TECHNICAL ENGLISHBASIC PRINCIPLES OF RADAR

SURVEILLANCE APPROACH CONTROL COURSE

INSTITUTO CENTROAMERICANO DE CAPACITACIÓN AERONÁUTICA

ICCAE

COULD WE DO THIS WITH NO RADAR??????

CAN YOU IMAGINE THE ATC SYSTEM WITH NO RADAR

EQUIPMENT??????

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THE ATC CANT RESIST NO RADAR

IN THE SYSTEM

UNTIL WE FIND A GOOD REPLACEMENT NO WAY

TO AVOID ITS EXISTANCE

ADS-B IS THE REPLACEMENT OF

RADAR?

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WHAT DOES RADAR MEAN????

RADAR IS AN ACRONYM FOR RADIO DETECTION

AND RANGING. THE TERMS REFERS TO THE USE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

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IN 1887 THE GERMAN PHYSICIST HEINRICH HERTZ BEGAN EXPERIMENTING WITH RADIO WAVES IN HIS LABORATORY. HE FOUND THAT RADIO WAVES COULD BE TRANSMITTED THROUGH DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATERIALS, AND WERE REFLECTED BY OTHERS. THE EXISTENCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES WAS PREDICTED EARLIER BY JAMES CLERK MAXWELL, BUT IT WAS HERTZ WHO FIRST SUCCEEDED IN GENERATING AND DETECTING RADIO WAVES EXPERIMENTALLY.

BRIEF RADAR HISTORY

"“I do not think that the wireless waves I have discovered will have any practical application."

Born: February 22, 1857Hamburg, Germany

Died: January 1, 1894Bonn, Germany

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IN 1904 CHRISTIAN HUELSMEYER GAVE PUBLIC DEMONSTRATIONS IN GERMANY AND THE NETHERLANDS OF THE USE OF RADIO ECHOES TO DETECT SHIPS SO THAT COLLISIONS COULD BE AVOIDED, WHICH CONSISTED OF A SIMPLE SPARK GAP AIMED USING A MULTIPOLE ANTENNA. WHEN A REFLECTION WAS PICKED UP BY THE TWO STRAIGHT ANTENNAS ATTACHED TO THE SEPARATE RECEIVER, A BELL SOUNDED. THE SYSTEM DETECTED PRESENCE OF SHIPS UP TO 3 KM, AND HE PLANNED TO EXTEND ITS CAPABILITY TO 10KM. IT DID NOT PROVIDE RANGE INFORMATION, ONLY WARNING OF A NEARBY METAL OBJECT, AND WOULD BE PERIODICALLY "SPUN" TO CHECK FOR SHIPS IN BAD WEATHER. HE PATENTED THE DEVICE, CALLED THE TELEMOBILOSCOPE, BUT DUE TO LACK OF INTEREST BY THE NAVAL AUTHORITIES THE INVENTION WAS NOT PUT INTO PRODUCTION.

SPARK GAPMULTIPOLE ANTENNA

REFLECTION

RECEIVER

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NIKOLA TESLA, IN AUGUST 1917, PROPOSED PRINCIPLES REGARDING FREQUENCY AND POWER LEVELS FOR PRIMITIVE RADAR UNITS. IN THE 1917 THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER, TESLA STATED THE PRINCIPLES IN DETAIL:

"FOR INSTANCE, BY THEIR [STANDING ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES] USE WE MAY PRODUCE AT WILL, FROM A SENDING STATION, AN ELECTRICAL EFFECT IN ANY PARTICULAR REGION OF THE GLOBE; [WITH WHICH] WE MAY DETERMINE THE RELATIVE POSITION OR COURSE OF A MOVING OBJECT, SUCH AS A VESSEL AT SEA, THE DISTANCE TRAVERSED BY THE SAME, OR ITS SPEED." TESLA ALSO PROPOSED THE USE OF THESE STANDING ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ALONG WITH PULSED REFLECTED SURFACE WAVES TO DETERMINE THE RELATIVE POSITION, SPEED, AND COURSE OF A MOVING OBJECT AND OTHER MODERN CONCEPTS OF RADAR. TESLA HAD FIRST PROPOSED THAT RADIO LOCATION MIGHT HELP FIND SUBMARINES (FOR WHICH IT IS NOT WELL-SUITED) WITH A FLUORESCENT SCREEN INDICATOR.

KESLA, FUE UNO DE LOS MÁS IMPORTANTES CIENTÍFICO-INVENTORES DE LA HISTORIA. SE COMENTA QUE LLEGÓ A CREAR ENTRE 700 Y 1600 DISPOSITIVOS, LOS CUALES EN SU GRAN MAYORÍA SE DESCONOCEN. ENTRE LOS MÁS DESTACADOS Y QUE HAN LLEGADO AL CONOCIMIENTO DEL PÚBLICO EN GENERAL, ESTÁN: LA CORRIENTE ALTERNA, LA CORRIENTE DE IMPULSO Y OSCILANTE, LA BOMBILLA SIN FILAMENTO, LA RADIO (AUNQUE ÉSTA SE ATRIBUYE A MARCONI), LA TECNOLOGÍA DE RADAR, EL SUBMARINO ELÉCTRICO, LA BOBINA DE TESLA (MOSTRADA EN LA IMAGEN INICIAL), EL CONTROL REMOTO, LA TRANSMISIÓN DE VIDEO E IMÁGENES POR MÉTODOS INALÁMBRICOS, LOS RAYOS X, Y MUCHOS MÁS.

