Basic Components of Nursing Research.pptx

The Basic Components of

Research

.** CBQ : The correct sequence of steps in research process is :

1. Formulate problem information.

2. Review literature information

3. Analyze data.

4. Determine research design

5. Make conclusions and recommendations.

a. 1,2,4,3,5b. 1,3,2,4,5c. 1,2,4,5,4d. 2,1,3,5,4

Ten Major Steps in Nursing Research :

1. Identification of a research problem.

2. Review of related literature

3. Formulation of a conceptual and theoretical framework.

4. Choose an appropriate hypothesis

5. Choose an appropriate research design.

6. Sampling or obtaining a sample from the population

7. Collection of data phase

8. Analysis of data phase

9. Interpretation of the data

10. Dissemination of

Title of the Study

• Embodies substantive words or phrases that describe the research study.

• Characteristic (Nieswiady, 1993):• Clearly stated• Consist of not more than 15 words.

• The variables (IV and DV) are reflected in the title:• The relationship among variables• Proposed target population.

Chapter 1INTRODUCTION

• Background of Study

• Theoretical Framework

• Conceptual framework

• Statement of the Problem

• Hypothesis

• Significance of the Study

• Objectives of the Study

• Scope and Limitations

• Definitions

Background Of The Study

• Broad Overview of your main argument, hypothesis (if there is any)• Serve as the Springboard for the

statement of the problem.• Context of the problem• Authoritative viewpoints on the

problem;• Thesis Statement

• Justification of the research study

• Rationale - interest in working on the problem

Background Of The Study

• How to FORMULATE INTRODUCTION• Starting Points:

• Brief History – Issue and Argument

• Define a Key Point – Issue and Arguments

• Requires a logical sequence: Top-down Approach Arguments or Propositions

• global scene national local setting

• Show the GAP and possible solution between the existing problem and theoretical base

Introduction• Reminders: Use statistical data

World Health Organization (2011) reported that the leading cause of death worldwide is cancer. It accounted for 13% of all deaths worldwide or approximately 7.9 million deaths. Overall, the leading cancer mortality each year are as follows: lung (1.4 million deaths/year), stomach (866,000 deaths), liver (653,000 deaths), colon (677,000 deaths) and breast (548,000 deaths). About 72% of all cancer deaths in 2007 occurred in low- and middle-income countries including the Philippines.

In the Philippines, cancer ranks third in the leading causes of morbidity and mortality after communicable and cardiovascular diseases (DOH, 2011). Moreover, Seventy five percent (75%) of all types of cancer occur after 50 years of age, and only about 3% occur at the age 14 and below. The ten leading types of cancer are lung, breast, cervix, liver, colon and rectum, prostate, stomach, oral cavity, ovary and leukemia.

In Zamboanga (CHO, 2011), cancer grows doubly in each year…..This study will illuminate nurses in assuming active roles in nursing practice to fight cancers among client with the health care team.

Introduction

• Reminders:• Don’t lengthen your introduction• 1 and ½ pages• Use specific language• Use in-text citation properly• End the paragraph with the Rationale of

your study• Don’t:

• Start the paragraph with a question• Quotation

Theoretical Framework• THEORY – Product of knowledge

• The main components for identification of variables in which leads to the formulation of:• Research problem• Corresponding hypothesis or assumption.

• Theoretical-base for conceptual framework development.

• Theoretical framework is a body of concepts that is presented to explain, described, predict, or control the phenomena of interest.

• Proposition Abstract statement that further clarifies the relationship between two concepts

• Operational Definition: Description of how variables or concepts will be measured or manipulated in a study

• Conceptual Definition: Definition that provides a variable or concept with connotative (abstract, comprehensive, theoretical) meaning; established through concept analysis, concept derivation, or concept synthesis

• Conceptual Map: Framework diagram. Strategy for expressing a framework of a study that diagrammatically shows the interrelationships of concepts and statements.

