Basic blueprint reading

Basic BluePrint Reading

BASIC BLUEPRINT READING

Basic Blueprint Reading

SUBJECTSDRAWING BASICSELECTRICAL DRAWINGSPNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC DRAWINGSPIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGSCIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGSMACHINE DRAWINGS

DRAWING BASICS *


ObjectivesDefine basic industrial drawing structureDefine line typesDefine types of drawings


Purpose of DrawingsDrawings are used to convey information about a wide range items such as:Architectural building layoutsElectrical wiringPneumatic or Hydraulic layoutsLocation of equipmentHow to assemble equipmentDetails of equipment


Types of DrawingsCivilArchitecturalStructuralMechanicalPlumbingPipingPneumatic/HydraulicElectrical


Engineering DrawingsA general engineering drawing can be divided into the following five major areas or parts.1.Title block2.Grid system3.Revision block4.Notes and legends5.Engineering drawing (graphic portion)


Drawing SizesDrawings come in a alphabetical list of sizes for A to F with D size being the most typicalA (letter)8 by 11inchesB - 11 by 17inchesC - 17 by 22 inchesD - 22 by 34 inchesE - 34 by 44 inchesF - 28 by 40 inchesMetric sizesA4 (210 x 297)A3 (297 x 420)A2 (420 x 594)A1 (594 x 841)A0 (841 x 1189)


Title BlocksTitle blocks are the beginning point of a drawing information.


Revision BlocksThe revision block notes any changes made to a drawingAThroughout a drawing the revision listed in the revision block may be indicated by a symbol near the modified portion of the drawing such as:


Parts ListsParts Lists are called Bill of Materials. It is a list of the material that is used to build the item that is


ScalesDrawing scale is a relationship of the size or distance of the item on a drawing to the real item.For example a scale of = 1 means a measurement of inch (the quote symbol is a shorthand for inches) on the drawing equals 1 foot ( the apostrophe symbol is shorthand for feet) of the real world item.


Grid SystemA drawing grid system allows a specific point on a drawing to be referenced or found.ABC123456This point on the drawing is B-3


Basic LinesObject linesHidden linesCutting plane linesCenterlinesExtension linesDimension linesLeaders linePhantom lines


Object LineThe object line is a heavy, dark line which identifies the visible edges of the drawn object or the surface of an object.


Hidden LineThe hidden line is used to show features or edges of an object that is not visible. It is a broken line of medium thickness.


Center LineThe center line is used to locate the center of features. It is usually a fine, broken line made of alternating short and long dashes.


Dimension Line / Extension LineDimension Lines are used to show the extent of a dimension.Extension Lines are use to extend a point from an object.Dimension LineExtension Line


PhantomPhantom lines are used to represents the outline of an adjacent part.The also are used to show an alternate position of a given part

Phantom


LeaderA leader is a fine line used to define a point or area. It may have a note, dimension value or a number at the end of it Grind Surface1


Cutting Plane LineCutting plane lines are used to indicate where an imaginary cut is made through the object. If it is labeled the section may be redrawn in detail in another part of the drawing.AA


Break LinesShort Break LineBreak lines are also used to separate internal and external features with broken-out sections

Break lines are uses to terminate a view to conserve drawing space and avoid congestion.


The break line is being used to show a part reduced in length on the drawing to conserve space.250 feet3Break Lines Example


Section LinesSection lines are used where a surface is illustrated as cut. It normally is used in a sectional view.The lines are normally drawn diagonally.


Dimensioning SystemsDifferent systems of dimensioning are generally usedFractional inchDecimal inchSI Metric


Fractional Inch Dimensioning


Decimal Inch Dimensioning


Metric Dimensioning


Dimensioning ExampleDiameter symbolRadiusTypical


AbbreviationsAbbreviations are used to help reduce clutter and simplify drawings. A table is included in the drawing.


Drawing LegendsLegends are boxes drawn on the drawing to illustrate some of the common or uncommon symbols used.


Isometric DrawingsIsometric drawings are designed to show a three dimensional view of an object.


PerspectivePerspective is a method of drawing things as the eye sees them.Vanishing point


Orthographic DrawingsOrthographic projection shows the drawn object from different viewsProjection view


Single Line DrawingsThe single line format represents all electrical lines, plumbing, air lines, hydraulic lines and piping, regardless of size, as single line. System equipment is connected to the lines are represented by simple standard symbols.By simplifying connections and equipment as single lines allow the system's equipment and instrumentation relationships to be clearly understood by the reader.These types of drawings are also called Schematics.


CivilCivil drawings are used to represent construction on the earth or ground areas.Civil drawings are sometimes called: site plansplot plans survey plans.They will show contours of the earth, building locations, construction features, utilities, etc.


Contour LinesContour lines are used in drawings called topographic maps and are used to identify physical features which uses contour lines to join points of equal elevation (height) and thus show valleys and hills, and the steepness of slopes. The elevation or height is a number drawn along the line.


ArchitecturalArchitectural drawings or plans are used to illustrate the design of a project.They include items such as:Working drawingsStructural drawingsFloor plansElevation drawingsSection drawingsFlow diagrams


GridlinesGridlines refers to the letters and numbers, such as A-1, which identifies the columns of a building in a drawing.Column symbolColumn A-1


MechanicalMechanical drawings are the plans for objects such as motors, assemblies for equipment, etc. There are many types of drawings associated with mechanical drawings such as:Exploded viewDetailAssembly


Example Mechanical Detail


Example Assembly Drawing


An Exploded View


Pneumatic/HydraulicPneumatic or Hydraulic drawings are single line drawings use symbols and lines to illustrate the connection and equipment to be used in the pneumatic or hydraulic equipment.Single Line Schematic example


Plumbing/PipingThese types of drawings are similar to pneumatic/hydraulic schematics.Single Line Plumbing Example


Single Line DrawingA Single line plumbing drawing example


Orthographic Piping Drawing


P&IDPiping and Instrumentation DrawingsThese drawings are similar to plumbing but are intended to illustrate the complete piping system and the controlled process flow of material.All the equipment, pipelines, valves, pumps, instruments and the controls to operate the process are illustrated. They are not drawn to scale.