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ON FEBRUARY 26, 1935 WATSON-WATT AND ARNOLD WILKINS DEMONSTRATED TO AN OBSERVER FROM THE AIR MINISTRY COMMITTEE THE DETECTION OF AN AIRCRAFT. THE PREVIOUS DAY WILKINS HAD SET UP RECEIVING EQUIPMENT IN A FIELD NEAR UPPER STOWE, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, AND THIS WAS USED TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF A HANDLEY PAGE HEYFORD BOMBER AT RANGES UP TO 8 MILES BY MEANS OF THE RADIO WAVES WHICH IT REFLECTED FROM THE NEARBY DAVENTRY SHORTWAVE RADIO TRANSMITTER OF THE BBC, WHICH OPERATED AT A WAVELENGTH OF 49M. THIS CONVINCING DEMONSTRATION, KNOWN AS THE DAVENTRY EXPERIMENT, LED IMMEDIATELY TO DEVELOPMENT OF RADAR IN THE UK.

THE DAVENTRY EXPERIMENT 26 FEBRUARY 1935, SET UP BY A.F.WILKINS AND HIS DRIVER, DYER, TO DEMONSTRATE THE FEASIBILITY OF RADAR.

MEANWHILE IN GERMANY, HANS HOLLMANN HAD BEEN WORKING FOR SOME TIME IN THE FIELD OF MICROWAVES, WHICH WERE TO LATER BECOME THE BASIS OF ALMOST ALL RADAR SYSTEMS. IN THE AUTUMN OF 1934 THEIR COMPANY, GEMA, BUILT THE FIRST COMMERCIAL RADAR SYSTEM FOR DETECTING SHIPS. OPERATING IN THE 50 CM RANGE IT COULD DETECT SHIPS UP TO 10 KM AWAY. THIS DEVICE WAS SIMILAR IN PURPOSE TO HUELSMEYER'S EARLIER SYSTEM, AND LIKE IT, DID NOT PROVIDE RANGE INFORMATION.IN THE SUMMER OF 1935 A PULSE RADAR WAS DEVELOPED WITH WHICH THEY COULD SPOT THE SHIP, THE KÖNIGSBERG, 8 KM AWAY, WITH AN ACCURACY OF UP TO 50 M, ENOUGH FOR GUN-LAYING. THE SAME SYSTEM COULD ALSO DETECT AN AIRCRAFT AT 500 M ALTITUDE AT A DISTANCE OF 28 KM. THE MILITARY IMPLICATIONS WERE NOT LOST THIS TIME AROUND, AND CONSTRUCTION OF LAND AND SEA-BASED VERSIONS TOOK PLACE AS FREYA AND SEETAKT.

DR. HANS E. HOLLMANN, THE PHYSICIST

AND "FATHER OF MODERN RADAR”

TECHNICAL ENGLISHBASIC PRINCIPLES OF RADAR

SURVEILLANCE APPROACH CONTROL COURSE

INSTITUTO CENTROAMERICANO DE CAPACITACIÓN AERONÁUTICA

ICCAE

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TOPICS FOR SPEECHESALEJANDRO AND MARCOS ADS-B

CESAR AND FIDEL FUTURE OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

ROBERTO AND MAURICIO TICAS

JPHANN EUROCONTROL

HENRY AND LUIS NEW ATC SYSTEMS

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OPERATION PRINCIPLE

SYSTEMS TYPICALLY USE FREQUENCIES OF ABOUT 3 GHZ. THE DETECTION AND RANGING PART OF THE ACRONYM IS ACCOMPLISHED BY TIMING THE DELAY BETWEEN TRANSMISSION OF A PULSE OF RADIO ENERGY AND ITS SUBSEQUENT RETURN

15 Aug 2012HOMEWORK EXERCISES

CALCULATE THE DISTANCE OF THE PLANE IN NAUTICAL MILES

T= 0.00047 SECT= 0.0021 SEC

POTENCIAS DE 10

POSITIVAS NEGATIVAS

100 1 10–1 0,1

101 10 10–2 0,01

102  100 10–3 0,001

103 1000 10–4 0,0001

104 10000 10–5 0,00001

105  100000 10–6 0,000001

106 1000000 10–7 0,0000001

LAS ONDAS ELECTROMAGNÉTICAS SE PROPAGAN A LA VELOCIDAD DE LA LUZ

LA VELOCIDAD DE LA LUZ EN EL VACÍO ES POR DEFINICIÓN UNA CONSTANTE UNIVERSAL DE VALOR

299.792.458 m/s

(suele aproximarse a 3·108 m/s)

300.000 Km/s 3*105 Km/s

COMO CÁLCULA LA DISTANCIA DE UN OBJETO EL SISTEMA RADAR

DATOS NECESARIOS

0,0008 seg.

EJEMPLO CÁLCULO DISTANCIA

C= 3*105 Kms.