Theoretical Framework

• To effectively build knowledge to research process should be developed within some theoretical structure that facilities analysis and interpretation of findings.

• Presents a broad, general explanation of the relationships the concepts of interest in a research study based on ONE existing theory

• Organize their body of knowledge and to establish what is known about a phenomenon

Need to Link Theory and Research

• Research without theory results in discreet information or data which does not add to the accumulated knowledge of the discipline.

• Theory guides the research process, forms the research questions, aids in design, analysis and interpretation.

• It enables the scientist to weave the facts together.

Purpose of Theory in Research

• To identify meaningful and relevant areas for study.

• To propose plausible approaches to health problems.

• To develop or refine theories • Define the concepts and proposed

relationships between concepts. • To interpret research findings • To develop clinical practice protocols. • Generate nursing diagnosis.

How Theory is used in Research

Theory as a conceptual framework

• Problem being investigated is fit into an existing theoretical framework, which guides the study and enriches the value of its findings.

• The conceptual definitions are drawn from the framework

• The data collection instrument is congruent with the framework.

• Findings are interpreted in light of explanations provided by the framework.

• Implications are based on the explanatory power of a framework

Guidelines for writing about a research study’s theoretical framework

• In the study’s problem statement• Introduce the framework

• Briefly explain why it is a good fit for the research problem area

• At the end of the literature review • Thoroughly describe the framework and

explain its application to the present study.

• Describe how the framework has been used in studies about similar problems

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND


The study on the competencies of staff nurses is based on Benner and Wrubel’s Model of Primary Caring (Kozier et al., 2004). Developed in 1989, the model presents the central concern on caring. Chinn and Kramer (2004) noted that the focus of attention of the theory is the client’s need for caring. Caring based on this theory refers to the persons, events, projects and things matter to the people (Kozier et al., 2004). Central to the essence of nursing is caring. The nurse matters to the patients with cancer. It needs to define the risks of patients with cancer. Once established, it is the responsibility of the nurse to implement a nursing care plan that identifies the boundary of the medical care regiment of the cancer patients (Smeltzer et al, 2008).

CHAPTER 1



The theory believes that the need for caring is

a means of coping with stressors of illness (Kozier et

al., 2008). The caring model is presented with

connections. The possibility for coping enables

possibilities for connecting with and concerns for

others. Thus, it allows for the giving and receiving of

help to patients. The nurse who handles patients with

cancer requires assisting the patients in identifying

strengths and limitation.

CHAPTER 1


Theoretical Framework (Cont.)

Through assisting the cancer patient in

identifying his/her strength and limitation, the nurse

as an educator, help in identifying the coping

mechanism that may be use in adopting and

performing his/her daily activities as functional and

efficient as possible.

If the patient applies the coping

mechanism identified and he/she had performed

daily activities functionally and effectively,

satisfaction will take place if he/she will see

progress on his/her performance.

Guidelines for writing about a research study’s conceptual framework

• In the study’s methodology section • Explain how the framework is being

operationalized in the study’s design. • Explain how data collection methods

(such as questionnaire items) reflect the concepts in the framework.

• In the study’s discussion section • Describe how study findings are

consistent (or inconsistent) with the framework.

• Offer suggestions for practice and further research that are congruent with the framework’s concepts and propositions.

Conceptual Framework

• Concepts: Term that abstractly describes and names an object or phenomenon giving it identity and meaning

• Conceptual Model/framework: Set of highly abstract related concepts that broadly explain a phenomenon of interest, expresses assumptions, and reflects a philosophical stance

• Abstract – an image, objects or illustration expressing something that can only be appreciated intellectually, based on general principles or theories rather than on specific instances.