Example P&ID


ElectricalElectrical drawings are also single line drawings or schematics that uses symbols for various electrical equipment.They are usually drawn in a style called a ladder diagram.Another form of drawing is a wiring diagram which illustrates the wiring in a orthographic or pictorial style.


Example LadderLadder schematics or diagrams are drawn with the circuit between two vertical lines, usually the power that supplies the circuit, thus each line creates a rung to the ladder.


Example Wiring DiagramElectrical wiring diagrams draws the single lines from each device exactly as it would be wired.


Electrical SchematicsElectronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit.


SummaryReview ObjectivesQuestion and Answer Session

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*ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS


ObjectivesDefine how industrial electrical drawings are structured.Define Graphical SymbolsDefine Electrical wiring diagrams


Types of Electrical DrawingsWiring Diagrams -Block Diagrams -Sequence Charts Electronic Schematics -


DiagramsElectrical diagrams are commonly multi-sheet drawings of the wiring of the electrical devices associated with a main control panel, its field devices and sub-panels.It is usually drawn as a ladder diagram.


Electrical DiagramsThe Diagram is drawn between vertical lines or ladder.All devices are shown between the lines and may be referenced as Single Line diagramsControlled, such as relays, devices are drawn on the right side.Contacts, switches and other controlling devices are shown between controlled device and left vertical lineOverloads and other circuit breaking devices may be connected to the right of the controlled device.


Example Diagram


LinesWiring

Field Wiring (external to panel)


ConnectionsWiring Not ConnectedWiring ConnectedTS4-15Termination or connectionTerminal strip and terminal designation


Graphical SymbolsGraphical symbols are used on electrical diagrams to illustrate the wiring between electrical devices and terminals. The electrical devices are either shown in block diagram form or using commonly defined symbols. The following symbols are but a few of those that can be used.A chart should be included on drawings to illustrate any added by the manufacturer.


Graphical Symbols ContdDISCONNECT Symbol - DISCCIRCUIT BREAKER - CBOr for a single CB


Graphical Symbols ContdResistorRheostatorTapped ResistorPotentiometerFuses


Relay and Solenoid SymbolsRELAYS, TIMERS, ETC.Normally Open ContactNormally Closed ContactCoilSOLENOIDS, BRAKES, ETC.


Motors SymbolsDC MOTOR3 PHASE MOTORorDC MOTOR FIELD


Transformer SymbolsH1H3H2H4X1X2Secondary or OutputPrimary or Input


Pilot LightsPUSH-TO-TEST


Limit Switch SymbolsNORMALLY OPENNORMALLY CLOSEDHELD CLOSEDHELD OPENNORMALLY CLOSEDHELD OPENNORMALLY OPENHELD CLOSED


Proximity Switch SymbolsPROXIMITY SWITCHNormally ClosedNormally Open


Liquid Level SwitchesNORMALLY OPENNORMALLY CLOSED


Thermal SwitchNORMALLY OPENNORMALLY CLOSED


Pressure SwitchNORMALLY OPENNORMALLY CLOSED


Foot SwitchesNORMALLY OPENNORMALLY CLOSED


Toggle Switch


Flow SwitchesNORMALLY OPENNORMALLY CLOSED


Selector Switch2-POSITION3-POSITIONFirst PositionOff PositionSecond PositionCircuit is connected when switch is in this position.


PushbuttonsDOUBLE CIRCUITSINGLE CIRCUITNORMALLY OPENNORMALLY CLOSED


E-Stop Pushbuttons


Time Delay RelayENERGIZEDDE-ENERGIZEDNORMALLY OPENNORMALLY CLOSED


One-line diagram exampleA one-line diagram uses single lines and graphic symbols to indicate the path and components of an electrical circuit.


Control Device LabelingControl devices, that are represented in the wiring diagrams, are photocells, limit switches, local lights, solenoids, air pressure switches, etc. are identified by wiring diagram line number or I/O address if a PLC is controlling it.When a line number is used, such as 211LS, the 2 indicates that the device is on page two line 11 of the Wiring Diagram (WD) drawing.


Wiring and Wire IdentificationWiring color codeBLACK - Line, Load and Control Circuits at Line VoltageRED AC Control CircuitsBLUE DC Control CircuitsYELLOW Interlock Control CircuitsGREEN Equipment groundingWHITE Grounded Circuit ConductorWire IdentificationConductors are identified at each termination by marking with a number to corresponding with the diagram on the wire


Device DesignationsThe device designations or abbreviation, such as examples below, are used on diagrams in connection with the corresponding graphical symbols to indicate the function of the particular device. CB - Circuit Breaker LS Limit SwitchCR - Control RelayT - TransformerFU - Fuse MTR - MotorLT - Pilot LightDISC DisconnectOL - Overload RelayPB - PushbuttonS - Switch


Line NumbersEach line in a electrical drawing should be numbered starting with the top line and reading down. Line Numbers


Wire-Reference NumbersWire Numbers


Numerical Cross ReferenceCross Reference to Line Numbers


Terminal Numbers


Panel/Door LayoutsPanel Layout.