1 -------------------- 3*105 Kms.

0,0008--------------- D

D= 0,0008 * (3*105)

D = (8*10-4 ) * (3*105)

D = (8*3)* (10-4 + 105)

D = 24 * 10(-4+5)

D = 24 * 101

D = 240 Kms:

1 NM = 1,852 Kms.

D = (240 / 1,852) NM.

D = 129,6 NM

BASIC COMPONENTS

A PRACTICAL RADAR SYSTEM REQUIRES EIGHT BASIC COMPONENTS AS FOLLOWS:

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ANTENNA

THE ANTENNA TAKES THE RADAR PULSE FROM THE TRANSMITTER AND PUTS IT INTO THE AIR. FURTHERMORE, THE ANTENNA MUST FOCUS THE ENERGY INTO A WELL-DEFINED BEAM WHICH INCREASES THE POWER AND PERMITS A DETERMINATION OF THE DIRECTION OF THE TARGET.

TRANSMITER

THE TRANSMITTER CREATES THE RADIO WAVE TO BE SENT.  THE TRANSMITTER MUST ALSO AMPLIFY THE SIGNAL TO A HIGH POWER LEVEL TO PROVIDE ENOUGH ENERGY

SESION 2

RECEIVER

THE RECEIVER IS SENSITIVE TO THE RANGE OF FREQUENCIES BEING TRANSMITTED AND PROVIDES AMPLIFICATION OF THE RETURNED SIGNAL. IN ORDER TO PROVIDE THE GREATEST RANGE, THE RECEIVER MUST BE VERY SENSITIVE WITHOUT INTRODUCING EXCESSIVE NOISE. 

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POWER SUPPLY

THE POWER SUPPLY PROVIDES THE ELECTRICAL POWER FOR ALL THE COMPONENTS.  THE LARGEST CONSUMER OF POWER IS THE TRANSMITTER WHICH MAY REQUIRE SEVERAL KW OF AVERAGE POWER. FOR EXAMPLE TE TRANSMITER REQUIERE LIKE 500 KW FOR A RANGE OF 100 KM.

SYNCHRONIZER

THE SYNCHRONIZER COORDINATES THE TIMING FOR RANGE DETERMINATION.

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DUPLEXER.

THIS IS A SWITCH WHICH ALTERNATELY CONNECTS THE TRANSMITTER OR THE RECEIVER TO THE ANTENNA.

IT’S MAIN PURPOSE IS TO PROTECT THE RECEIVER FROM THE HIGH POWER OUTPUT OF THE TRANSMITTER

THE POWER THAT THE TRANSMITTER OFFERS TO THE TO THE ANTENNA IS AROUND 500.000 W AND THE POWER THAT THE ANTENNA OFFERS TO THE RECEIVER IS AROUND 0,01 W. WHAT WOULD HAPPEN TO THE RECEIVER IF 500.000 W OF POWER WERE ENTERED TO IT.

DUPLEXER.

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DISPLAY

THE DISPLAY IS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE THE OPERATOR WITH INFORMATION ABOUT THE AREA THE RADAR IS SEARCHING OR THE TARGET, OR TARGETS, BEING TRACKED

DISPLAY

THE DISPLAY UNIT MAY TAKE A VARIETY OF FORMS BUT IN GENERAL IS DESIGNED TO PRESENT THE RECEIVED INFORMATION TO AN OPERATOR

TECHNICAL ENGLISHBASIC PRINCIPLES OF RADAR

SURVEILLANCE APPROACH CONTROL COURSE

INSTITUTO CENTROAMERICANO DE CAPACITACIÓN AERONÁUTICA

ICCAE

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DATA PROCESSOR

THE DATA PROCESSOR ES THE BRAIN OF ALL THE SYSTEM, IT HANDLES ALL THE INFORMATION

22 AGOSTO

2012

DATA PROCESSORIS THE ONE IN CHARGE TO PROCESS ALL THE GIVEN INFORMATION AND TO TURN IT IN ORDER TO EXECUTE FOR BE SHOWN ON THE SCREEN

DATA PROCESSOR

WHAT DOES THE MACHINE PROCESS, IF THE ELECTROWAVE IS JUST ENERGY, AND ALSO WE HUMAN BEINGS HAVE TO UNDERSTAND, GIVE DATA AND READ THE INFORMATION

HOW CAN WE UNDERSTAND THE ENERGY, ONLY WITH THE PRESENCE OF ABSENCE OF ENERGY

NO-ENERGY ENERGY

0 1BINARY CODE

TECHNICAL ENGLISHBASIC PRINCIPLES OF RADAR

SURVEILLANCE APPROACH CONTROL COURSE

INSTITUTO CENTROAMERICANO DE CAPACITACIÓN AERONÁUTICA

ICCAE

OA

HOMEWORK

EXPRESS THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS IN THE CORRESPONDING CODE

DECIMAL 594 IN BINARY AND OCTAL CODE

BINARY 11110001111001 IN DECIMAL AND OCTAL CODE

OCTAL 7134 IN BINARY AND DECIMAL CODE

BINARY IS AN EFFECTIVE NUMBER SYSTEM FOR COMPUTERS BECAUSE IT IS EASY TO IMPLEMENT WITH DIGITAL ELECTRONICS. IT IS INEFFICIENT FOR HUMANS TO USE BINARY, HOWEVER, BECAUSE IT REQUIRES SO MANY DIGITS TO REPRESENT A NUMBER. THE NUMBER 76, FOR EXAMPLE, TAKES ONLY TWO DIGITS TO WRITE IN DECIMAL, YET TAKES SEVEN DIGITS TO WRITE IN BINARY (1001100).

