STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION IN SICKLE CELL DISEASE IN NIGERIA? PROPOSED SELECTION CRITERIA
Balancing selection, sickle cell anemia, and the African slave trade as an evolutionary test of...
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Transcript of Balancing selection, sickle cell anemia, and the African slave trade as an evolutionary test of...
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Dan GraurUniversity of Houston
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Genotype A1A1 A1A2 A2A2
Fitness w11 w12 > w11,w22 w22
Frequency p2 2pq q2
Overdominance
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Genotype A1A1 A1A2 A2A2
Fitness w11 w12 < w11,w22 w22
Frequency p2 2pq q2
Underdominance
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The change in the frequency of A2 from generation to generation is:
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At equilibrium, i.e., when ∆q = 0.
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overdominance underdominance
s = 0.04 and t = 0.02 s = - 0.02 and t = - 0.01
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Overdominant selection is inherently inefficient, even if the two homozygotes are not viable.
Powderpuff Chinese Crested
Veryexpensivedog
Cheap dog; mostly discarded
aaAa
AA
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The peculiar case of sickle-cell anemia
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10Glutamic acid Valine
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mvhltpeeksavtalwgkvnvdevggealgrllvvypwtqrffesfgdlstpdavmgnpkvkahgkkvlgafsdglahldnlkgtfatlselhcdklhvdpenfrllgnvlvcvlahhfgkeftppvqaayqkvvagvanalahkyh 147aa
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mvhltpveksavtalwgkvnvdevggealgrllvvypwtqrffesfgdlstpdavmgnpkvkahgkkvlgafsdglahldnlkgtfatlselhcdklhvdpenfrllgnvlvcvlahhfgkeftppvqaayqkvvagvanalahkyh 147aa
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“sticky” b globin
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Pleiotropic effects
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normal fitness
somewhat reduced fitness
reduced fitness
Intuitive Model: Directional Selection
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In theory, the end result should have been directional selection — a
drastic reduction in HS
allele frequency in the population.
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In practice, the frequency of the
HS allele may
reach enormous values in some populations.
>20%
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Worldwide distribution of sickle-cell anemia
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Plasmodium falciparum
How to test the hypothesis that sickle cell anemia is under
balancing selection by using a the African slave trade as an
evolutionary experiment
26An evolutionary “experiment”: Slave trade
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Surinamendemic malaria
HS frequency = 20%
Curaçauno malaria
HS frequency = 5%
West Africa Frequency >20%
300 years = 10-15 generations
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• With malaria in the background, heterozygotes have a huge advantage over the wild type homozygotes.• In the absence of malaria, the heterozygotes have a slight disadvantage in comparison to wild type homozygotes. • The fitness of the HsHs homozygotes is not affected by the presence or absence of malaria.
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Modiano D, Luoni G, Sirima BS, Simpore J, Verra F, Konate A, Rastrelli E, Olivieri A, Calissano C, Paganotti GM, D'Urbano L, Sanou I, Sawadogo A, Modiano G, Coluzzi M. 2001. Haemoglobin C protects against clinical Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 414:305-308.
A newly discovered allele that protects against malaria but does
not have deleterious effects in homozygotes
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codonposition
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Glutamic acid Lysine
Hemoglobin CE to V = HS
E to K = HC
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In the long term and in the presence of malaria, allele HbC is expected to replace alelle HbS in central West Africa.