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Basic Structure of a Cell

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Introduction to CellsIntroduction to CellsCells are the basic units of organismsCells can only be observed under microscope (history given in text)

Basic types of cells:

Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell

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Cell TheoryCell Theory• All living things composed of 1 or more cells

• Cells basic unit of structure & function in an organism

• Cells come from other living cells

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Number of CellsOrganisms may be:• Unicellular –composed of one cell• Multicellular-composed of many cells that may organize

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Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles

Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals)

Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

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ProkaryotesNucleoid region contains the DNA

•Cell membrane & cell wall

• Contain ribosomes(no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm

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Eukaryotic CellContain 3 basic cell structures:

• Nucleus• Cell Membrane• Cytoplasm with organelles

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Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells

Plant Cell Animal Cell

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Cell Size & ShapeBasic cell size is limited by:

• Outer surface area• VolumeDetermined by a ratio

between them

Lab E1

Cell shape enables its to perform its function

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OrganellesOrganelles

Very small size

Can only be observed under a microscope

Have specific functions

Found throughout cytoplasm

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Organelles Found in CellsExamples of Organelles include:

Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) –canals for movement

Golgi Bodies – wrap & export proteins

Nucleolus – makes ribosomes

Lysosomes – digests & gets rid of wastes

Ribosomes – makes proteins

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Golgi Bodies•• Stacks of Stacks of flattened flattened

sacssacs•• Have a shipping side & Have a shipping side &

a receiving sidea receiving side•• Receive & Receive & modify modify

proteinsproteins made by ERmade by ER•• Transport vesiclesTransport vesicles

with modified proteins with modified proteins pinch off the endspinch off the ends Transport

vesicle

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Lysosome•• Contain digestive Contain digestive

enzymesenzymes•• Break down food and Break down food and

worn out cell parts for worn out cell parts for cells cells

•• Programmed for cell Programmed for cell death (death (lyselyse & release & release enzymes to break down enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts)& recycle cell parts)

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Nucleolus•• Cell may have Cell may have 1 to 31 to 3

nucleolinucleoli•• Inside nucleusInside nucleus•• DisappearsDisappears when cell when cell

dividesdivides•• Makes Makes ribosomesribosomes that that

make proteinsmake proteins

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Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes proteins USED In the cell

Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT

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Rod shapeSite of Cellular respiration

Cell PowerhouseCell Powerhouse

Mitochondrion( mitochondria )

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Active cells like muscles have more mitochondriaBurn sugars to produce energy ATP

In Animal Cells:In Animal Cells:

Mitochondria

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Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells

Made of protein and phospholipids

Selectively permeable

Cell membrane

Surrounding the CellSurrounding the Cell

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Living layerControls the movement of materials into and out of the cell

Selectively permeable

Cell membrane

Cell or Plasma MembraneCell or Plasma Membrane

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Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane

Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm of a Cell Cytoplasm of a Cell

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Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs

Examples:chloroplast & mitochondrion

Cytoplasm

More on CytoplasmMore on Cytoplasm

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Controls the normal activities of the cell

Bounded by a nuclear membrane

Contains chromosomes

Control Organelle

Nucleus

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Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes

Genes control cell characteristics

Nucleus

More on the NucleusMore on the Nucleus

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Contain the green pigment chlorophyll

Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food)

Process called photosynthesis

Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles

Chloroplast

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Dead layerLarge empty spaces present between cellulose fibers

Freely permeable

Cell wall

Plant CellPlant Cell

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Plant CellPlant Cell

Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers

Strong and rigidFound in plant cells

Cell wall

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Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm)

Resist entry of excess water into the cell

Give shape to the cell

Cell wall

Plant CellPlant Cell

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Have a large central vacuole

Surrounded by tonoplastContains cell sapSugars, proteins,

minerals, wastes, & pigments

Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell OrganellesVacuole

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Different kinds of plant Different kinds of plant cellscells

Onion Epidermal Cells

Root Hair Cell

root hair

Guard Cells

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mitochondrion

nucleus

glycogen granule

cell membrane

cytoplasm Animal cellAnimal cell

No cell wall or chloroplastStores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy

vacuole

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Animal Cell OrganellesAnimal Cell Organelles

• Near the nucleus• Paired structures• Help cell divide

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Different kinds of animal Different kinds of animal cellscells

white blood cell

red blood cell

cheek cellssperm

nerve cell

muscle cell

Amoeba

Paramecium

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Similarities between plant Similarities between plant cells and animal cellscells and animal cells

Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm

Both have a nucleus

Both contain mitochondria

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Differences between plant Differences between plant cells and animal cellscells and animal cells

Animal cells Plant cells

Relatively smaller in sizeIrregular shape

No cell wall

Relatively larger in sizeRegular shape

Cell wall present

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Animal cells Plant cells

Vacuole small or absent

Glycogen as food storage

Nucleus at the center

Large central vacuole

Starch as food storage

Nucleus near cell wall

Differences between Plant Differences between Plant Cells and Animal CellsCells and Animal Cells

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Compound MicroscopeCompound Microscope

• Instrument for observing small objects

• Magnify images up to 2000X their size

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Different parts of Different parts of a microscopea microscope

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Eyepiece

Fine adjustment

Arm

Stage

Condenser control knob

Base

Body tubeCoarse adjustment

Iris diaphragm

Revolving nosepiece

Objective

Clip

Condenser

Mirror

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The cell is the Basic Unit The cell is the Basic Unit of Lifeof Life

• Cell is the smallest unit of living organisms• Unicellular organisms are made of one cell

only• The cells of multicellular organisms are

specialized to perform different functions– e.g. mesophyll cells for photosynthesis and root hair cells for water absorption

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Levels of organizationLevels of organization• Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions

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TissueTissue• A group of similar cells to perform a particular function– Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue

– Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll

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OrganOrgan• Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions– Heart : consists of muscles, nervous tissue and blood vessels

– Leaf : consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue

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Stoma

Air Space

Spongy Mesophyll Cell

Chloroplast

The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ)

Palisade Mesophyll Cell

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The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ)

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SystemSystem• Several organs and tissues work together

to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way– Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems

– Plant : root and shoot systems

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Human Body SystemsHuman Body SystemsExamples of systems :

Digestive SystemRespiratory SystemCirculatory SystemNervous SystemReproductive System

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Examples of a Human Body System

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Examples of a Human Body SystemThe Respiratory System

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Examples of a Human Body SystemCirculatory System

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Examples of a Human Body SystemNervous System

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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells)TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach)SYSTEMS (circulatory system)ORGANISM (human)

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It’s You!