BINARY CODE

OCTAL CODE HEXADECIMAL CODE

LET´S UNDERSTAND OUR NUMERICAL SYSTEM THE DECIMAL, BECUSE THE SAME PRINCIPLE MUST APPLY FOR BINARY SYSTEM

TO UNDERSTAND AND DIALOGUE WITH A COMPUTER WE ARE USING THE BINARY CODE, BUT WE UNDERSTAND ALL OUR LIFE THE DECIMAL CODE, LET´S SEE HOW DOES IT WORK

DECIMAL NUMBER 487

400 HUNDREDTH 4*102 400

80 TENTH 8*101 80

7 UNITS 7*100 7

SUMA TOTAL 487

10 DÍGITS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

HOW DO WE EXPRESS THE SAME NUMBER IN BINARY CODE

WE WILL USE THE SAME PRINCIPLE

2 DÍGITS 0 1

LET´S USE THE SAME NUMBER 487THE NUMBER MUST BE DIVISIBLE ONLY BY 2

487/2 243/2 121/2

60/2 30/2 15/2 7/2 3/2

243 121 60 30 15 7 3 11 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 128 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

256*1 128*1 64*1 32*1 16*0

8*0 4*1 2*1 1*1

256 + 128 + 64 + 32 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1  487  

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CONVERT THE FOLLOWING DECIMAL NUMBERS INTO BINARY NUMBERS

567

1234

3459

CONVERT THE FOLLOWING BINARY NUMBERS INTO DECIMAL NUMBERS

1110111

1101010011

10111000110101

BINARY NUMBER 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

HEXADECIMALTHE BINARY NUMBER IS

GROUPED IN 420 24 23 22 20 23 22 21 20

16 DIGITS 1*1 8*1 4*1 2*1 1*0 8*0 4*1 2*1 1*1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 71 8 4 2 0 0 4 2 1

8 9 A B C D E F

HEXADECIMAL NUMBER

1 14 7

1 E 7

CONVERSION TO DECIMAL

162*1 161*14 160*7

256 224 7

487

HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS

BINARY NUMBER 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

HEXADECIMALTHE BINARY NUMBER IS

GROUPED IN 420 24 23 22 20 23 22 21 20

16 DIGITS 1*1 8*1 4*1 2*1 1*0 8*0 4*1 2*1 1*1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 71 8 4 2 0 0 4 2 1

8 9 A B C D E F

HEXADECIMAL NUMBER

1 14 7

1 E 7

CONVERSION TO DECIMAL

162*1 161*14 160*7

256 224 7

487

HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS

BINARY NUMBER 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

OCTALTHE BINARY NUMBER IS

GROUPED IN 322 21 20 22 21 20 22 21 20

8 DIGITS 4*1 2*1 1*1 4*1 2*0 1*0 4*1 2*1 1*1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4 2 1 4 0 0 4 2 1

OCTAL NUMBER 7 4 7

CONVERSION TO DECIMAL

82*7 81*4 80*7

64*7 8*4 1*7

448 32 7

487

OCTAL NUMBER

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BIN 10111011101101

OCT 546

HEX F1A6

DEC 919

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DISTANCE MEASURING

IF THE TIME DELAY IS DT, THEN THE RANGE MAY BE DETERMINED BY THE SIMPLE FORMULA

R = cDt/2WHERE C= SPEED LIGTH

3 E8 m/s

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DIRECTION DETERMINATION

THE DIRECTION IS OBTAINED DIRECTLY FROM A READING OF THE PRESENT POSITION OF THE ANTENNA, WHEN THE ANTENNA RECEIVES A REFLECTED PULSE IS POINTING TOWARDS A DIRECTION SO THAT IN THAT DIRECTION THIS THE OBJECTIVE, SO THAT IS OBJECTIVE DIRECTION

20 abril 2012

ORAL EVALUATION

WE WILL DIVIDE THE CLASS IN GROUPS OF TWO AND ONE STAND ALONE, AND YOU WIL DECIDE THE SUBJECTS, THAT MUS BE RELATED WITH NEW TECHNOLOGIES OR TECHNIQUES THAT YOU WILL FACE IN THE NEAR FUTURES

GROUP NAME 1 NAME 2 SUBJECT

1 MAURICIO FERNANDOPROCEDURES FOR

EMERGENCIES ACCORDIN TO EUROCONTROL

2 JOSHUA JIMMY ENROUTE 3D SURVEILLANCE RDR

3 EUGENIA ROJITAS PBN AND AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

4 PAOLA MULTILLATERATION

5 LUZ ARIEL ACARS

6 GIOVANNI JAVIER HISTORY OF THE RADAR

TECHNICAL ENGLISHBASIC PRINCIPLES OF RADAR

SURVEILLANCE APPROACH CONTROL COURSE

INSTITUTO CENTROAMERICANO DE CAPACITACIÓN AERONÁUTICA

ICCAE

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SPEED MEASURING

THE PROCESSOR RECEIVES TWO POSITION REPORTS OF THE SAME OBJECTIVE AND THE TIME THAT IT TAKE IN CHANGING POSITION, WITH THIS INFORMATION THE PROCESSOR CALCULATES THE AIRSHIP SPEED.

