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Puji Lestari-ITB
PM2.5 Monitoring in Mass and Compositions:
Comparison Using Different Equipment
Bandung, West Java- Indonesia
Puji Lestari
Rizki Pratiwi, Fatimah Dinan Q, Haryo Satriyo Tomoa, Graydon Snider** and Crystal L. Weagle**
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB)
Indonesia
**Dalhousie University-Canada
Puji Lestari-ITB
ACAM , Guangzou, June 5-9
Puji Lestari-ITBPhoto by PI: finding my own
legend 2012
Background
The impact of PM2.5 to health and Environment. Particulate
with size less than 2.5 m could penetrate deep into the lung and
cause lung damage
Lack of monitoring data on PM2.5 Spatially and Temporally for
epidemiology study in Indonesia specially in Bandung and
Jakarta and other cities
PM2.5 is regulated under Government Regulation No. 41/1999,
however, there is very limited monitoring of PM2.5
Conventional filter based sampler for PM2.5 is high cost and high
maintenance.
The used of Nephelometer may could overcome the monitoring
data required.
ACAM , Guangzou, June 5-9 Puji Lestari-ITB
Puji Lestari-ITB
City Characteristics
Population > 2.5 millions
Latitude 6.55 S, L 107.36 E
Geographically, Bandung is
surrounded by hills and
volcanic mountains which
some of them are still active.
The city is congested with a
large number of motor
vehicles, including both
public and private
transportations
Puji Lestari-ITB
Main Objectives
To Conduct Sampling Performance Evaluation for
PM2.5 monitoring in Bandung (apply different
equipment). Combination of Filter-based and
Continuous measurement
Measurements ► Hourly PM2.5 Concentration
To characterize the PM2.5 particles in Urban area
Bandung
To collect long-term systematic data for PM2.5 in
Bandung
ACAM , Guangzou, June 5-9
Puji Lestari-ITB 7
Co-located Mini Volume
Portable Air Sampler
(Minivol), Havard
Impactor, AirPhoton-
Nephelometer & Filter
sampler , Sun photometer
Sampling Location at Institute of Technology Bandung, S 06o53’18”, E 107o36’36”
Samplers were Placed
on the roof of 8 story
building on ITB Campus
with elevation 826 m or
2709.974 ft asl
: Sampling Equipment
8
FILTER SAMPLER
Gravimetric mass
(μg/m3)
4 LPM
8-slots cartridges;
each a pair of
2μm PTFE
Teflon and 8-μm
Nuclepore
NEPHELOMETER
Particle light
scattering (Mm-1)
450 nm (blue)
532 nm (green)
632 nm (red)
HARVARD IMPACTOR
Also used as the reference
instrument in development
study of Personal Respirable
Particulate Sampler and
Compact Multistage Cascade
Impactor.
Gravimetric mass (μg/m3)
10 LPM
1 μm Teflon filter
MiniVol sampler
Co- Location of Sampling
9
AirPhoton® Filter Sampler
AirPhoton® Nephelometer
Reference Sampler
Harvard Impactor
Parallel & Simultaneous
Hang Zoe ,Aug 19-20
Puji Lestari-ITB
Sampling Program
Co-Located sampling for Intercomparison evaluation
(July-August 2014)
2014-2016, using AirPhoton (Nephelometer +Filter
sampler) about 120 samples were collected
