1815 - 1840

BALANCING NATIONALISM &

SECTIONALISM

Peaceful relations w/ US + Britain 1815: Reopen trade between US & Britain 1817: Rush-Bagot Treaty limited number of warships on Great Lakes 1818: Northern boundary of Louisiana Territory set at 49th parallel 1818: 10-year joint occupation of Oregon Territory

American Independence is confirmed Nationalism grows in USA

EFFECTS OF WAR OF 1812

Americans want to develop internally Less focused on international trade

Industry out of homes and into factories Mass production

Indust. Rev. began in Britain Invent waterpower (rivers) and steam power (coal)

New England: industrialization b/c agriculture not profitable in North Sam Slater (first textile factory Pawtucket, RI) Francis Cabot Lowell, N. Appleton, & P. Jackson

(weaving factory Waltham, MA) Lowell, MA = largest mill town in US Jobs available, many move there (esp. young women)

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

North & South develop two distinct economies North focused on INDUSTRY Farmers in the North grow only what their families need Cities grow farmers in the NW raising some

crops/livestock, buy the rest 1804: Almost all Northern states had voluntarily

abolished slavery South focused on AGRICULTURE 1793 Eli Whitney invents Cotton Gin Cleaned cotton so people wouldn’t have to Hoped to decrease the number of slaves

Cotton Gin led to an INCREASE in # of slaves in South Grow cotton that was hard to pick by hand Poor farmers make money become plantation owners

TWO ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

Unite Northern & Southern economy self-sufficiency 1815: Madison and Henry Clay proposed plan American System Protective tariff (tax on goods from other countries) Resurrect national bank (Bank of the United States) Internal improvements / develop transportation systems

North: produce manufactured goods (bought by South/West) South/West: produce grain, meat and cotton (bought by North) Official $ & improved transportation = improved exchange of goods

CLAY’S AMERICAN SYSTEM

After War of 1812: British goods cheaper than US goods Madison proposed Tarif f of 1816 Tax on imports (more people would buy American goods) $ would help pay for internal improvements (like the Erie Canal) North approves -- make US goods & tariff eliminates competition w/ Brit South & West oppose -- would pay more for goods they bought

1816: Second Bank of the United States Natl bank benefit all because create currency accepted nationwide

TARIFFS & NATIONAL BANK

Transportation 1820’s: Railroads – fast, travel most

places States built turnpikes – paid for

themselves with tolls Fed govt built national roads Erie Canal – linked Atlantic Ocean to

Great Lakes (363 miles, 8 years)

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS

1816 Election: James Monroe (VA) Era of Good Feelings = One Party: Republicans Nationalism: national interests > regional concerns

John Marshall (Federalist – strong Natl govt) Increase power of Supreme Court Marbury v. Madison: Responsibility = Judicial Review

Strengthen Natl Govt Economic Control McCulloch v. Maryland: States can’t tax fed banks, fed laws

> state laws

Limit State Powers Gibbons v. Ogden: Fed govt regulates interstate commerce,

states regulate w/in own state

SUPREME COURT BOOSTS NATIONALISM

Nationalism impacts relations w/ other nations Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) --

demilitarized the US-Canada border Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) --

Spain gave FL to the US (finally!) & left OR for good

Nationalism impacts expanding nation NW Ordinance: 60,000

people = apply to be state

TERRITORY AND BOUNDARIES

At the time… Spain & Portugal were creeping into Latin America and Russia was

establishing trading posts in CA.

Why didn’t Americans like this?

MONROE DOCTRINE

1823 President Monroe issues Monroe Doctrine 1. Warned all foreign nations not to

interfere w/ affairs in the Western Hemisphere

2. Foreign nations should not attempt to create new colonies / overthrow newly independent republics in West. Hem.

3. US feels actions are “dangerous to our peace and safety”

4. US stay out of European affairs / existing colonies in West. Hem.

MONROE DOCTRINE

1818 Ill inois (IL) applies to be a free state 1818 USA = 21 states – 11 free & 10 slave

1819 Missouri (MO) applies = slave state? AL admitted as slave state (even)

Henry Clay resolves crisis w/ Missouri Compromise Maine = free state & Missouri = slave state Congress accepts requires MO to gradually

free its slaves Line was set at 36 30’ North Latitude dividing

the Louisiana Territory into 2 spheres: North of line (except MO) = NO slavery South of line = YES slavery

