Beginner ’ s GIS
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Transcript of Beginner ’ s GIS
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Beginner’s GIS
Biodiversity Informatics Training Workshop
June 2013
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Outline
• What is GIS• GIS & Map
Fundamentals• Spatial Data Types• Data Formats• Software• DEMO/Exercises
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What is GIS?
GIS = Geographic Information System(s)
GIS is a collection of computer hardware, software, and geographic data for capturing, managing,
analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information.
Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), 2007
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What is GIS?
An “image” with attribute information
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What is GIS?
Tool to make complex patterns simple
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What is GIS?
Environment for integrating diverse data
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Overview of spatial data
Raster and vector data collide
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Overview of spatial data
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Points, lines, and polygons
Vector data
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Vector data
• Shapefiles are common vector format of GIS data
Shapefiles consist of 3 main components:*.shp – main file stores geometry*.shx – index of geometry*.dbf – database of attributes
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Shapefiles may also have:*.prj – plain text file of projection*.sbn and *.sbx – spatial index of features*.atx – index of attributes*.shp.xml – metadata
Vector data
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Resolutione.g. 4 x 4 km
Raster Data
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General data issue: spatial scale
Decrease in resolution
Increase in extent
Spatial scale has two elements: resolution and extent
Resolution
Ext
ent
In practice, resolution and extent tend to beinversely related
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15 KM pixel
Raster Data
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7.5 km per pixel
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4.5 km per pixel
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1 km per pixel
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Pearson and Dawson 2003 Global Ecology and Biogeography
Scale / Environmental Variable Dependencies
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Raster data - interpolation
Raster Data
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Inverse distanceweighting
Kriging PolynomialsOr Spline
Raster data - interpolation
Raster Data
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Inverse distanceweighting
Kriging PolynomialsOr Spline
Raster data - interpolation
Raster Data
• Using linear-weighted set of samples (greater the distance, the less influence on output raster value)
• Good for dense sampling
• Statistical method that fits a function to a radius of points, assuming a spatial correlation in distance or directionality
• Interpolated surface do not pass through sample sites
• Many different types
• Uses a mathematical function to create a minimize overall surface curvature
• Sample points pass through surface
• Best for variables like T
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Raster data - interpolation
Raster Data
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Environmental Data: conversion to raster
Weather station records (vector point data)
Interpolated raster climate surfaces (grid)
WorldClim Method: Hijmans et al. 2005
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Gridded Climate Models are not just for climatologists any more…
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Prism vs. Worldclim
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Prism vs. Worldclim
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Raster data - remote sensing
Raster Data
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Raster data - remote sensing
Ned Horning, Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, AMNH
Raster Data
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Raster data - remote sensing
Passive:
Natural EM radiation
e.g. Infrared,Aerial light
photography
Active:
Sensor EM radiation
e.g. RADAR,LIDAR
Raster Data
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Common formats:•ESRI ASCII (.asc)•ESRI Grid•Geotiffs (.tif)•Any raster file can be used as a GIS grid
Also:•MrSID•netCDF•BIL
Raster Data
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Raster Data
What’s in an ESRI grid?•dblbnd.adf•hdr.adf•sta.adf•vat.adf•w001001.adf –>
actual raster data
•w001001x.adf•prj.adf (opt)
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Vector v. Raster
Tradeoffs between the 2 types of data
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Tradeoffs between the 2 types of data
Vector v. Raster
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Software
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GIS software Win Mac GNU/ Linux Unix Web
CARIS Y N Y Y Y
Chameleon Y Y Y Y Y
ERDAS IMAGINE Y N N Y N
ESRI ArcGIS Y N Y Y Y
DIVA-GIS Y Winebottler N N N
GeoServer Y Y Y Y Java
GeoTools Java Java Java Java N
GRASS Y Y Y Y via pyWPS
IDRISI Y N N N N
ILWIS Y N N N N
JUMP GIS Java Java Java Java N
LandSerf Java Java Java Java N
Manifold System Y N N N Y
MapInfo Y N Y Y Y
MapServer Y Y Y Y Y
Maptitude Y N N N Y
Oracle Spatial Y Y Y Y Y
PostGIS Y Y Y Y Y
Quantum GIS Y Y Y Y Y
Smallworld Y ? Y Y Y
SPRING Y N Y Solaris N
TatukGIS Y N N N ?
TransCAD Y N N N Y
TerraView Y N Y N N
TNTmips Y Y Y Y N
TransModeler Y N N N N
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ArcGIS• Commercial software, but ESRI Conservation Program grants
support non-profits with free licenses• ArcGIS is a suite of applications: ArcMap, ArcCatalog, ArcTools• Lots of extensions and interacts well with python and R stats with an
extension• Includes, web server, web services, online GIS, and freeware
(ArcExplorer)
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DIVA-GIS• Free, not open source• Designed for niche modeling: Bioclim, Domain
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uantum GIS• Open source,
• Functionality from plugins in C+ or python
• Access to GRASS and R routines
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Some GIS Software Resources• DIVA-GIS
– http://www.diva-gis.org/
• Quantum GIS– http://qgis.org/
• Free Geography Tools – http://freegeographytools.com/
• GISLounge– http://gislounge.com/
• FreeGIS.org– http://freegis.org/
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Some GIS Data Resources• Climate Data:
– http://www.worldclim.org/– http://www.prism.oregonstate.edu
• Global Land Cover Facility– http://www.landcover.org/
• EarthExplorer (US DEM, LC) – http://edcsns17.cr.usgs.gov/NewEarthExplorer/
• USGS Seamless Viewer– http://seamless.usgs.gov/
• Global Administrative Boundaries– http://www.gadm.org