe Doctrine described the US as the police of the Western Hemisphere

• Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” diplomacy increased the US profile in world affairs

• William H. Taft’s “Dollar” diplomacy promised to protect US economic and business investments in Latin America

Presidential Diplomacy• Woodrow Wilson’s “Moral”

diplomacy was used to ‘teach the Mexicans to elect good men’ while supporting US businessmen

• Each president’s policy involved the US more deeply in the Western Hemisphere, angered US neighbors, and increased the US’ role in world affairs

Present Day Territories• Guam, Northern Marianas Islands, Puerto Rico, US Virgin

Islands, and American Samoa

Bell Ringer #7

• Turn in bell ringers.• Turn in Study Guide (if complete).• Make sure your name is on all of your extra

credit (if complete).• Prepare for your Unit 5 test.