Bell Activity : Read the following sections: 2.3 (pg. 16 only) 2.4
description
Transcript of Bell Activity : Read the following sections: 2.3 (pg. 16 only) 2.4
Bell Activity:Read the following sections:2.3 (pg. 16 only)2.42.5 (pg. 19 & top half of pg. 20) While reading define the following terms:DomesticationCultural Diffusion*CivilizationCity-State
Focus QuestionFocus Question
What are the major characteristics of the Neolithic period?
The major characteristics of the Neolithic period are…
Fertile Crescent & Beginnings of Fertile Crescent & Beginnings of CivilizationCivilization
Five Characteristics of Five Characteristics of CivilizationCivilization
1. Advanced cities2. Specialized workers3. Complex institutions4. Record keeping 5. Advanced technology
Map of SumerMap of Sumer
Mesopotamia: Land Between the Mesopotamia: Land Between the RiversRivers
Soil enriched by Tigris & Euphrates rivers… settlements built on the
plains
Sun-dried clay bricks used as construction material
Part I: UrPart I: Ur
Population – 30,000 Location on Euphrates
River in Southern Iraq Advanced trading city Developed bronze
Cultural roots of the Cultural roots of the CivilizationCivilization
Origins unknown Settlements date to 5200
BCE for some city-states
3000 BCE onwards their history was recorded w/ decoded writing*
Contributions to Civilization- Contributions to Civilization- 11
Cuneiform writing Wedge shaped
writing on clay tablets
using a stylus*
SumerianSumerian
Oldest known written language
Survived as written language until cuneiform tradition fell into disuse around the time of Christ*
Sumerian CuneiformSumerian Cuneiform
Flood Tablet Flood Tablet of Gilgameshof Gilgamesh(cuneiform)(cuneiform)
British
Museum
Contributions to Civilization - Contributions to Civilization - 22
System of numbers based on the unit of 60
which we use today to measure time
Contributions to Civilization – Contributions to Civilization – 33
Architecture/ ziggurats “mountain of god” center of life in Ur well guarded treasure
house
Sumeria: Ziggurat Sumeria: Ziggurat reconstructionreconstruction
ZigguratZiggurat
Other Contributions Other Contributions
Wheel, sail, plow
Bronze
Scientific investigations
Economy of UrEconomy of Ur
Based on agriculture
Trade flourished Egypt to India Economy dominated by
wealthy merchants
SumeriaSumerian housen house
GovernmentGovernment
Divided into independent warring city-states Priests governed first… Kings ruled later
Social DivisionsSocial Divisions
Priests & kings made up an aristocracy
Wealthy merchants Free craftsmen & farmers Slaves (war captives)
PolytheisticPolytheistic Religion*Religion*
Evolution in worship from…forces of nature to… Gods who acted as humans do… Gods who were omnipotent—all
powerful
Praying Praying figures figures
from the from the royal royal
tombs tombs Ur
2500 BCE
GoddesGoddess Inanas Inana Warrior,
lover, source of beauty and culture
Role of WomenRole of Women
Controlled their dowry & engaged in business
Ruled Not equal to men
** Adultery for women was punished by death
Early Sumerian TabletEarly Sumerian Tablethttp://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/Games/cuneiform.shtmlhttp://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/Games/cuneiform.shtml
3100-2900 BCE
Decline of Sumerian City-Decline of Sumerian City-StatesStates
Salinization of soil led to economic decline
War City-states faced with
invasion by Akkadians
Conflict EruptsConflict Erupts
Sumerians v. Semitic peoples from Arabian deserts
Sargon of Akkad was a Semite took over Sumer
Sargon of Sargon of AkkadAkkad Took over Sumeria
Capital City Babylon
Established first empire 2350 BCE
AkkadiaAkkadian n
EmpireEmpire
Hammurabi,Hammurabi, “ “King of the Four King of the Four Quarters of the WorldQuarters of the World””
Ruled in Babylon 1792-1750 BCE
Famous for law code
Took over all Mesopotamia
Empire collapsed soon after his death
Hammurabi Hammurabi
MonumentMonument 1800 BCE1800 BCE(Louvre)(Louvre)
Musee du Musee du Louvre, ParisLouvre, Paris
The Stone Pillar of Hammurabi
Babylonian Babylonian Contributions - 1Contributions - 1
Code of Hammurabi Sharp class divisions Fair treatment for women Stern sense of justice— “eye of
an eye” Business law
Babylonian Babylonian contributions - 2contributions - 2
Astronomy Charted the heavens Could predict eclipses Thought planets
controlled lives of humans.
Babylonian Babylonian contributions - 3contributions - 3
Religious Literature Creation story Building of an ark and a
great flood that resembles Old Testament
AssyriaAssyria
Assyrian Empire Assyrian Empire 1300 BCE – 612 BCE1300 BCE – 612 BCE
Northern Mesopotamia Period of greatness lasted
only a century
Culture based on Babylon & ancient Sumer (preserved in libraries)
Mighty AssyriansMighty Assyrians
Used terror and atrocities on enemies
Most hated of the ancients Art forms celebrated war &
slaughter
AssyriaAssyrian n
EmpireEmpire
Assyrian Empire MapAssyrian Empire Map
Assyrian ContributionsAssyrian Contributions
Government Provinces Military roads
Ashurbanipal’s Library Located at Nineveh 1,000s of preserved
tablets
WingedWingedbulls bulls from the from the palace palace of Sargon IIof Sargon II
((musee du Louvre)musee du Louvre)
The New Babylonians aka The New Babylonians aka ChaldeansChaldeans
((612-539 BCE)612-539 BCE)
Overthrew Assyrian rule Famous ruler:
Nebuchadnezzar He captured Jerusalem
Capital: Babylon Contributions:
Architecture & Astronomy
Babylonian Babylonian AchievementsAchievements
Influenced entire ancient world, esp. Hebrews & Greeks … strong Bible connections Greek literature Greek geometry Astronomy, astrology