S= ((Db – Da)*RPM)*60

0.25NM

S= ((Db – Da)*RPM)*60

QUE VELOCIDAD TIENE LA AERONAVE?

46

....

. . ........

Eco de la aeronave

PSR

Eco de lluvia

Ecos permanente

47

DEVICES TO IMPROVE PRIMARY RADAR VISUALIZATION

SENSITIVE TIME CONTROL

A.- AVOID THE RECEIVER SATURATION ABOUT THE CLOSE ECHOS.

B.- ENABLE THE ECHOS APPEAR WITH THE SAME SIZE IN THE RADAR SCREEN.

FAST TIME CONTROL

SHOWS THE ECHOS WITH THE SAME INTENSITY

MOVING TARGET INDICATOR

REMOVE STEADY ECHOES

FTC

STC

MTI

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OTHER DATA THAT A RADAR CAN PROVIDE

THE PRIMARY SYSTEM RADAR CAN PROVIDE ONLY THE PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED DATA.

ALSO EXISTS A SECONDARY SISTEM RADAR, IN THIS CASE THE PROCESSOR HANDLES THE INFORMATION SENT BY AN ON BOARD EQUIPMENT CALLED TRANSPONDER AND RELATE IT IN THE SCREEN.

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SECONDARY RADAR

WITH A SECONDARY RADAR SISTEM WE CAN OBTAIN A PRESENTATION ON THE SCREEN OF ALL INFORMATION WE NEED, ENTERING THE INFORMATION DIRECTLY TO THE SISTEM. THE PROCESSOR RELATES THIS INFORMATION WITH WITH A SQUAWK CODE SENDED BY THE TRANSPONDER ON BOARD.

FLIGHT PLANS SPEED

LEVEL ROC-ROD

ACFT ID

OTHERINFORMATION

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SSR COMPONENTS

• INTERROGATOR• TRANSMISOR (1030 MHz)• RECEIVER (1090 MHz)• ANTENNAS SYSTEM

• TRANSPONDER

• ANTENNA• TRANSMISSOR (1090 MHz)• RECEIVER (1030 MHz)• CODER - DECODER• CONTROL PANEL

• VIDEO PROCESSOR EQUIPMENT

• VISUALIZATION SYSTEM• CONTROL CABINET• DECODER• RADAR SCREENS

• MONITORING SYSTEM

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THEORY OF OPERATION

THE INTERROGATOR PERIODICALLY INTERROGATES AIRCRAFT ON A FREQUENCY OF 1,030 MHZ. THIS IS DONE THROUGH A ROTATING OR SCANNING ANTENNA AT THE RADAR'S ASSIGNED PULSE REPETITION FREQUENCY (PRF)

INTERROGATIONS ARE TYPICALLY PERFORMED AT 450 - 120 INTERROGATIONS/SECOND.

1

ONCE AN INTERROGATION HAS BEEN TRANSMITTED, IT TRAVELS THROUGH SPACE IN THE DIRECTION THE ANTENNA IS POINTING AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT UNTIL AN AIRCRAFT IS REACHED.

2

WHEN THE AIRCRAFT RECEIVES THE INTERROGATION, THE AIRCRAFT TRANSPONDER WILL SEND A REPLY AFTER A 3.0ΜS DELAY INDICATING THE REQUESTED INFORMATION.

3

THE INTERROGATOR'S PROCESSOR WILL THEN DECODE THE REPLY AND IDENTIFY THE AIRCRAFT. 4

THE RANGE OF THE AIRCRAFT IS DETERMINED FROM THE DELAY BETWEEN THE REPLY AND THE INTERROGATION. THE AZIMUTH OF THE AIRCRAFT IS DETERMINED FROM THE DIRECTION THE ANTENNA IS POINTING WHEN THE REPLY WAS RECEIVED.

5

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INTERROGATOR FUNCTIONS

SENDING RADIO TRANSMISSIONS FRECUENCIES ACCORDING TO THE MODE IN USE.

THE INTERROGATION CONSIST OF THE TRANSMISSION OF ENERGY PULSES VERY BRIEF AND POWERFUL KNOWN AS “PULSES PAIR”

THE PSR TRANSMITS INDIVIDUAL PULSES IN THE PSR THE PULSE REPETITION FREQUENCY IS CALLED PRF

IN THE SSR THE INTERRAGATION REPETITION FREQUENCY IRF

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MODE APLICATION INTERVAL BETWEEN PULSES

1 ARMY 3 usec

2 ARMY (Táctical) 5 usec.

3/A ARMY / CIVILIAN (ATC) 8 usec.

B CIVIL ( ATC ) 17 usec.

C CIVIL ( Altitude ) 21 usec.

D CIVIL ( no use ) 25 usec.