Door Layout


Drawing Identification


Block DiagramsBlock diagrams are simple block diagrams which provides a means to illustrate a control system in a simple graphic format.Block diagrams are also used to provide functional information.Block diagrams are also used to illustrate the interconnection of different machines


Example Block DiagramProcess 1 starts if limit switch onStart pushbutton onProcess 1 stops if limit switch off


Sequence ChartsSEQUENCE OF OPERATIONPRESS START MOTORS PUSHBUTTON 2PB MOTORS START MOTORS RUNNING LAMP 1LT ARE ENGERGIZED.PRESS EITHER AUTOMATIC 4PB OR MANUAL 5PB PUSHBUTTON, CORRESPONDING RELAY AND LAMP ARE ENERGIZED. NOTE: TO SWITCH FROM MANUAL TO AUTOMATIC. OPERATOR MUST PRESS RESET PUSHBUTTON 3PB BEFORE PRESSING AUTOMATIC PUSHBUTTON 4PB.AUTOMATIC CYCLE WITH MOTORS RUNNING AND CRA ENERGIZED. MACHINE IS SET FOR AUTOMATIC CYCLE HEAD MUST BE RETRACTED AND PART UNCLAMPED TO START CYCLE.OPERATOR LOADS PART IN FIXTURE AND PRESSES BOTH CYCLE START PUSHBUTTONS 6PB AND 7PB ENERGIZING 1CR (SOL A AND SOL C) TO CLAMP PARTCLAMPED PART TRIPS 1LS AND 2LS. ENERGIZING 8CR RELAY 3CR (SOL E) IS ENERGIZED MEMENTARILY STARTING HEAD FORWARD IN RAPID ADVANCE. HEAD CAMS VALVE INTO FEED.WHEN HEAD IS IN FORWARD POSITION, 3LS IS TRIPPED, ENERGIZING RELAY 5CR.5CR CONTACT ENERGIZES RELAY 4CR (SOL F) AND HEAD RETURNS.WHEN HEAD IS FULY RETRACTED, 4LS IS TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING 4CR AND ENERGIZING 7CR WHICH ENERGIZES 6CR (SOL B AND SOL D) UNCLAMPING PART.WHEN PART IS UNCLAMPED, 5LS AND 6LS ARE TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING RELAY 6CR.2CR RELAY PREVENTS MACHING RE-CYCLING IF BOTH CYCLE START PUSHBUTTONS ARE NOT RELEASED.


Electrical Layouts - ELElectrical layouts are architectural drawings of the building that shows and identifies the electrical devices associated with a electrical diagram.


Wiring Connection DiagramsWiring (connection) diagram a diagram that shows the connection of an installation or its component devices or parts. This type of wiring diagram shows, as closely as possible, the actual location of each component in a circuit, including the control circuit and the power circuit.


Wiring Diagram ExampleMotorT1T2T3Overload ContactThermal OverloadsStartStopMMotor Starter CoilM (aux)NOMMM


Electronic SchematicsElectronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit.



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PNEUMATIC / HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS*


ObjectivesDefine Fluid Logic SymbolsDefine Fluid Logic Diagrams Define


ShapesShapes and lines that are used to construct symbols and circuits:


Is it Hydraulic or PneumaticPneumatic and Hydraulic drawings look very similar and the subject is usually referred to as Fluid PowerThe basic difference is Flow symbol.If filled it is hydraulic and unfilled identifies pneumatic.HYDRAULICPNEUMATIC


Fluid Power DrawingsThis type of drawing, like electrical drawings are also considered single line drawings.The line is either an air or hydraulic line connected to a deviceThe devices are shown as symbols whose intent is show the fluid flow and mechanical operation of the device as well as type of device.


Flow linesUnconnected lines shown crossingConnected lines are illustrated with a connection dotSingleHose usually connectingparts with relative movementFlexiblelineFour way junctionFlow lineor


Basic Line SymbolsLineWorking line, pilot supply, return, electricalChainEnclosure of two or more functions in one unitDashedPilot control, bleed, filterLineElectrical lineSpring


Circle ShapesCirclesenergy conversion unitsmeasuring instrumentmechanical linkroller


Squares and RectanglesSquare at 45oconditioning apparatusconnections to cornersSquarecontrol componentconnections perpendicular to sidesRectanglecylinders and valves


Squares and Rectanglescertain control methodsRectanglespiston


Basic Symbolsrotary actuator, motor or pump with limited angle of rotationSemi-circlemechanical connectionpiston rod, lever, shaftDouble lineCapsulepressurised reservoir air receiver, auxiliary gas bottle


Functional ElementsLong sloping indicatesadjustabilityArrowSpringTriangleDirection and nature of fluid,open pneumatic or filled hydraulic


Functional ElementsStraight or sloping path and flow direction, or motion through a deviceArrowsRestrictionTeeClosed path or port


Functional ElementsSeating or connection used in check valves and connectorsCurved arrows are used to illustrate rotary motionclockwise from right hand endShaft rotationboth


Functional ElementsIndication or controlsize to suitTemperatureOperatorOpposed solenoid windingsPrime moverMElectric motor


Function componentsSilencerPressure to electric switch presetPressure to electric switch adjustable


Function componentsUni-directional flow regulatorRotating jointPressure indicatorPressure drop indicator


PlantAir receiverIsolating valveAir inlet filterCompressor and electric motor


Combination unitsFRL with shut off valve and pressure gaugeLubro-control unitFilter and lubricatorFRL Combined unitFilter regulator with gauge


FiltersFilter with manual drainFilter with automatic drainFilter with automatic drain and pressure drop indicator


Pressure regulatorsA pressure regulator symbol represents a normal state with the spring holding the regulator valve open to connect the supply to the outlet.Adjustable Regulator with pressure gauge simplifiedAdjustable Regulator simplified


Pressure relief valvesA pressure relief valve symbol represents a normal state with the spring holding the valve closed. Adjustable relief valve simplifiedPreset relief valve simplified


Pressure regulatorsPre-set relievingAdjustable relievingAdjustable relieving with pressure gaugePre-set relieving with pressure gauge


Valve symbol structure The function of a valve is given by a pair of numerals separated by a stroke, e.g. 3/2..The first numeral indicates the number of main ports. These are inlets, outlets and exhausts but excludes signal ports and external pilot feeds.The second numeral indicates the number of states the valve can achieve.