• Strategy uses a conceptual map that graphically shows the interrelationships of the concepts and statements• Conceptual map includes all of the major

concepts in a theory• Linked by arrows expressing the

proposed linkages between concepts

• Variables a.Research Variablesb.Extraneous Variablesc.Demographic Variables

CHAPTER 1


INPUT VARIABLES PROCESS

VARIABLES

OUTPUTVARIABLES


CHAPTER 1


CHAPTER 1



The above figure (1), shows that competency

Should be assessed in order to evaluate staff nurses. On

the other hand, the cancer patients who received care

from the staff nurses (presented in dash arrow) would be

the one who will evaluate the competencies of the staff

nurses through their satisfaction to the care rendered. The

relationship of the competency of the staff nurses and

level of satisfaction of The cancer patients would

determine quality care.

Hypothesis

• Hypotheses are tentative statements about

the given population

• Null Hypothesis (statistical hypothesis, Ho) =

states that there is no relationship between

the independent and dependent variables

• Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)= shows the

relationship between independent and

dependent variables

Hypothesis

• Hypotheses are theoretical explanations of a phenomenon; statements that translate a problem into precise, unambiguous predictions of expected outcome (Polit and Hungler, 1995)

• Hypothesis is statement or declaration of the expected outcome of a research study.

• It is based on logical rationale and has empirical possibilities for testing.

• Hypothesis is formulated in experimental research.

• In some non-experimental correlational studies, hypothesis may also be developed.

Guidelines in Formulating Research Hypotheses:

• The hypothesis, not the stated problem, is subjected to empirical testing through data collection and analysis.

• Research problems that are experimental, causal, comparative, Correlational or normative need hypotheses.

• Historical, literary and philosophical studies and simple surveys do not need hypotheses.

• The hypothesis follows the theoretical framework of the study, and based on theories, principles and concepts advanced in that framework.

Guidelines in Formulating Research Hypotheses:

• Hypotheses are stated in declarative form, while research problems are generally interrogative - - - to focus the inquiry on the analysis of the phenomenon under study.

• Hypotheses are tentative solutions or answer to inquiries.

• Hypotheses should be formulated before the conduct of the study.

• Theoretical Framework provides the theories, principles and concept on which to base hypotheses.

• Hypotheses also related to the problems raised in the study.

Purposes of Hypotheses

1. Hypotheses unify theory and reality by evaluating theory on the basis of observable facts or reality.

2. Hypotheses give direction to research by determining research design, data collection procedures, analysis and interpretation of data.

3. Hypotheses enhance knowledge by inducing critical thinking and deepening insights

Four elements in a hypothesis:

(1) dependent and independent variables,

(2) some type of relationship between independent and dependent variable,

(3) the direction of the change, and

(4) it mentions about the subjects, i.e. population being studied. It is defined as “A tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences” (Webster, 1968).

Standards in formulating a

hypothesis (Ahuja, R. 2001):• It should be empirically testable, whether

it is right or wrong.

• It should be specific and precise.

• The statements in the hypothesis should not be contradictory.

• It should specify variables between which the relationship to be established

• It should describe one issue only.

The hypothesis states the relationship between the

independent and dependent variables and the population

to which the relationship applies.

It is simple, clear and concise and defines the variables in

concrete and operational terms.

- (Polit and Hungler, 1995)

Sources of Hypotheses

• The problems, issues or concerns raised in the research study.

• The theoretical framework, experiences, observations, replications, the related literature.

• Induction and deduction

Types of Hypotheses

1. Simple vs. Complex Hypotheses

2. Directional vs. Non-directional Hypotheses

3. Research vs. Statistical Hypotheses

Simple vs. Complex Hypotheses

Simple Hypothesis

– states an expected relationship between an independent and a dependent variable. Also called as Univariate Hypothesis.

• Example:• Tall people (X1) eat more (Y1) than

short people (X1)

Complex Hypotheses

– predicts the relationship between two or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables. Also called as Multivariate Hypothesis.

