Barnyard Runoff Control: Planning, Design, Construction ... · Barnyard Runoff Control: Planning,...
Transcript of Barnyard Runoff Control: Planning, Design, Construction ... · Barnyard Runoff Control: Planning,...
Barnyard Runoff Control: Planning, Design,
Construction, DocumentationPeter Wright PE
Agricultural EngineerPRO-DAIRY
LCBP, NEIWPCC, and EPA are funding partners
1
Vermont RAP
Section 6. Required Agricultural Practices; Conditions, Restrictions, and Operating Standards
6.01 Dischargesa) Farms shall not create any discharge of agricultural wastes to
surface waters of the State through a discrete conveyance such as, but not limited to, a pipe, ditch, or conduit without a permit from the Secretary of ANR.
b) Production areas, barnyards, animal holding or feedlot areas, manure storage areas, and feed storage areas shall utilize runoff and leachate collection systems, diversion, or other management strategies in order to prevent the discharge of agricultural wastes to surface water or groundwater.
NRCS Standards
eFOTG http://efotg.nrcs.usda.gov/StandardsStatements of WorkGuidelinesSpecificationsO&M
NRCS Standards
Filter Strip Standard (VT 393) Heavy Use Area Protection Standard (VT 561) Roofs and Covers (NAT 367)Roof Runoff Structure (VT 558) Waste Treatment (VT 629)Ag Waste Management Supplement
Milking Wastewater Infiltration System
https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_010237.pdf
NRCS O&M
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PLANFORWASTE TREATMENT - MILKHOUSE WASTEWATER INFILTRATION AREA
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PLANFORHEAVY USE AREA PROTECTION
Vermont Farm*A*Syst
Worksheet #10Assessing the Risk of Groundwater Contamination fromMilkhouse Wastewater Treatment
Worksheet #8Assessing the Risk of Groundwater Contamination fromBarn Yard Management
Concentrated Sources
Waste Wash waterBarnyard runoffSilage Leachate
Estimated BOD LB/yr
05000
100001500020000250003000035000400004500050000
Milking
Cente
r Was
teSila
ge Le
achate
Barnya
rd Run
offDomesti
c Was
te
Estimated N LB/yr
0500
10001500200025003000350040004500
Milking
Cente
r Was
teSila
ge Le
achate
Barnya
rd Run
offDomesti
c Was
te
Estimated P LB/yr
050
100150200250300350400450500
Milking
Cente
r Was
teSila
ge Le
achate
Barnya
rd Run
offDomesti
c Was
te
Concentrated Sources
Amounts and concentrations varydaily seasonallyfrom farm to farm
They can be ManagedWhen Rain Driven the impact is less
dilutednot observed
N PMilking Center 400 ppm 60 ppmSilage Leachate 4,400 500Barnyard 1,000 200
Manure 5,600 900
Domestic Waste 30 7
Concentrations
Annual Load from Concentrated Sources
N PMilking Center 3,000 lb 30 lbSilage Leachate 3,900 440Barnyard 700 150
Manure 31,600 5,000
Domestic Waste 70 22
Concentrated Sources
Pollution is Perception Total load from manure spreading
But:Concentrated sources = point sources
Concentrated Sources will be closely examined
Conclusions
Concentrated sources need to be controlledPrevention is keyLook for low cost alternatives to treatment
Prevention
EliminateReduceReuse
Barnyards?
Time spent out of barn vs size
cows
0%
5%10%15%20%
25%30%35%40%
45%50%
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200
Barnyards
EliminateReduce the sizeReduce the runoff
Exclude outside waterPavement increases runoff
Vital to control runoff flowProtect Groundwater
NRCS Standard
Source ControlScrape, time in barnyard, waterers
Solid removalDaily - Weekly
Size: 50 ft2/Animal Unit
Location: Outside 25 year floodplain200 ft from wells and potable water
Abuse Areas
Purpose?Increased loadingFences can be movedImage
Barnyards
Sized correctlyClean surface water divertedPaved and curbedRunoff controlled
Roof Runoff Structure
Ice and snowFastenersBelow projected roof line
CapacityGutter sizeDownspout location and size
Animal Protection
Outlet
O&M
Clean Water Exclusion
DiversionCurbRoof runoff
Roof
Ground GutterGravel Trench20% of Volume as storageCPP or PVC 2 ft underOutlet
Clean out
Paved and Curbed
Roll Curbs?
Buck Wall
Surface treatment
Barnyard Runoff Storage
Wetland Treatment
Constructed, not naturalStorage for winterSized properlyControlled outlet
Vegetated Filter Strip
Control solidsNo continuous liquid flowWill reduce BOD and total PhosphorusNot as effective on soluble nutrients without infiltration Won’t treat concentrated flows
Vegetated filter strip to treat BOTH: barnyard runoff and milkhouse wastewater
VFS has TwoDischarge Points
Milkhouse wastewater P concentrations
Avg - 16 mg/L, Range from 10 to 21 mg/L
4-5 hour
Flow moves to outside of gravel trench and spreader board
Discharge pipes
Flow bypassing outsideof constructed VFS
Creating barnyard runoff
Screens and Collector Drop Box
Average DP Removal in a Grass VFS on Lackawanna sl
<---- y = -0.0814x + 20.306R2 = 0.8903y = 23.817e-0.0123x
R2 = 0.8443
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Distance from a Loading Source, feet
Dis
solv
ed P
Con
cent
ratio
n, m
g/l Responses and modeling results
Dissolve P Removal in a Grass VFS on Lackawanna sl
0
25
50
75
100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Distance from Loading Source, feet
Phos
phor
us R
emov
al, %
Average
Wet Period Average
Dry Period Average
Performance as Percent P Removal
Barnyard Runoff
Estimated Nitrogen FateImmobilized Soil OM 20%Denitrified 20%Volatilization 20%Crop Uptake 30%Leaching 10%
Total 100%
Barnyard Runoff
Estimated Nitrogen FateImmobilized Soil OM 100 Lbs.Denitrified 100 Lbs.Volatilization 100 Lbs.Crop Uptake 150 Lbs.Leaching 50 Lbs.
Total 500 Lbs. N/Acre
Barnyard Runoff
Assumptions:20 gallons manure /cow per day32 Lbs. N/1000 gallons of manure230 Lbs. N / cow per yearTime in barnyard proportional to manure leftDaily cleaning leaves 10% available to flowSettling removes 25% of N
Barnyard Runoff
230 Lbs. N / cow per year10% Time in barnyard
23 Lbs. N/cow/yr.Daily cleaning leaves 10% available to flow
2.3 Lbs. N/cow/yr.Settling removes 25% of N
1.7 Lbs. N/cow/yr.
Pollution Prevention
Eliminate
Reduce
Recycle
Barnyards
Purpose?HoldingFeeding or waterRestingExerciseHeat detection
Eliminate!!
Barnyard Purpose?
HoldingSmall 15 Square Feet per cowRoof
Eliminate!!
Barnyard Purpose?
Feeding or water30 Square Feet per Cow24 hr Access?Feed quality?
DecayRation
Eliminate!!
Barnyard Purpose?
Resting50 Square Feet per CowCow comfort in the barn?
StallsFloorsVentilation
Eliminate!!
Barnyard Purpose?
Exercise2 miles a day?Hoof management
Eliminate!!
Barnyard Purpose?
Heat detectionUse Secondary SignsOther methods
Eliminate!!
Heat Detection
Primary SignsMounting
AccessFooting
Secondary SignsMilk reductionDischargeBehavior
Synchronized ovulationOVSYNCH
$8/cow
Barnyards
Eliminate
Reduce
Relocate
Conclusions:
Concentrated Sources Need to be ControlledPrevention is KeyLook for Low Cost Alternatives to Treatment