Valve symbol structureA 3/2 valve therefore has 3 ports (normally these are inlet, outlet and exhaust) and 2 states (the normal state and the operated state)The boxes are two pictures of the same valve normaloperated


Basic Valve SymbolsValve switching positions are illustrated with squares on a schematic. The number of squares is used to illustrate the quantity of switching positions.Lines within the boxes will indicate flow paths with arrows showing the flow direction. Shut off positions are illustrated by lines drawn at right angles to the flow path.Junctions within the valve are connected by a dot.Inlet and outlet ports to the valve are shown by lines drawn to the outside of the box that represents the normal or initial position of the valve


Valve symbol structureA valve symbol logic block will show the symbols for each position of the valve states joined end to end as illustrated in the next slide.normaloperated


Valve symbol structureEach valve logic state is illustrated with its state block joined end to endnormaloperated


Valve symbol structureThe port connections are shown to only one of the diagrams to indicate the prevailing statenormal


Valve symbol structureThe operator for a particular state is illustrated against that stateOperated state produced bypushing a button


Valve symbol structureThe operator for a particular state is illustrated against that stateOperated state produced bypushing a buttonNormal state produced bya spring


Valve symbol structureThe operator for a particular state is illustrated against that stateOperated state produced bypushing a buttonNormal state produced bya spring


Valve symbol structureThe valve symbol can be visualised as moving to align one state or another with the port connections






Valve symbol structureA 5/2 valve symbol is constructed in a similar way. A picture of the valve flow paths for each of the two states is shown by the two boxes. The 5 ports are normally an inlet, 2 outlets and 2 exhausts


Valve symbol structureThe full symbol is then made by joining the two boxes and adding operators. The connections are shown against only the prevailing state






Valve symbol structureThe boxes can be joined at either end but the operator must be drawn against the state that it produces. The boxes can also be flippedA variety of symbol patterns are possiblenormallyclosednormallyopen


OperatorsGeneral manualPush buttonPull buttonPush/pull buttonLeverPedalTreadleOperators of a valve are drawn to the side of a valve box to the side of the box it will be operating. Some operator types are:Rotary knob


Operators ContdPlungerSpring normally as a returnRollerUni-direction or one way tripPressurePilot pressureDifferential pressure Detent in 3 positions


Operators ContdSolenoid directSolenoid pilotSolenoid pilotwith manual overrideand integral pilot supplySolenoid pilotwith manual override and external pilot supplyElectricalWhen no integral or external pilot supply is shown it is assumed to be integral


Port markingsThe valve connections can be labelled with capital letters or numbers as follows:

AlphabeticalDesignationsNumericalDesignationsWorking LinesA, B, C .. O (excludes L)2, 4, 6 . . . .Leakage FluidL 9Supply AirP 1ExhaustR, S, T ..W 3, 5, 7 Pilot LinesZ, Y, X ..12, 14, 16, 18


Port Markings Examples12121012453141212431412


Port Markings12121012453141212431412


Simplified cylinder symbolsSingle acting the load returns cylinder to original positionSingle acting with spring returning cylinder to original positionDouble acting moved by fluid from either end


Rotary actuatorsSemi rotary double actingRotary motor single direction of rotationRotary motor bi-directional


Example Pneumatic Schematic



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PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS*


ObjectivesDefine Piping DrawingsIdentify Piping SymbolsDefine Process and Instrumentation Drawings (P&ID)Identify P&ID Symbols


Symbols and DrawingsPiping drawings show the size and location of pipes, fittings, and valves.To read and interpret Piping drawings and Piping and Instrument drawings (P&IDs), the student must learn the meaning of the symbols. This presentation discusses some the common symbols that are used to depict system components.


Piping DrawingsThe single line format is most commonly used in Piping and P&ID drawings. The single line format represents all piping, regardless of size, as single line. All system equipment is represented by simple standard symbols.


Pipe CrossingThe crossing of pipes without connections is normally shown without interrupting the line.

When there is a need to show that one pipe must pass behind another, the line representing the pipe farthest may be shown with a break, where the other pipe passes in front of it Far pipeNear pipe


ConnectionsPermanent connections, whether made by welding, gluing or soldering, may be shown as a heavy dot Detachable connections are shown by a single thick line. Detachable connectionPermanent connectionAdjoining apparatusDetachable connection such as a flange


FittingsIf standard symbols for fittings like tees, elbows, crossings are not shown on a drawing, they are represented by a continuous line. A circular symbol for a tee or elbow may be used when necessary to show piping coming toward or moving away from the viewer. Pipe Going AwayPipe Coming TowardsRear view flangeFront view flangePipe Line Without Flanges Pipe Line with flanges connected to ends


Single Line example


Pictorial DrawingsPictorial or double line drawings present the same type information as a single line, but the equipment is represented as if it had been photographed. This format is rarely used since it requires much more effort to produce than a single line drawing and does not present any more information as to how the system functions.


Pictorial exampleOrthographic Pipe Drawing


Common Piping Symbols Comparison90 ElbowsStraight TeeReducing TeeSanitary TeeP-TrapGate ValvePictorialSymbol


ValvesValves are used to control the direction, flow rate, and pressure of fluids GATE VALVEGLOBE VALVECHECK VALVECONTROL VALVEPLUG VALVEBALL VALVEBUTTERFLY VALVE


P&IDsThe piping of a single system may contain more than a single medium. Forexample, although the main process flow line may carry water, the associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas, or hydraulic fluid. Also, a fluid system diagram may also depict instrument signals and electrical wires as well as piping. The following slide shows some commonly used symbols for indicating the medium carried by the piping and for differentiating between piping, instrumentation signals, and electrical wires.


Process and Instrumentation Drawings P&IDsThese process flow diagrams include:Pipe line numbers and directionsPipe specifications and line sizesAll equipmentAll valvesAll Instrumentation with controlling devices


LinesMAJOR PROCESS LINES - PIPEMINOR PROCESS LINESPROCESS TUBINGELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT SIGNALELECTRICAL LEADSPNEUMATIC LINES (GAS OR AIR)HYDRAULIC LINESINSTRUMENT CAPILLARY TUBING


Valve SymbolsGlobe Valve Normally ClosedNeedle Valve Normally ClosedBall Valve Normally OpenBall Valve Normally ClosedNeedle Valve Normally OpenTwo Valve ManifoldButterfly ValveGate Valve Normally ClosedValve Normally ClosedValve Normally OpenGlobe Valve Normally OpenGate Valve Normally OpenBlind Flanged Generic ValveNote: the generic valve is commonly used on drawings with the valve state noted next to itN.C.