• Example:

• Tall people(X1) and people with high caloric intake (X2) tend to weigh more (Y1) than short people and people with low caloric intake. (IV (2X) + DV (1Y)

• Tall people (X1) tend to eat more (Y1) and weigh more (Y2) than short people. (IV (1X) + 2DV (2Y)

Directional vs. Non-directional Hypotheses

Directional Hypothesis – specifies clearly the characteristics or qualities of the variables being investigated and the extent of relationship between or among them.

• Example: • “Infants of heroin-addicted mothers have

lower birth weights than infants of non-addicted mothers.”

• “Older nurses are less likely to express approval of either expanding role than younger nurses.”

Non-directional Hypotheses

Non-directional Hypothesis – merely predicts the type of relationship;

does not predict the extent of the relationship or the specific qualities or characteristics of variables being investigated.

• Example:• “Hospital nurses are less likely to express

approval of their expanding role than nurses who serve in the community.”

• “Infants of addicted mothers have lower birth weights than infants of non-addicted mothers.”

Research vs. Statistical Hypotheses

Research Hypothesis

– referred to substantive or declarative hypothesis; statements of expected relationships between variables. Also known as Alternative Hypothesis (Ha).

• Example:• “Infants born to heroin – addicted mothers

have the same birth weight as infants born to non-heroin addicted mothers.” OR

• “There is a significant relationship between maternal heroin addiction and birth weight of infants.”

Research vs. Statistical Hypotheses

Statistical Hypothesis

– states in null form that there exists no significant relationship or difference between the independent and dependent variables. Also known as Null Hypothesis (Ho).

Example:• “Infants born to heroin – addicted

mothers do not have the same birth weight as infants born to non-heroin addicted mothers,” OR

• “There is no significant relationship between maternal heroin addiction and birth weight of infants.”

Statement of Hypotheses

1. Theoretical form – “general” or literary hypothesis”; stated in terms of theoretical constructs.

• Example: “Infants born to heroin addicted mothers have the same birth weight as infants born to heroin addicted mothers.”

Statement of Hypotheses

2. Operational form – “specific” or “predictive hypothesis”; stated in terms of operations required to test the hypothesis.

Example: “There is no significant relationship between the amount of nutritional intake and the degree of complications among pregnant women.”

CHAPTER 1


Statement of the Problem

Hypothesis

1. There is no significant difference in the classroom management employed in NCM 101 as perceived by the Clinical Instructor and Level III BSN students.

2. There is no significant relationship among stress level, classroom management and academic performance of students in NCM 101.

Scope and Delimitation

A Well Stated Hypothesis:

1. Stated in declarative form;

2. Identifies the variables;

3. Identifies the population;

4. Reflects the problem statement; and

5. Is empirically testable.

Assumptions

• These are statements or assertions, usually drawn up from the theoretical framework, the researcher assumed that statements are true on the basis of logic or reason, but need verification or testing through research.

3 Types of Assumptions:

1. Universal assumptions – statement comes from knowledge of the researcher; and from observed facts related to the problem which are presumed as true on the basis of observation, experiences, and findings of previous researches.

• Examples:• All human beings need love.• Breast milk is the best food for

infants.


2. Study Assumptions – statements or assertions needed in pursuit of the study which is so stated that they serve as starting points from which the study proceeds. Confirm the validity of the explanatory variables as well as serve as basis for formulating the hypotheses of the study.

• Examples: • Prenatal behavior affects the growth

and development of children.• Nursing care influences the recovery

of patients.


3. Theory or Research Based Assumptions – these are assumptions premised on the theories applicable to the field of study. It may come from the findings of previous researches and need further confirmation or validation.

Examples:• Attitudes and behaviors of nurses are

affected by the type of disease and severity of manifestations felt by the patient.

• Development of mothering capability is determined by the mother’s previous experience, her current life situation, and the inborn traits of infants.

Characteristics of Assumption:

• They are universally accepted truths which do not need any testing.

• They are theories applicable to a particular field of the study.

• They refer to findings of previous related researches.

Scope and Delimitations• The researcher must be aware of and should

state certain constraints in his study over he/she has no control.