MISSOURI COMPROMISE

Thomas Jefferson was one of many who feared

for the Union’s future after the Missouri

Compromise was passed: “This is a reprieve only, not a final sentence”

John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew Jackson No electoral majority, AJ won popular vote House of Reps decide who wins Rep. Henry Clay: knew JQA in favor of

American System (also didn’t like Jackson)

JQA = President End of Era of Good Feelings Jacksonians form Democratic Republican

Party JQA attempts success but fails Establish first national university, finance

scientific expeditions, build an observatory upset tax payers Promote fair dealings with Indians upset

South/West

ELECTION OF 1824

After 1826: states remove property qualifications as voting requirement

1828 Election: Jackson vs. JQA Jackson: seen as a man of humble origins

(Adams = intellectual elitist) First campaign to focus on personal issues

w/ candidates Jackson = President “Jacksonian Democracy” Spreading political power to the people Ensuring majority rule Appeal to common citizen

“Spoils System” A system where incoming presidents fire

previous govt workers replace with own govt workers

ANDREW JACKSON

Jackson: wanted Native assimilation (absorbing natives into the white culture) If Natives wanted to live in own area, US spend $

on troops to protect pioneers Solution = move Native Americans further west

Indian Removal Act (1830) Fed govt negotiated 90 treaties that forced

Natives to move West Removed from MS, AL, IL, MO

REMOVAL OF NATIVE AMERICANS

Cherokee fight for fair treatment legally Sup Ct: Cherokee aren’t citizens

1832: Worcester v. Georgia – Cherokee win recognition as a distinct political community Own nation GA not allowed to control the

Cherokee Jackson: allowed GA govt to continue ruling the

Cherokee Either assimilate or get out!

1838: Trail of Tears 20,000 Cherokee remained in the East until Pres.

Martin Van Buren ordered forced removal Sent off in groups of about 1000 each, 800 miles

on foot (some by steamboat/railroad) Cherokee buried more than a ¼ of their people

CHEROKEE FIGHT BACK

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yUILURVoPhw

Protective tarif f increased over t ime AJ’s VP Calhoun (SC) Opposes Tariff (North getting rich at

expense of South) Calhoun creates nul l i f ication theory (Null i fy = make inval id) Constitution = agreement btwn states states can declare

acts unconstitutional/illegal w/in its borders 1830 Senators argue over tarif f/state’s r ights SC: fed govt can abandon the South MA: states either obedient or treasonous

Jackson: Union must be preserved Calhoun quits VP AJ reelected with Martin Van Buren VP in

1832 1832: Cong passed another tarif f , SC nul l i f ies tarif f i l legal

within SC (Threatens to secede if of f icials try to collect $) AJ furious: declared SC’s actions treasonous – authorizes use

of mil i tary against SC if they didn’t pay SOLUTION = Gradually lower tax over 10-year period

TENSION BETWEEN NORTH & SOUTH

Bank of U.S. (BUS) set to expire in 1836 Jackson convinced Americans BUS = BAD Fed tax $ deposited in BUS gives more $ to BUS than

other banks BUS stockholders earned interest $ from deposits (Wealthy who created the bank were making TONS of $)

Jackson reelected in 1832 Chose to put govt funds in state “pet” banks not BUS BUS losing $, ask repayment of loans lost $ &

support BUS closes in 1841

JACKSON’S B.U.S. WAR

Financial Problems “Pet” banks go wild! Print more paper $ than had gold/silver to back it up

inflation! ($ is worthless)

1836: Ordered silver/gold (hard currency) = only acceptable payment for fed. property Trade in $ for gold/silver

Not enough gold to give out! Banks stopped accepting paper money

Panic of 1837: lack of hard currency leads to people losing savings, bankrupt businesses

1834: Jackson haters form Whig Party Support American System, protective tariffs, BUS

1836: Van Buren (Democrat) elected in 1836 Panic of 1837 Solution: reduce fed. spending Govt stopped buying goods hurt economy

JACKSON’S LEGACY

1840 Election Van Buren (Dem) William Henry Harrison (Whig) WHH WINS! 1 month inauguration, died

of pneumonia John Tyler (VP) President! Opposed many parts of Whig economic

program Whigs only put him on the ballot to pick up

Southern votes, they never thought that he would play a big role in the government Whigs regretted this decision and referred

to President Tyler as “His Accidency”

1840 ELECTION