Control Valve ActuatorsSome valves are provided with actuators to allow remote operation, to increase mechanical advantage, or both. Below are a few symbols for the common valve actuators. ManualPistonDiaphragmElectric MotorSolenoid


Balloon LabelingA control valve may serve any number of functions within a fluid system. To differentiate between valve uses, a balloon labeling system is used to identify the function of a control valve.The first letter used in the valve designator indicates the parameter to be controlled by the valve. For example:F = flowT = temperatureL = levelP = pressureH = hand (manually operated valve Flow ControlValve


One of the main purposes of a P&ID is to provide functional information about how instrumentation in a system or piece of equipment interfaces with the system or piece of equipment.The symbols used to represent instruments and their loops can be divided into four categories.


Basic Symbol Modifiers/TransmittersLocally Mounted InstrumentBoard Mounted InstrumentInstrument Behind BoardExample: Locally mounted voltage to current pressure modifierPMP/IE/IororP/IExamples of TransmittersFlow TransmitterPTPressureTransmitter


ControllersControllers process the signal from an instrument loop and use it to position or manipulate some other system component. Generally they are denoted by placing a "C" in the balloon after the controlling parameter. Flow ControllerTemperature ControllerPressure ControllerLevel ControllerProportionalProportional - IntegralProportional Integral - DifferentialCurrent to Pneumatic


ComponentsWithin every system there are major components such as pumps, compressors, tanks, heat exchangers, and fans. CompressorSteam TurbinePumpsorHeat ExchangerTanks or


Misc. SymbolsIn addition to the normal symbols used on P&IDs to represent specific pieces of equipment additional drawing symbols are used to guide or provide additional information about the drawing. XX-001-X-YXX-002-X-YPipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-001 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is to that drawingPipe or Wire is continued from drawing XX-002 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is from that drawingPipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-003 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is in both directions.Building/Area BoundaryXX-003-X-Y


Example P&ID Drawing



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CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING


ObjectivesDefine Topographical MapsDefine Contour MapsDefine Geology and Mining TermsDefine Site Plans DrawingsDefine Floor PlansDefine Elevation DrawingsDefine Structural Drawings and symbols


Topographical MapsMaps which describe in detail local features of the earths surface, either natural or man-made, are called topographic maps (or drawings). Data taken from surveys are used to build these drawings. Surveying is the actual measurement of distances, elevations, and directions on the earths surface.


ContoursMost topographical maps are drawn as contours.Contours are lines drawn on a map to show points of equal elevation; that is, all points on a single contour line have the same elevation. A contour interval is the vertical distance between horizontal planes passing through successive contours as illustrated in the following slide..


Example Contours MapControl PointsRelative ElevationsProfileContours


Contours ContinuedContours may be plotted through the use of patterns of distribution of points of recorded elevation. A popular pattern is the checkerboard or grid survey as illustrated in the next slide.Line are established at right angles to each other, dividing the survey into squares of appropriate size and elevations are determined at the corners of the squares


Example Grid Contour MapElevationContourGrid


Geology and Mining TermsStrike - The bearing of a horizontal line in a plane, customarily measured from north.Dip - Includes both an angle and a direction between planesStratum or Seam - layer or deposit bounded by parallel bedding planes.Vein - A deposit in a fissure or fault.Fault - A displacement of one segment with respect to another formation. Thickness - perpendicular distance between the two bedding planes of a stratum, seam, or vein.Outcrop - If a sloping stratum continues without faults, it eventually outcrops (becomes exposed) at the earths surface. See following slide for examples


Geology Terms Example


Topographical Map SymbolsAlong with contour lines maps have many basic symbols to illustrate land features and objects. The following are but a few examples.HighwayRailroadHighway BridgeRailroad BridgeSuspension BridgeDamTelephone LinePower Line


Site or Layout DrawingsLayout drawings are also called general plans and profile drawings.TThey provide the necessary information on the location, alignment, and elevation of the structure and its principal parts in relation to the ground at the site. They also provide other important details, such as the nature of the underlying soil or the location of adjacent structures and roads.


Example Site Drawing


Example SymbolsGravelPavingConcreteEarth-finish gradeEarth-rough grade


Floor PlansFloor plans includes:thicknesses, and character of the building walls on that particular floor the widths and locations of door and window openings the lengths and character of partitionsthe number and arrangement of rooms the types and locations of utility installations


Floor Layout ExampleDoor SymbolWindow Symbol


Elevation DrawingsElevation drawings are closely related to the floor plans of a building.These drawings are of vertical views of the building, usually of the outside walls. Front ElevationSide Elevation


Structural DrawingsArchitectural and structural drawings are generally considered to be the drawings of steel, wood, concrete, and other materials used to construct buildings.


Example of Structural Drawing Detail


BeamsA beam is identified by its nominal depth, in inches and weight per foot of length. The cross section of an American Standard beam (I) forms the letter I. These I-beams, like wide-flange beams, are identified by nominal depth and weight per foot

TopEndFrontSymbolsorS


ChannelsA cross section of a channel is similar to the squared letter C. Channels are identified by their nominal depth and weight per foot TopEndFrontCSymbolsor


AnglesThe cross section of an angle resembles the letter L. Angles are identified by the dimensions in inches of their legs, as L 7 x 4 x 1/2. TopEndFrontLSymbol


TeesA structural tee is made by slitting a standard I- or H- beam through the center of its web, thus forming two T-shapes from each beam. In dimensioning, the structural tee symbol is preceded by the letters ST. TopEndFrontSymbolsSTorT


MembersThe main parts of a structure are the load-bearing structural members that support and transfer the loads on the structure while remaining in equilibrium with each other. The places where members are connected to other members are called joints. The total load supported by the structural members at a particular instant is equal to the total dead load plus the total live load.


Vertical MembersColumns are high-strength vertical structural members; in buildings they may be called pillars. A pier in building construction may be called a short column. It could rest on a footing or it may be simply set or driven in the ground. In bridge construction a pier is a vertical member that provides intermediate support for the bridge superstructure.The vertical structural members in light-frame construction are called studs. They are supported on horizontal members called sills or sole plates, and are topped by horizontal members called top plates or stud caps. Corner posts are enlarged studs located at the building corners.


Horizontal MembersA horizontal load-bearing structural member that spans a space and is supported at both ends is called a beam. A member that is fixed at one end is called a cantilever. One type of steel member is actually a light truss and is called an open-web steel joist or a bar-steel joist.


TrussesA truss is a framework consisting of two horizontal (or nearly horizontal) members joined together by a number of vertical and/or inclined members to form a series of triangles. Trusses



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MACHINE DRAWINGS

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ObjectivesDefine TolerancesDefine Basic Features of Machine Drawings


Machine DrawingsIn learning to read machine drawings, we must first become familiar with the common terms, symbols, and conventions defined and discussed in the following slides.


TolerancesObtaining Absolute accuracy is impossible and therefore variations must be allowed.This allowance is known as tolerance and represents the total amount the dimension may vary. It is stated on a drawing as (plus or minus) a certain amount, either by a fraction or decimal. Limits are the maximum and/or minimum values for a specific dimension.Tolerances may be shown on drawings by several different methods; the following slide shows three examples. The unilateral method is used when variation from the design size is permissible in one direction only. The bilateral method a dimension figure shows the plus or minus variation that is acceptable. In the limit dimensioning method the maximum and minimum measurements are both stated


Tolerance ExamplesUnilateral MethodBilateral MethodLimit Method


Tolerance SymbolsFlatness & StraightnessAngularityParallelismPerpendicularityConcentricityTrue PositionRoundnessSymmetry(MMC) Maximum Material Condition(RFS) Regardless of Feature sizeDatum Identifying symbolToleranceDatumSymbolFeature Control Symbol


Class ExerciseDo Class Exercise Tolerances


Fillets and RoundsFillets are concave metal corner (inside) surfaces. Rounds or radii are edges or outside corners that have been rounded to prevent chipping and to avoid sharp cutting edges FilletRounds


Slots and SlidesSlots and slides mate two specially shaped pieces of material and securely hold them together, yet allow them to move or slide. Tee Slot SlideTee SlotDovetail SlideDovetail Slot


Keys, Keyseats, Keyways A key is a small wedge or rectangular piece of metal inserted in a slot or groove between a shaft and a hub to prevent slippage Flat BottomRound BottomSquareKeyseat and Keyway


Screw ThreadsDraftsmen use different methods to show thread on drawings Without Thread ReliefWith Thread ReliefSimplified Method of Thread Representation


GearsWhen gears are drawn on machine drawings usually only enough gear teeth are drawn to identify the dimensions.


SpringsThere are three classifications of helical springs: compression, extension, and torsion. Drawings seldom show a true presentation of the helical shape; instead, they usually show springs with straight lines Common Types of Helical SpringsSymbol Representation of Springs


Finish MarksMany metal surfaces must be finished with machine tools for various reasons.A modified symbol (check mark) with a number or numbers above it is used to show these surfaces and to specify the degree of finish. Example of Use


WeldingWelding is a process of joining metals by fusion or heating into a single joined mass.Symbols will define the type of weld required.Square WeldFillet WeldSymbolSymbol


Weld Drawing SymbolsA welding symbol consists of seven basic elements1. Reference Line2. Arrow connects reference line to joint3. Weld symbol this indicates a fillet weld24. Dimensions = weld is 2 inches long with leg length of inch5. Supplementary symbols this illustrates a convex weld6. Finish symbol g = grinding, c = chipped, m = machined.G7. Tail will have information about the process. OAW is a type of welding here. It is left off if no info needed.OAW


Example Drawing



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Note: refer to the Core Curriculum Training Guide for more detailed information concerning the subject matter of this presentation.

This is a general list of types of drawings that can be created. The following slides will define the purpose of the drawing type what that type of drawings contains.There are also European sizes, such as A4, which need not be discussed here.Title blocks are typically located in the lower right corner of a drawing.While contents from manufacturer to manufacturer may vary Title Blocks typically contain the following:Drawing Title: identification of what the drawing containsCompany name: the company that created the drawing or manufactured the items drawinDrawing scale: the scale the drawing was drawn in to the real world size of the itemHow many sheets to the drawing there are: some drawings, especially wiring drawings and assembly drawings require many sheets to detail the item drawinWhich sheet this drawing is: what is the sheet you are currently looking at.Designer name or initials: who designed the itemWho drew the drawing, name or initialsWho checked the drawing, name or initialsDate drawing was createdRevision block to list changes to the drawing.