• Uncontrolled variables may affect study results;

• Expected findings should not beyond what the study can achieve in terms of:• Issues – past and current, or the future• Scope or coverage of areas of concern;• Respondents (number or subjects involved);• Period of time or school year covered; and• Rationale behind delimiting the scope of study• Type of data – qualitative, quantitative or

combined


• This portion should be able to identify the breadth and intensiveness of the study

• This is achieved by putting a limit to the number of factors or conditions being considered in the study

CHAPTER 1THE PROBLEM AND ITS

BACKGROUND


The study will be done in the campus of Brent

Hospital And Colleges Incorporated. This will include

three level III clinical instructors teaching Nursing Care

Management (NCM) 101 (Communicable Disease/Stress)

and level III BSN students, who are currently enrolled in

NCM 101. For the clinical instructors they are asked to

accomplish a survey questionnaire (Classroom

Management Style Survey) that will rate if their

teaching style is authoritative, democratic, laissez-faire,

or indifferent.

Scope and Delimitation (cont…)

And for the students they are asked to accomplish

3 parts of survey questionnaire (Classroom Management:

Style Survey & Stress Test) composed of the following: first

is their demographic data, second is their perceived level

of stress in the classroom environment (access to

instructional materials, classroom Behavior and

environmental factors); thirdly is their perceived teaching

style of their respective Clinical Instructor adopted and

modified from the survey questionnaire used for the

Clinical Instructor. The academic performance of the

students in the subject NCM 101 is evaluated through a

summative test that will be given by level III BSN Clinical

Instructor.

Significance of the Study• In conducting a study, the researcher must be

certain of the benefits that various sectors in the target population will gain from its results or findings such as:• Improvement of policies and practices;• Contribution to the particular field of study

in terms of knowledge and new technology;• Serve as a guide in decision making;• The value of the study to the particular

profession on the whole; and• Added knowledge and expertise for the

individual practitioners

Beneficiaries of research studies in nursing consist of the following sectors:• The nursing profession as a whole

• The public as end users of quality nursing care

• The nursing service;

• Nursing education; ands

• The nurse practitioners


BACKGROUND

Significance of the Study

The conduction of the study will benefit the following person:

Level III Nursing Students:

Students will benefit to this by being able to develop stress-coping skills in different teaching styles to achieve good academic standing. Result of this study will aid the student in identifying which approach will be more effective in developing and enhancing their knowledge which are essential in providing quality nursing care

Definition of Terms

• Reasons for defining the variables:

• To guide and direct the researcher in quantifying and qualifying the variables.

• To ensure clarity of the meanings of the variables and minimize the readers’ misconceptions.

Types of Definitions:

Conceptual definition – universal definition of a term understood by people.

• Sources: dictionary, related literature, authoritative sources

Operational definition – own definition of terms as used in his/her study. It is concrete and measurable, based on observable characteristics of what is being defined within the context of the study.

• Sources: empirical data, related literature, previous studies, established theories.

Types of Definitions:

Definitions from authoritative sources – definitions taken fro authorities on the subjects or terms being define which must be properly acknowledged in the footnotes.

• Example: Morale – according to Keith, it is a state of well-being that evaluates the spirit, generates self-confidence and arouses pride in being part of the group endeavor.

Variable Conceptual

Definition

Operational

Definition

(As used in the

study)

A professional An individual who practices a particular profession

Any individual with four years of college education.

Introversion Self-directedInterest

The tendency of a student to isolate from the group

Courtesy Civility; politeness The use of polite words and expressions when greeting elders and authorities.


BACKGROUND

Definition of Terms

For better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined according to the context in which they are used.

• CANCER- Malignant tumor tending to spread immediately

• CANCER PATIENT- Individuals diagnosed of having breast, rectal, colon, gastric and thyroid cancer but not in stage IV, presently admitted in the institutions involved in the study and hospitalized for at least three days.