INTERROGATION MODES

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FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

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THE TRANSPONDER

RECEIVER

TRANSMITTER

DECODER

CODER

(TRANSMITTING RESPONDER)

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THE RECEIVER AMPLIFIES AND DEMODULATE THE INTERROGATION IMPULSES.

THE TRANSPONDER COMPONENTS FUNCTIONS

THE DECODER DECODES THE QUESTION ACCORDING TO THE DESIRED INFORMATION AND INDUCES THE CODER TO PREPARE THE SUITABLE ANSWER.

THE CODER ENCODES THE ANSWER.

THE TRANSMITTER AMPLIFIES THE REPLAY IMPULSES AND MODULATE THESE WITH THE RF REPLY-FREQUENCY.

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RECEIVER

TRANSMITTER

DECODER

CODER

THE INTERROGATOR

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THE CHOSEN MODE IS ENCODED IN THE CODER. (BY THE DIFFERENT MODES DIFFERENT QUESTIONS CAN BE DEFINED TO THE AIRPLANE.)

FROM THE INFORMATIONS “MODE” AND “CODE” THE DECODER

DECODES THE ANSWER.

THE TRANSMITTER MODULATE THE IMPULSES WITH THE RF FREQUENCY

THE ANTENNA IS USUALLY MOUNTED ON THE ANTENNA OF THE PRIMARY RADAR UNIT AND TURNS SYNCHRONOUSLY TO THE DEFLECTION ON THE MONITOR THEREFORE

THE RECEIVER AMPLIFIES AND DEMODULATE THE REPLAY IMPULSES. JAMMING OR INTERFERING SIGNALS ARE FILTERED OUT AS WELL AS POSSIBLE AT THIS

THE TRANSPONDER SOME SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS

27 ABRIL 2012

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SSR ANSWER

THE SSR ANSWER USES A SIGNAL LIMITED BY TWO REFERENCES PULSES KNOWN AS “FRAMING PULSES”, THEY ARE CALLED F1 AND F2 SPACED BY A TIME INTERVAL OF 20,3 usec.

F1 F2

20,3 usec.

BETWEEN F1 AND F2 THE INFORMATION PULSES ARE LOCATED (BIT CODES), THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF THEM DETERMINED THE CODE

THE 12 BIT CODES MAKE AVAILABLE 4096 DIFFERENT CODES (0000-7777), IT IS POSSIBLE TO KNOW THE CODE ADDING THE NUMERICAL VALUES OF EACH INFORMATION PULSE OF THE SAME GROUP

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SSR ANSWER

F1 F2A1

C1

A2

C2

A4

C4

B1

D1

B2

D2

B4

D4

DIGIT N° 1 A1

A2

A4+ +

DIGIT N° 2B1

B2

B4+ +

DIGIT N° 3C1

C2

C4+ +

DIGIT N° 4D1

D2

D4+ +

7

7

7

7

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F1 F2

A1

C1

A2

C2

A4

C4

B1

D1

B2

D2

B4

D4

SSR ANSWER

A1

C2

A4

B1

D1

B4

DIGIT N° 1 1+4 DIGIT N° 2 1+4 DIGIT N° 3 2 DIGIT N° 3 2+1

5 5 2 3

CUAL ES EL CODIGO?

D2

CUAL ES EL CODIGO?

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F1 F2A1

C1

A2

C2

A4

C4

B1

D1

B2

D2

B4

D4

SSR ANSWER

CODIGO 5276 WHICH INFORMATION PULSES ARE PRESENT?

CODIGO 1354 WHICH INFORMATION PULSES ARE PRESENT?

CODIGO 7500 WHICH INFORMATION PULSES ARE PRESENT?

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F1 F2A1

C1

A2

C2

A4

C4

B1

D1

B2

D2

B4

D4

SSR ANSWER

TRANSPONDER WHICH INFORMATION PULSES ARE PRESENT?

TRANSPONDER WHICH INFORMATION PULSES ARE PRESENT?

TRANSPONDER WHICH INFORMATION PULSES ARE PRESENT?

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SSR ANSWER

F

1

F

2

ADDITIONALLY IT IS POSSIBLE TO ADD ANOTHER PULSE TO THE GROUP, WITH IDENTIFICATION PURPOSE

THIS PULSE IS PLACED 4,35 usec FROM F2, AND IT IS USED WHEN THE ATC REQUEST “SQUAWK IDENT” .

THE PILOT ONLY PRESS THE IDENTITY BUTTON IN THE CONTROL PANNEL.

THIS PULSE IS KNOWN AS “SPECIAL PULSE IDENTIFICATION” SPI

4,35 usec

SPI

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WE HAVE ALREADY SEEN

WHAT IS A PSR AND HOW DOES IT FUNCTION

WHAT IS A SSR AND HOW DOES IT FUNCTION

HOW DOES THE RADAR CALCULATE RANGE, SPEED, POSITION.

THE THEORY OF OPERATION OF A SSR

THE INTERROGATOR AND THE TRANSPONDER

HOW DOES THE ANSWER IS MAKE, AND THE RELATION OF THE CODE WITH THE ANSWER MODULATION.