Portions of a typical revision block are:REV: the revision usually listed alphabetically with the first revision starting at ADATE: the date the revision was madeDESCRIPTION: a short description of the change madeBY: the initials of the person making the changeCHKD BY: the initials of the person who checked the changeBill of Material lists usually include the following:ITEM: a numerical list of the items QTY:The quantity of this item number used.MANUF: The manufacturer of the itemDESCRIPTION: a brief description of what the item itPART NUMBER: the part of number of the item, usually the one supplied by the manufacturer of the item.Add some more examples here of typical scaling here.Scaling a drawing varies from Architectural to Engineering preferences. For some examples see the table below:

Because drawings tend to be large and complex, finding a specific point or piece of equipment on a drawing can be quite difficult. This is especially true when one wire or pipe run is continued on a second drawing. To help locate a specific point on a referenced print, most drawings, especially Piping and Instrument Drawings (P&ID) and electrical schematic drawings, have a grid system. The grid can consist of letters, numbers, or both that run horizontally and vertically around the drawing The following slides will detail the purpose each basic line type.This type of dimensioning is more commonly used in architectural drawings. Tight tolerances are difficult to achieve in the fractional inch dimensioning methods.This type of dimensioning is more commonly used in mechanical drawings since it allows more accuracy and tighter tolerances. Most measuring tools, like dial calipers are scaled in decimal.The metric system is similar to the decimal system in accuracy and is used in almost all drawing outside of the United States.Note: as shown in the example drawing this method distorts the image of the box. The next method of viewing, called orthographic projection is used to remove this distortionThe three views normally drawn are: Top, which is sometimes called the plan viewFront, or front elevationRight side, or right elevationSee 5.2Working drawings: have much of the information the architects design drawing contains, but is much more detailed and are used by the builders for erection of a building. The are fully dimensioned and can include specific drawings for utilities, lighting, plumbing.Structural drawings: these drawings will include the framework of a building, the foundations, the supporting columns.Floor Plans: these layouts show the arrangement and location of different pieces of machinery, offices and any other objects. Elevation drawings: are related to floor plans and show the vertical views of a building.Section drawings: sections are cutaway drawings that show details of construction and areas.Flow diagrams: these are used when a pattern of product flow needs to be documented and are intended to show how material may flow through a plant.

Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit, no matter how small. The schematics do not show placement or scale, merely function and flow. From this, the actual workings of a piece of electronic equipment can be determined.Terminals or terminations of wiring are shown with a dot at the crossed wiring. A common practice used to illustrate terminal strips through out drawings is to put a square around the termination dot and label that symbol with the terminal strip number followed by the terminal position on the terminal strip.Note how the dashed line is used to indicate how the contacts are mechanically connected together and are operated simultaneously. This is a common practice for switches and occasionally relay contacts.The similarities between the resistor, tapped resistor and rheostat is simple, they are also resistors. Just ones of different construction. Occasionally the rheostat or potentiometer symbols are interchanged since the function the similar.It is a common practice to put terminal circles (as illustrated on the solenoid) at the end of the contact and coil symbols to illustrate termination numbers of the coils to plug in sockets and mounts for the relays.The inductor symbol is used to define the field winding of a motor. It can be drawn in various combinations depending on the DC motor type.There are many types of transformers with variations of secondary and primary windings. The symbol is usually modified to illustrate those differences and the main purpose of the symbol is to illustrate the required connection of wiring and jumpers for the proper function of the transformer. A common practice is to note the ratings of the transfomer.The color of the light is typically noted in the symbols. R for red, W for white, B for blue, G for green and A for amber.Note: if more than one contact is contained in the limit switch assembly then the contacts will be connected by a dashed line symbolically.

This can refer to air flow switches or liquid flow switches.For a multiple position selector switch each position of the switch is illustrated with a dashed line. Where contacts are made in the circuit at dot or an X is used to show when a circuit is connected when the switch is rotated to that position. Normally the off position is illustrated at the center with the contacts drawn in the state of the off position. For switches with more than three positions more dashed lines are add with labels to illustrate the position.For a two position selector switch the state of the contacts are drawn in the off or first position of the switch. When the switch is operated the contacts will change with the open contacts closing and the closed contacts opening.Pushbuttons with multiple contacts, see double circuit, are connected by a dashed line to illustrate the switch is one assembly. If contacts of a switch are on different sheets of a drawing the dashed line will have a cross reference to the sheet and line number the other contact is on.Also can be called mushroom head pushbuttons.Control devices, that are represented in the wiring diagrams, are photocells, limit switches, local lights, solenoids, air pressure switches, etc. These control devices can be identified by the wiring diagram line number or by I/O address and are represented on both "WD" and "EL drawings for a control area. The device will have a suffix as follows; photocells (PE), proximity switch (PRS), limit switches (LS), local lights (LS), solenoids (SOL), air pressure switches (PS), tape switch (FS), etc. When a line number is used, such as 211LS, the 2 indicates that the device is on page two line 11 of the "WD" or wiring diagram and that it is a limit switch. When the I/O address is employed, a leading digit of "I" or ."1 " is used for inputs. For Example; I0056PE or 10056PE indicates a photocell connected to input address 56. A leading digit of "O" or "0" is used for outputs. For Example; O0037ll or 00037lL indicates a local light connected to output address 37. To differentiate between different voltages, controls, etc., a specification of wire color is set as an industry standard. Conductors are usually color-coded as follows:(1) Black--Line, load and control circuits at line voltage, AC or DC.(2) Red--AC control circuits. (3) Blue--DC control circuits. (4) Yellow--Interlock control circuits wired from an external power source. (5) Green (with or without a yellow stripe)--Equipment grounding conductors. (6) White--Grounded circuit conductor.

The labeling of wiring, cables and terminals is also a standard used.Conductors are identified at each termination by marking with a number to corresponding with the diagram on the wireTerminals on terminal blocks shall be plainly and permanently marked to correspond with the identification shown on the electrical diagram(s). If a drawing has multiple sheets the line number will have the sheet number in front of it. For example sheet 1 the first line is 101 and on the second sheet the first line is 201Wire-Reference Numbers Each wire in a control circuit is assigned a reference point (number) on a line diagram to keep track of the different wires that connect the components in the circuit.Each reference point is assigned a reference number.Reference numbers are normally assigned from the top left to the bottom right. Numerical cross-reference systems are required to trace the action of a circuit in complex line diagrams.Common rules help to quickly simplify the operation of complex circuits.NO Contacts Relays, contactors, and magnetic motor starters normally have more than one set of auxiliary contacts. These contacts may appear at several different locations in the line diagram. Numerical cross-reference systems quickly identify the location and type of contacts controlled by a given device. A numerical cross-reference system consists of numbers in parenthesis to the right of the line diagram.NC ContactsIn addition to NO contacts, there are also NC contacts in a circuit.To differentiate between NO and NC, NC contacts are indicated as a number which is underlined Manufacturers of electrical relays, timers, counters, etc., include numbers on the terminal connection points.These terminal numbers are used to identify and separate the different component parts (coil, NC contacts, etc) included on the individual pieces of equipment.Manufacturers terminal numbers are often added to a line diagram after the specific equipment to be used in the control circuit is identified.Panel and door layouts are usually a part of the electrical wiring diagrams to show the location of the devices that are mounted in the panel.

Panel Layout. - The physical position or arrangement of the components on a panel or chassis. In a panel layout the parts (such as relays, fuses, terminals for wiring, wire duct or raceways, etc.) are mounted on a removable back plate within a enclosure.The parts are usually shown in a block form in their general location and in the size or window area the component will take on the plate. All the components must be labeled as they are on the drawings and the terminal numbering should match terminal notes in the schematic.The panel layout is a sheet of the overall electrical diagram.Door Layout. The panel door layout illustrates the location of all the pushbuttons, switches, lights, etc., and labels for those components. BOM - with it a BOM (Bill of Materials) is also drawn which lists all the components, by manufacturers part numbers, that are contained within the electrical drawings and panel assembly, of which the back plate and door is but a part. The table above illustrates a general list of how manufacturers may identify drawing numbers.For example if a drawing number is WD200 we then know it is a wiring diagram and if a drawing is numbers EL100 we know it is an electrical layout which will show the location of the devices in the plant.Where the complexity or the control system warrants. a block diagram of control functions may be furnished. Each block shall be identified and cross-referenced in a manner that the internal circuitry may be found readily on the elementary diagram.

Not all electronics prints are drawn to the level of detail depicting the individual controls and devices, nor is this level of information always necessary. These simpler drawings are called block diagrams. Block diagrams provide a means of representing any type of electronic circuit or system in a simple graphic format. Block diagrams are designed to present flow or functional information about the circuit or system, not detailed component data. Whatever the block represents will be written inside. Sequence of Operation: A written detailed description of the order in which electrical devices and other parts of the equipment should function.Sequence charts can also be tables illustrating the steps and timing of certain operations.Sequence charts or routines are usually added as a sheet in equipment drawings if necessary.The numbering system, for the set of drawings which shows the conveyor path and relative equipment locations with dimensions of all electrical devices external to an electrical control panel, starts with a two letter prefix "EL" for Electrical Layout Following the "EL" is a number that represents the control panel. Following this number is a sheet number. For example; drawing number EL-XXX-2 would be an electrical layout drawing associated with XXX electrical control panel and sheet number 2 in the set. The first few sheets, in a set of "EL drawings, are conveyor path or equipment location layouts. These drawings show the approximate location of externally mounted electrical devices associated to that particular control panel. The next sheet(s) are the electrical equipment schedules. These drawing sheets state the device number, mounting bracket type, means of actuation, function, and manufacture's name/part number for the externally mounted devices. Wiring diagrams are used to show as closely as possible the actual location of each component and wire termination in a circuit.Question: Does this circuit function like the Start Circuit Ladder Diagram previously viewed. Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit, no matter how small. The schematics do not show placement or scale, merely function and flow. From this, the actual workings of a piece of electronic equipment can be determined.These shapes and lines in the relative proportions shown, make up a set of basic symbols from which fluid power symbols and circuits are constructed1714101315151616The dotted line represents the feedback, this opposes the spring and can vary the flow through the valve from full flow, through shut off, to exhaust. The symbol is usually drawn in only this one state. The flow path can be imagined to hinge at the right hand end to first shut off the supply then connect to the exhaust.

The dotted line represents feed-forward, this opposes the spring and can be imagined to lift the flow path. When the pressure reaches an excess value the flow path will line up with the ports and flow air to relief.

2727272929Note: see pictorial drawing of this circuit in the following slidesRefer back to the previous single line drawing and compare the single line diagram to the orthographic view.See 1016v1 for symbolsThe piping of a single system may contain more than a single medium. For example, the main process flow line may carry water, the associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas, or hydraulic fluid. Also, a P&ID diagram drawing may illustrate instrument signals and electrical wiring as well as piping. The combination of a valve and an actuator is commonly called a control valve. The first three columns above are combined such that the resulting instrument identifier indicates its sensed parameter, the function of the instrument, and the type of instrument. The fourth column is used only in the case of an instrument modifier and is used to indicate the types of signals being modified. The following is a list of examples:FIC = flow indicating controllerFM = flow modifierPM = pressure modifierTE= temperature elementTR= temperature recorderLIC = level indicating controllerTT= temperature transmitterPT= pressure transmitterFE= flow elementFI= flow indicatorTI= temperature indicatorFC= flow controllerSensors and detectors by themselves are not sufficient to create usable system indications. Each sensor or detector must be coupled with appropriate modifiers and/or transmitters. The exceptions to this are certain types of local instrumentation having mechanical readouts, such as bourdon tube pressure gages and bimetallic thermometers. The slide illustrates various examples of modifiers and transmitters and also illustrates the common notations used to indicate the location of an instrument, for example local or board mounted.Transmitters are used to convert the signal from a sensor or detector to a form that can be sent to a remote point f o r processing, controlling, or monitoring. The output can be electronic (voltage or current), pneumatic, or hydraulic. The slide illustrates symbols for several specific types of transmitters.The unilateral method is used when variation from the design size is permissible in one direction only. In the bilateral method the dimension figure shows the plus or minus variation that is acceptable. In the limit dimensioning method, the maximum and minimum measurements are both stated. A datum is a surface, line, or point from which a geometric position is to be determined or from which a distance is to be measured.Any letter of the alphabet except I, O, and Q may be used as a datum identifying symbol. A feature control symbol is made of geometric symbols and tolerances.

Basic blueprint reading

Design

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