Measurement were conducted during 2001 – 2007, with
24 hour period of sampling in Urban Mix sites & rural
More than 350 samples were collected using
Dichotomous and Mini volume Samplers
Chemical Speciation (BC, an ions and cations and
elements)
Sampling Periods
11
63 days 63 days 63 days 7 days 7 days 7 days
NORMAL PERIOD
Jan 2014- December 2016
COLLOCATION PERIOD
Jul 18 – Aug 20, 2014
160 mins/day
for 9 days
= 24 hours/filter
continuous 24 hours/day continuous 24 hours/day
To obtain PM2.5 concentration
data
Intercomparison for testing accuracy
Filter Sampler
Sampling Performance Evaluation
y = 0.9173xR² = 0.994
0.000
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
0.000 10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000
PM
2.5
Filt
er
Sam
ple
r (µ
g/N
m3)
PM2.5 Harvard Impactor (µg/Nm3)
PM2.5Linear (PM2.5)
12
LINEARITY
TEST
Variable N N* Mean SE Mean Min Max
PM2,5 (Red) 236 0 32,765 0,472 16,272 51,13
PM2,5 (Green) 236 0 32,574 0,469 17,15 54,204
PM2,5 (Blue) 236 0 32,561 0,48 17,136 55,671
Harvard
Impactor
34.10 μg/m3
13
Nephelometer
Sampling Performance Evaluation
HOURLY
ESTIMATES
14
Nephelometer
Sampling Performance Evaluation
DAILY
AVERAGES
0
10
20
30
40
50
18
Ju
l
19
Ju
l
20
Ju
l
21
Ju
l
22
Ju
l
23
Ju
l
24
Ju
l
25
Au
g
6 A
ug
7 A
ug
8 A
ug
9 A
ug
10
Au
g
11
Au
g
12
Au
g
13
Au
g
14
Au
g
15
Au
g
16
Au
g
17
Au
g
PM2.5 Red PM2.5 GreenPM2.5 Blue PM2.5 Harvard Impactor
PM2.5
(μg/Nm3)
Good correlations for all wavelengths
☑ These two samplers show identical
measurement
15
Nephelometer
Sampling Performance Evaluation
LINEARITY TEST
y = 1.0397x + 0.1546R² = 0.9923
0.000
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
y = 1.0436x + 0.2288R² = 0.9902
0.000
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
0 10 20 30 40 50
y = 1.0447x + 0.2135R² = 0.9897
0.000
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
0 10 20 30 40 50
Blue (450 nm)
Green (532 nm)
Red (632 nm)
Legend : Y = Neph PM2.5 (μg/m3), X = Harvard Impactor PM2.5
(μg/m3)
Concentration of PM2.5 (2014-2016)
Hang Zoe ,Aug 19-20
Puji Lestari-ITB
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
10-1
9 J
an'1
4
19-2
8 F
eb'1
4
28 M
ar-6
Ap
r'14
24 A
pr-
3 M
ay'1
4
24-3
0 M
ay'1
4
29 J
un
-8 J
ul'1
4
20-2
1 J
ul'1
4
23-2
4 J
ul'1
4
7-8
Aug'
14
10-1
1 A
ug'
14
14-1
5 A
ug'
14
17-1
8 A
ug'
14
24-2
5 A
ug'
14
11-2
0 O
ct'1
4
26 N
op
-5 D
ec'1
4
23 D
ec'1
4-
2…
21-3
0 J
an'1
5
17-2
6 F
eb'1
5
17-2
6 M
ar-1
5
13-2
2 A
pr'
15
10-1
9 M
ay'1
5
8-1
7 J
un
'15
14-2
3 J
ul'1
5
26 A
ug-
4 S
ep'1
5
11-2
0 O
ct'1
5
7-1
6 N
op
'15
11-2
0 J
an'1
6
7-1
6 F
eb'1
6
20-2
9 M
ar'1
6
16-2
5 A
pr'
16
14-2
3 M
ay'1
6
10-1
9 J
un
'16
7-1
6 J
ul'1
6
4-1
3 A
ug'
16
31 A
ug-
9 S
ep'1
6
7-1
5 O
ct'1
6
3-1
1 N
op
'16
8-9
Dec
'16
11-1
2 D
ec'1
6
19-2
0 D
ec'1
6
22-2
3 D
ec'1
6
Co
ncen
trati
on
(µg
/m
3)
Trend of PM2.5 Concentration during 2014-2016
Hang Zoe ,Aug 19-20
Puji Lestari-ITB