BACKGROUND

Definition of Terms

QUALITY CARE- It is the kind of care rendered by the staff nurses to the cancer patients based on the level of knowledge, skills and attitude they have.

SATISFACTION LEVEL- refers to the degree of fulfillment on the quality of care rendered by staff nurses as perceived by the cancer patients.

• STAFF NURSES- Registered nurses who passed the licensure examination of the Philippines, had handled cancer patients for the last 6 months and currently working in the hospitals involved in the study.

CHAPTER IIREVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATURE AND STUDIES

1. Related Literature – Local and Foreign

2. Related Studies – Local and Foreign

What is a Related Literature?

An extensive examination of research sources to generate a picture of what is known and not known about a clinical problem to determine if the knowledge is ready for use in practice

Types of Related Literature

• Conceptual Literature - non-research reference materials written by authorities on the subject that embody experiences, viewpoints and interpretations of the subject of the research study.

• Sources: Encyclopedia, books, journals, commentaries and other publications.

• Research Literature – consist of studies and researches or theses and dissertations, published or unpublished, which have the bearing on the current research.

Purposes of Related Literature to the Current

Research1. Discuss findings of previous researches that

have bearing on the current research.

2. Determines the researchablity and feasibility of the problem.

3. Identifies the following areas of concern:• The appropriate research methods and

techniques expected to yield the needed data and information in the current research;

• Effective procedures in data gathering; and

• Clues on how to ensure the accuracy and effectiveness of data analysis.

Purposes of Related Literature to the Current

Research

4. Serves as a connecting link between the findings of previous researches and the results of the current study.

5. Defines terms and suggests assumptions;

6. reveals the status of research on the problem under study; and

7. Provides clues on the sequence of research activities to be pursued.

How do you review the research literature?

• Identify sources

• Locate sources

• Critique sources for signifiant information

• Generate a written summary of the knowledge gained

Sources of Materials for Literature Review

1. Primary Source – information and data for the review are taken direct from the original research or author of the reference material such as:

• Nursing Literature – nursing journals, research compilations, case study reports, and current trends of nursing care modalities.

• Theories –• Ideas from other sources – interest

groups, agencies or government on the current health needs or problems: AIDS related research projects; Nursing Care modalities for the elderly.

• Empirical studies – observation and experiences prior to the current research.


2. Secondary Sources – materials for review are taken from researcher who has cited the original author in his work:

• Replications – a study on the same subject or problem; to verify and confirm the findings of the initial study.

• Thesis Review – describes research content of previous studies conducted, thus descriptive elements predominate.


2. Secondary Sources • Review of Related Research – this reveals

research aims, methodology and results, the purpose of identifying similarities and differences with current research, and to determine what the latter can further contribute to the field of study.

• Thesis critique – an appraisal of the vital components of a study, particularly the problem (s), methodology, results and conclusions.

• Thesis Abstract – summary of research content

Searching nursing literature on the

Internet• MEDLINE • Cochrane Review (www.cochranereview.org)• Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health

Literature (CINAHL) • Open access journals (http://doaj.org) • Elsevier publications’ internet database

http://sciencediretct.com/. • The Nursing Center (http://nursingcenter.com)• Online Journal issues Issues in Nursing). • The Indian Medlars Centre of National

Informatics Centre <http://indmed.nic.in/> (Ameen, 2004).

http://www.cochranereview.org/

http://www.cinahl.org/

http://doaj.org/

http://sciencediretc.com/nursing

http://nursingcenter.com/

http://ojin.org/

http://ojin.org/

http://ojin.org/

Critiquing the literature review:

• Are relevant studies identified and described?

• Are the studies critiqued by the researcher?

• Are the references current?

• Is a summary of current knowledge provided?

How to do a literature Review

Steps to take:1. Define the topic – define first the

research question.• What is the purpose?• What does it mean? • What are the key words? • Are there other words which could be used,

such as synonyms, variations in spelling? What do I already know about the topic?

• What is the scope? • Do I need everything ever written in English

on this topic, or just the last ten years?


2. Develop a search strategy:• Compiling a list of keywords - it is important to

develop a search strategy that will most effectively locate useful, relevant information. This will often involve breaking down the research question into:• Keywords or phrases; entering the search;

and evaluating results to determine• Whether a need to employ various strategies

to broaden, narrow or otherwise modify the research.

• Analyzing the topic of a research topic usually involves making a list of keywords or phrases.

• The keyword or phrase is the basic unit of any search.


3. Identify resources Information is available in a number of formats. It is important to understand the significance of various formats to determine what will best suit the information requirements.*Books *Indexes/Abstracts Printed (e.g.

CINAHL)*Reference Materials *Electronic Databases* Journals *Government publications*Conference Papers * Internet (Medline,

Cochrane Library) * Dissertations * Theses

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. Research Design

2. Research Instrument (s)

3. Research Locale

4. Subject of the Study or Respondents

5. Sampling procedure

6. Research Procedure

7. Data Analysis Plan


• research methodology is the way in which research problems are solved systematically.

• It is a science of studying how research is conducted scientifically.

• the researcher acquaints himself/herself with the various steps generally adopted to study a research problem.

• Hence, it is not only important for the researcher to know the research techniques/methods, but also the scientific approach called methodology.

Sampling

Two approaches to sampling

statistical1 and non‐statistical2,

CHAPTER III


1. Research Design

2. Research Instrument (s)

3. Research Locale

4. Subject of the Study or Respondents

5. Sampling procedure

6. Research Procedure

7. Data Analysis Plan

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY• research methodology is the way in which research

problems are solved systematically. • It is a science of studying how research is conducted

scientifically. • the researcher acquaints himself/herself with the

various steps generally adopted to study a research problem.

• Hence, it is not only important for the researcher to know the research techniques/methods, but also the scientific approach called methodology.

Two Main Research

Approaches

Qualitative Research

• The qualitative approach involves the collection of extensive narrative data in order to gain insights into phenomena of interest, data analysis includes the coding of the data and production of a verbal synthesis (inductive process)

Qualitative Research

• Evaluate subjective life

experiences and give

meaning to them

• Focuses on understanding

phenomena from an

individual’s perspective

• Approaches: observation, in-

depth interviews, case

studies, narrative analyses

Main Types of Qualitative Research

Case study -Attempts to shed light on a phenomena by studying in-depth a single case example of the phenomena. The case can be an individual person, an event, a group, or an institution.

Grounded theory - Theory is developed inductively from a corpus of data acquired by a participant-observer.

Phenomenology - Describes the structures of experience as they present themselves to consciousness, without recourse to theory, deduction, or assumptions from other disciplines

Main Types of Qualitative Research

Ethnography - Focuses on the sociology of meaning through close field observation of Sociocultural phenomena. Typically, the ethnographer focuses on a community.

Historical - Systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past occurrences in order to test hypotheses concerning causes, effects, or trends of these events that may help to explain present events and anticipate future events. (Gay, 1996)

Quantitative Research

• The quantitative approaches involve the collection of numerical data in order to explain, predict, and/or control phenomena of interest, data analysis is mainly statistical (deductive process)

• Traditional approaches such as experiments, questionnaires, surveys

Diagram for Classifying Six Types of Research

http://www.mnstate.edu/wasson/ed603/ResearchTypes.JPG



Triangulation

• Using both quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data

• May combine various research designs/data collection techniques in the same study – combine psychosocial surveys, interviews, observations

• Two approaches are complimentary and can give an accurate reflection of reality.

RESEARCH DESIGNS

• helps to decide upon issues like what, when, where, how much, by what means etc. with regard to an enquiry or a research study.

• the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure.

RESEARCH DESIGNS• research design is the conceptual structure within

which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data (Selltiz et al, 1962).

• Thus, research design provides an outline of what the researcher is going to do in terms of framing the hypothesis, its operational implications and the final data analysis.

Specifically, the research design highlights decisions which include: • the nature of the study

• the purpose of the study • the location where the study would be conducted • the nature of data required • from where the required data can be collected • what time period the study would cover • the type of sample design that would be used • the techniques of data collection that would be used • the methods of data analysis that would be adopted • the manner in which the report would be prepared

Types of Research Design:

(1) Exploratory Research Design;

(2) Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Design; and

(3) Hypothesis-Testing Research Design.

Selecting your population and samples:

• sample • part of population, data is

collected. • The recipient of the experimental

treatment in experimental design or the individuals to be observed in a non-experimental design

Types of sampling

Probability - equal presentation/ chances in the population. • Simple random technique

• Used a single/identical group.• Fish bowl technique

• Stratified random sampling • You will first going to create a sub population from the

whole population before doing randomization.• One population, you divide it.

• Cluster random sampling• You will first create a sub area in a population before doing

the randomization. In one population, you make it smaller• Systematic random sampling

• choosing a sample every nth name in the population. • Multiple of 100 names• Sampling frame – list of names appearing as your

population

Types of sampling

Non-probability sampling – you are not choosing by chance.• Accidental/ convenience sampling

• Base on the accessibility/availability of your sample.

• Kung sino pinakamalapit syo, yun ang kukunin mo.

• Purposive/judgmental sampling • base on the common knowledge or popular

knowledge.• Snow-ball sampling

• get sampling base on last referral• Quota Sampling

• Setting criteria and getting samples fitting the criteria

Conducting pilot studies

Pilot Study, sometimes called feasibility study,

- is a preliminary trial run or dry run of the major research (Polit & beck, 2004).

- Is a small scale version of larger study, but not the same as small-scale study (King, 2001)

- It is done in preparation for a larger study.

- The last preliminary activity that precede data collection for the research project.

Objectives for Pilot Study:

1. To assess and evaluate study protocols/procedures

2. To determine the feasibility of study: To Evaluate the data collection

instrument and measurement tools. To identify errors, flaws and

weaknesses of the instrument that can be corrected before the actual study.

In Experimental research, to test early study design and evaluate the intervention in terms of its research qualities.

Collection of data types :

• questionnaires – use of pen and paper method• dichotomous – divided into two. Eg. true

orfalse. Yes or no• rating scale – poor 1, good 2, better 3, best 4• multiple choice

• Interview – use of oral method of collection of data. Use of active listening• Structured – with checklist, formal talk, list of

question• Unstructured – informal talk, no pattern,

anything goes

Types:

• records – pre existing data

• observation – use of ocular method using your senses• participant observation • non-participant observation

Problems of Observation:

• Hawthorne’s effects • The data you get from your sample is not

accurate. • The sample has a problem• Solution : double blind research – they

should not be conscious that they are being studied

• Halo effect• The researcher has a problem. • He is manipulating the data collection. • It is affected by special feelings/treatment

between the researcher and the sample.

Analysis of Data

• part of research when the researcher is forming a body of knowledge out of data collected for the purpose of affirming or denying your hypothesis

Methods: IRON

• Interval • base on the distance between 2 numerical values • eg. BP – 150/100 – 120/80, wt, circumference, ht

• ratio – 3:10 children are malnourish

• Ordinal method – base on rank eg. mild, moderate, severe

• Nominal method • get data by means of categories. • eg. male, female, income

Interpretation of Data

2 Methods• quantitative method – base on

numerical or graphical standards• qualitative method – use of

narrative words

Communicating your conclusion

• Explaining the results of your work to the public

• Conclusion – final answer to your research

• Recommendation – suggestion to others

• Dissemination of Information• Methods :

• thesis/book – written form • symposia/symposium – oral

presentation• publish – a lot will be able to read

your research

Basic Components of Nursing Research.pptx

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