WHAT ABOUT THE PROCESSOR

RDP AND FDP

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THE RADAR DATA PROCESSOR RDP

IT IS A SOFTWARE SPECIALLY DESIGNED TO USE THE RADAR DATA TO GET THE MAXIMUM USEFUL INFORMATION FOR THE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM AND FINALLY SHOWED AND THE ATC SCREEN.

IT PERFORMS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:

• RADAR DATA MANAGEMENT

• MULTIRADAR TRACKING

• RADAR BIAS ESTIMATION

• ALTITUDE TRACKING

• RADAR WARNINGS CAPACITIES

• FLIGTH PLAN CORRELATION

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RADAR DATA MANAGEMENTSPECIFIC FUNCTIONS

MANAGEMENT OF THE RADAR DATA RECEIVED FROM THE DIFFERENTS RADAR ANTENNAS.

TO GIVE FORMAT TO THE RADAR DATA ACCORDING TO THE SYSTEM PROTOCOL.

TO CHECK PERIODICALLY THE NORTH ESTABLISHED FOR THE SYSTEM (MAGNETIC-GEOGRAFIC)

TO MAKE A SISTEMATIC VERIFICATION OF THE TRANSMISSION ERRORS THE MAY BE PRODUCED, TO GUARANTEE THE RELIBILITY OF THE RADAR DATA.

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MULTIRADAR TRACKINGSPECIFIC FUNCTIONS IT MAKES A SYNTESIS OF THE

LOCAL TRACKS TO CREATE A UNIQUE TRACK FROM THE CALCULATIONS OF THE LOCAL POSITIONS

TO CONVERT THE GEOGRAFIC COORDINATES IN STEREOGRAPHIC COORDINATES

TO ASSOCIATE A LOCAL TRACK TO A SYSTEM TRACK

TO CREATE NEW SYSTEM TRACKS

TO UPDATE THE SYSTEM TRACKS

TO GIVE THE PRIORITY TO THE DIFFERENT RADAR SIGNALS ACCORDING TO THE MOSAIC DEFINITION OF THE SYSTE.

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RADAR BIAS ESTIMATIONSPECIFIC FUNCTION

IT CALCULATES THE BIAS RADAR (VOLTAGE DIFFERENT) TO CHECK AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE.

ALTITUDE TRACKINGSPECIFIC FUNCTION TO FOLLOW THE ALTITUDE

EVOLUTION OF EACH SYSTEM TRACK, FOR ANY VALID C MODE.

TO SHOW THE ALTITUDE CHANGES TO THE CONTROLLER AND THE RATE OF THE CHANGE.

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RADAR WARNINGS CAPACITIES

IT PROVIDES THE CAPACITY OF DANGEROUS AREA INFRANGMENT WARNING (DAIW), IT PREVENTS THAT ANY AIRCRAFT GET IN AND AREAS “D”, “P”, OR “R”, IT DOESN´T WORK WITH:• NOT CORRALATED TRACKS

• TRACKS WITH NO VALID C MODE

• CORRALATED TRACKS AUTHORIZED IN THE DATABASE

TO PROVIDE THE ATC WITH A WARNING OF THE SEPARATION OF THE AIRCRAFT WITH THE GROUND, ACCORDIN TO THE PARAMETERS SET ON THE DATABASE. IT´S CALLED MINIMUM SAFETY ALTITUDE WARNING (MSAW)

TO MANAGE THE SHORT TERM CONFLICT ALERT (STCA), BUILDING A 3 D CIRCLE AROUND THE TRACK ACCORDING TO THE SUPERVISOR PARAMETERS, THIS ALARM ONLY FUNCTION WITH SYSTEM TRACK

10 MAYO 2012

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FLIGHT PLAN CORRELATION

AUTOMATIC CORRELATION• IT ONLY HAPPENS WITH 4 DIGITS CODES TRACKS

• IF THE TRACK IS NOT CORRELATED LOOK FOR A FPL WITH THE SAME SSR AND CORRELATED.

• IF THE FPL IS ALREADY CORRELATED, DECORRELATES THE FPL AND SHOW A WARNING OF MULTIPLE FPL.

• IF THE TRACK IS ALREADY CORRELATED AND AND THE FPL HAS A DIFFERENT SSR, IT KEEPS THE CORELATION FOR THREE SCANS AND THE DECORRELATES THE FPL.

• IF THE SSR OF THE TRACK AND FPL ARE THE SAME KEEPS THE CORRELATION.

• IF THE TRACK IS ACTIVATING A EMERGENCY CODE, (7500-7600-7700) THE CORRELATION IS KEPT.

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FLIGHT PLAN CORRELATION

MANUAL CORRELATION• IT IS ONLY ALLOWED IN THOSE TRACKS THAT ARE NOT AUTOMATIC CORRELATED

• THE AUTOMATIC CORRELATION HAS PRIORITY OVER THE MANUAL CORRELATION, EXCEPT IN MULTIPLE TRACKS (TRACKS WITH THE SAME SSR).

AUTOMATIC DECORRELATION• IF HAPPENS WITH MANUAL AND AUTOMATIC CORRELATED TRACKS, THE PRINCIPLE

IT´S BASED THAT NO FPL CAN BE CORRELATED WITH TRACKS WITH DIFFERENT SSR TO THE SSR SET IN THE FPL.