Temporal PM2.5 Variations in
Bandung
Diurnal Variations
18
January – August 2014
Increase starts at 6 am peak at 9 am
and at 5 pm peak at 8 pm
► Closely related to human activities
► Anthropogenic emission
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
PM
2.5
(ug
/N
m³)
0
2
4
6
8
10
1210-1
9 J
an'1
4
19-2
8 F
eb'1
4
28 M
ar-6
Ap
r'14
24 A
pr-
3 M
ay'1
4
24-3
0 M
ay'1
4
29 J
un
-8 J
ul'1
4
20-2
1 J
ul'1
4
23-2
4 J
ul'1
4
7-8
Aug'
14
10-1
1 A
ug'
14
14-1
5 A
ug'
14
17-1
8 A
ug'
14
24-2
5 A
ug'
14
11-2
0 O
ct'1
4
26 N
op
-5 D
ec'1
4
23 D
ec'1
4-
2…
21-3
0 J
an'1
5
17-2
6 F
eb'1
5
17-2
6 M
ar-1
5
13-2
2 A
pr'
15
10-1
9 M
ay'1
5
8-1
7 J
un
'15
14-2
3 J
ul'1
5
26 A
ug-
4 S
ep'1
5
11-2
0 O
ct'1
5
7-1
6 N
op
'15
11-2
0 J
an'1
6
7-1
6 F
eb'1
6
20-2
9 M
ar'1
6
16-2
5 A
pr'
16
14-2
3 M
ay'1
6
10-1
9 J
un
'16
7-1
6 J
ul'1
6
4-1
3 A
ug'
16
31 A
ug-
9 S
ep'1
6
7-1
5 O
ct'1
6
3-1
1 N
op
'16
8-9
Dec
'16
11-1
2 D
ec'1
6
19-2
0 D
ec'1
6
22-2
3 D
ec'1
6Co
ncen
trati
on
(µ
g/
m3) Anion Concentration
CL
NO3
PO4
SO4
0
1
2
3
4
10-1
9 J
an'1
4
19-2
8 F
eb'1
4
28 M
ar-6
Ap
r'14
24 A
pr-
3 M
ay'1
4
24-3
0 M
ay'1
4
29 J
un
-8 J
ul'1
4
20-2
1 J
ul'1
4
23-2
4 J
ul'1
4
7-8
Aug'
14
10-1
1 A
ug'
14
14-1
5 A
ug'
14
17-1
8 A
ug'
14
24-2
5 A
ug'
14
11-2
0 O
ct'1
4
26 N
op
-5 D
ec'1
4
23 D
ec'1
4-
2 J
an'1
5
21-3
0 J
an'1
5
17-2
6 F
eb'1
5
17-2
6 M
ar-1
5
13-2
2 A
pr'
15
10-1
9 M
ay'1
5
8-1
7 J
un
'15
14-2
3 J
ul'1
5
26 A
ug-
4 S
ep'1
5
11-2
0 O
ct'1
5
7-1
6 N
op
'15
11-2
0 J
an'1
6
7-1
6 F
eb'1
6
20-2
9 M
ar'1
6
16-2
5 A
pr'
16
14-2
3 M
ay'1
6
10-1
9 J
un
'16
7-1
6 J
ul'1
6
4-1
3 A
ug'
16
31 A
ug-
9 S
ep'1
6
7-1
5 O
ct'1
6
3-1
1 N
op
'16
8-9
Dec
'16
11-1
2 D
ec'1
6
19-2
0 D
ec'1
6
22-2
3 D
ec'1
6
Co
ncen
trati
on
(µ
g/
m3)
Cation Concentration
Na
NH4
K
Mg
0200400600800
100012001400
10-1
9 J
an'1
4
19-2
8 F
eb'1
4
28 M
ar-6
Ap
r'14
24 A
pr-
3 M
ay'1
4
24-3
0 M
ay'1
4
29 J
un
-8 J
ul'1
4
20-2
1 J
ul'1
4
23-2
4 J
ul'1
4
7-8
Aug'
14
10-1
1 A
ug'
14
14-1
5 A
ug'
14
17-1
8 A
ug'
14
24-2
5 A
ug'
14
11-2
0 O
ct'1
4
26 N
op
-5 D
ec'1
4
23 D
ec'1
4-
2 J
an'1
5
21-3
0 J
an'1
5
17-2
6 F
eb'1
5
17-2
6 M
ar-1
5
13-2
2 A
pr'
15
10-1
9 M
ay'1
5
8-1
7 J
un
'15
14-2
3 J
ul'1
5
26 A
ug-
4 S
ep'1
5
11-2
0 O
ct'1
5
7-1
6 N
op
'15
11-2
0 J
an'1
6
7-1
6 F
eb'1
6
20-2
9 M
ar'1
6
16-2
5 A
pr'
16
14-2
3 M
ay'1
6
10-1
9 J
un
'16
7-1
6 J
ul'1
6
4-1
3 A
ug'
16
31 A
ug-
9 S
ep'1
6
7-1
5 O
ct'1
6
3-1
1 N
op
'16
8-9
Dec
'16
11-1
2 D
ec'1
6
19-2
0 D
ec'1
6
22-2
3 D
ec'1
6
Co
ncen
trati
on
(n
g/
m3)
Trend of Metal Concentration
Note: Al, Fe, Ti and Fe
BC8%
Cl0%
NO32%
PO41%
SO417%
Na1%
NH44%
K1%
Mg0%Metal
1%
Others65%
COMPOSITION OF PM2.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2014 2015 2016
Co
ncen
trati
on
(u
g/
m3)
Composition of PM2.5Others
Metal
Mg
K
NH4
Na
SO4
PO4
NO3
Cl
BC
Hang Zoe ,Aug 19-20
Puji Lestari-ITB
PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 Concentrations in
Bandung (2001-2007)
Fine and Coarse Particulate in Dago Pakar during Phase II
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
DP
2
DP
5
DP
9
DP
12
DP
15
DP
18
DP
47
DP
50
DP
53
DP
57
DP
60
DP
63
DP
105
DP
108
DP
111
DP
20
DP
23
DP
26
DP
29
DP
32
DP
35
DP
38
DP
41
DP
44
DP
71
DP
74
DP
77
DP
80
DP
83
DP
86
DP
89
DP
89
DP
92
DP
95
DP
98
DP
101
Wet Season Dry Season
Sample Code
Co
ncen
trati
on
(u
g/m
3)
Fine Coarse
Fine and Coarse Particulate in Tegalega During Phase 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
TG
1
TG
3
TG
5
TG
46
TG
48
TG
50
TG
53
TG
55
TG
57
TG
59
TG
61
TG
63
TG
65
TG
67
TG
69
TG
71
TG
73
TG
75
TG
77
TG
79
TG
81
TG
83
TG
85
TG
89
TG
91
TG
93
TG
96
TG
98
TG
100
TG
102
TG
104
TG
9
TG
11
TG
13
TG
15
TG
17
TG
20
TG
22
TG
24
TG
26
TG
28
TG
30
TG
32
TG
34
TG
36
TG
38
TG
40
TG
42
TG
44
TG
106
TG
108
TG
110
TG
112
Dry Season Wet Season
Sample Code
C (
ug
/m3
)
Fine Coarse
Urban Mixed site
Commercial roadDAGO PAKAR
Non Urban site
No activities
Hang Zoe ,Aug 19-20
Puji Lestari-ITB
Annual Concentrations of PM
Annual Concentration in Tegalega
0
20
40
60
80
100
wet wet dry dry wet dry wet dry wet dry
2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007
Year and Season
Co
ncen
trati
on
(u
g/m
3)
PM2.5 PM10
Annual Concentration in Dago Pakar
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
wet dry wet dry wet dry wet dry
2001 2002 2005 2006
Year and SeasonC
on
cen
trati
on
(u
g/m
3)
PM2.5 PM10
Hang Zoe ,Aug 19-20
Puji Lestari-ITB
Composition of PM2.5 and PM10-2.5
Composition of PM2.5 in Wet and Dry Season
0
5
10
15
20
25
Dago Pakar (Dry) Dago Pakar (Wet) Tegalega (Dry) Tegalega (Wet)
Location
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n,
ug
/m3
Anthropogenic
Crustal
BC
Ca2+
Mg2+
K+
NH4+
Na+
SO4=
NO3-
Cl-
Composition of PM10-2.5 in Wet and Dry Season
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Dago Pakar (Dry) Dago Pakar (Wet) Tegalega (Dry) Tegalega (Wet)
Location
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n,
ug
/m3
Anthropogenic
Crustal
Ca2+
Mg2+
K+
NH4+
Na+
SO4=
NO3-
Cl-
Puji Lestari-ITB
Source Apportionment results from Urban
Mixed site (Published in AE 2009)
Puji Lestari-ITB
Source Apportionment Results: Dago Pakar
Puji Lestari-ITB
Conclusions
Intercomparison study with reference instrument Harvard
Impactor showed that AirPhoton® Filter Sampler and
AirPhoton® Nephelometer is a reliable combination of PM2.5
measurement that is applicable for long term monitoring.
Black Carbon, Sulfate and Ammonium are the primary
compounds in the fine particles in Bandung
In general. the main Sources of fine particles in Bandung, were
secondary aerosol (ammonium sulfate and nitrate), Biomass
burning and vehicles, while the main Sources for coarse particles
were soil dust, lime dust and construction dust.
Hang Zoe ,Aug 19-20 Puji Lestari-ITB
Thank you
Nephelometer
Sampling Performance Evaluation
(Eq. 1)
(Eq. 2)
29