MANUAL DECORRELATION• IT´S ONLY ALLOWED IN TRACKS MANUAL CORRELATED.

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THE FLIGTH PLAN DATA PROCESSOR

THE FLIGHT PLAN DATA PROCESSOR IS IN CHARGE OF CREATING, PROCESSING AND DISTRIBUTING FLIGHT PLANS AND METEOROLOGICAL/AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION TO THE WORKING POSITIONS. IT ACCEPTS BASIC COMMANDS FROM THESE POSITIONS AFFECTING THE EVOLUTION OF THE FLIGHT PLAN.

THE SYSTEM IS ALSO ABLE TO PROCESS AFTN MESSAGES AS AN ADDITIONAL INPUT OF FLIGHT PLANS AND THE HANDLING OF THE OLDI (ON LINE DATA INTERCHANGE)

AIS OFFICES

MET OFFICES

OTHER ATC FACILITIES

OTHER ATC POSITIONS

OLDI

LANAFTN

AFTNFDP

WHERE DOES THE INFORMATION

COME FROM?

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THE FLIGTH PLAN DATA PROCESSOR

CAPABILITIES

CREATION, MODIFICATION AND CANCELLATION OF FLIGHT PLANS, ANALYZING THE ENTERED FLIGHT PLAN DATA FOR ERROR AND COMPATIBILITY.

DISTRIBUTE FLIGHT PLAN DATA TO AFFECTED SECTORS AND SEND FP RELATED MESSAGES TO OTHERS ATC CENTERS VIA OLDI.

PROVIDE AUTOMATIC AND MANUAL CODE SSR ALLOCATION.

PROCESS AND DISTRIBUTE MET AND AERONAUTICAL DATA.

PROCESSING OF REPETITIVE FLIGHT PLANS (RPL)

DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS IN STANDARD SEPARATIONS OF FLIGHT PLANS (MTCA)

MANAGEMENT OF AIR RESTRICTIONS.

MANAGEMENT OF AIRSPACE STRUCTURE DATABASE

MANAGEMENT OF FLIGTH PLANS DATABASES (ROUTES, SIDS, STARS, IAL, ACFT PERFORMANCE).

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USING GEOGRAPHICS COORDENATES BOUNDARY

AND TRANSFERENCE POINTS MUST BE DEFINED

USING GEOGRAPHICS COORDENATES AIRPORTS,

FIX POINTS, ROUTES, STARS, SIDs, IAC, ILS ARE

DEFINED FOR FPL PROCESSING

AIRSPACE STRUCTURE DATABASE

PRIOR TO DESCRIBE HOW THE FPL IS PROCESSED , WE NEED TO DEFINE THE GEOGRAPHICAL AREA TO WHICH THE FDP WILL SERVE. THIS AREA IS PART OF THE SO CALLED ADAPTATION DATA.

DEFINITION OF THE ADJACENT SECTORS

DEFINITION OF THE CONTROL SECTORS AND

SUBSECTORS.

DEFINITION OF THE WORKING AREA, ACCORDING TO THE LIMITS ESTABLISHED IN THE

RADAR SYSTEM (2048x2048)

THIS DATA WILL

DEFINE THE OUTFIR

AND INFIR CONCEPT

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RPLREPETITIVE

FLIGHT PLANS

FPLFLIGTH PLANS

OF THE DAY

PFTPLANS FOR TOMORROW

AFTN

MANUAL

MANUAL

MA

NU

AL

AF

TN

FPL DATABASE MANAGEMENT

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PROCESSING OF FPLs

FLIGHT PLAN IDENTIFICATION

EVERY FLIGHT PLAN IS UNIQUELY IDENTIFIED BY AN IDENTIFIER MADE UP OF THE FIELDS CALL SIGN AND DEPARTURE AERODROME.SO IT CANNOT EXIST MORE THAN ONE FLIGHT PLAN WITH THE SAME CALL SIGN AND DEPARTURE AERODROME .

TYPES OF FLIGHT PLANS

THE ADAPTATION TABLE AIRPORTS IS USED USED BY THE FDP TO DETERMINE THE TYPE OF FLIGHT PLAN, DEPARTURE, ARRIVAL, OVERFLIGHT, DOMESTIC.

FLIGHT PLAN STATES

• PASSIVE STATE, A FPL THAT ENTERS THE DB.

• AUTHORIZED FPL, PROCESSED TO BE ACTIVE

• ACTIVE STATE, IN THE CONTROLLER LIST.(20´)

• MOVING STATE, ETD OR ENTRY MODIFICATION.

• LIVE STATE, ATD, ACT, OR DEP FROM RDP.

• TERMINATED STATE, CANCELLED OR ARRIVED.

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PASSIVE

AUTHORIZEDTERMINATEDLIVE

ACTIVEMOVING

DEP mess (inbound)

ETD action

T or manual (ATA,CNL)

RETD action

Cancel RETD action

Cancel ETD action

T or manual (ATA + VSP,CNL)

AFIL FP, CPL

FLIGHT PLAN PROCESS

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SEE YOU NEXT CLASS, WE WILL MAKE A REVIEW FOR THE TEST

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION