Chapter 7- Balancing Nationalism and sectionalism Sophomore American History Regional Economies Create Differences 1800s- Factories became the new centers of Industry- American Industrial Revolution Read- The Industrial Revolution in the United States- Page 213 New England industrializes Had depended heavily on trade- Agriculture was not profitable Samuel Slater/ Lowell System/ Expansion- Read Page 213 Two Economic Systems Develop Northeasterners started to invest heavily into manufacturing 1790s- South was making huge profits from the production of cotton- Cotton Gin/ Slavery King Cotton- Britain and the Northeastern United States- by 1820 Slavery became entrenched Deep South and the Cotton Belt Agriculture in the North/ Slavery in the North Clay and the American System- read pages Tariff of North supported South did not Court Cases- Gibbons v Ogden, McCulloch v Maryland, Fletcher v Peck DEEP SOUTH NORTH AND SOUTH NORTH PPPPrimarily Industrial EEEEncouraged trade and industry SSSSupported the Tariff of 1816 EEEEncouraged growth of towns IIIImproved Communication IIIImproved Transportation NNNNew Technology- Change FFFFew Northerners traveled south EEEEmphasis on education SOUTH PPrimarily agriculture LLittle technological progress NNo need for labor-saving devices HHigher value on tradition- little change LLack of education SSlavery was legal, a large part of the economy- pg 259 FFew southerners traveled north Chapter 7- Nationalism Guides Foreign Policy AAAAfter the War of 1812, Americans were confident in the strength of their growing country. Waiting to take their place on the world stage JJJJames Monroe-1816-Era of Good Feelings DDDDiplomatic Success RRRRush-Bagot Treaty Disarmament along the Canada-U.S. border AAAAdams-Onis Treaty 1819 Acquired Florida from Spain MMMMonroe Doctrine (221) The Missouri Compromise Chapter 7 The nation was dealing with political conflict dealing with expansion and the slavery issue House of Rep. was controlled by the northern states. Why? The Senate supported slavery. Why? As long as Congress was split, slavery was safe. States were divided equally- 11 Slave States and 11 Free States In 1819 Missouri applied for statehood- Problems The Missouri Compromise Missouris admission would upset the Congressional balance in the Senate! Tallmadges Proposal The Missouri Compromise Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state Slavery banned above the Line Missouri would be the only exception SLAVERY WAS NOT PROFITTABLE IN MISSOURI Henry Clay 1824 Election By 1820s, voting laws were becoming more democratic. Most adult white males could vote State nominating conventions THE ELECTION OF 1824 HAD FIVE STRONG CANDIDATES Jackson Clay Adams William Crawford of Georgia- Early favorite- Southern Candidate- became ill and never threatened John Calhoun, South Carolina- Failed to build a national following John Quincy Adams of Mass.- Economic nationalists, antislavery views, Northeast Andrew Jackson form Tenn.- Popular military hero- popular in the South and the frontier Henry Clay from Kentucky- Support from the Middle West Corrupt Bargain Jackson received the most popular votes and electoral votes, but no candidate won a majority of the electoral votes. The House of Rep would decide. Top three would be voted on by the House Jackson Adams Crawford- dropped out CORRUPT BARGAIN- PAGE 239 Election of 1828 JJackson and the 1828 election 11 st Modern Election VVoting rolls swelled, many states dropped land ownership requirements JJacksonian Democracy SSpoils system RRotation in Office American Indian Policy Indian Policy Under Jefferson Jefferson had hoped that the Eastern Indians would become farmers and blend into American society. By 1824 many government officials were calling for the removal of all American Indians to lands beyond the U.S. borders Many Indian tribes had begun to adapt to American ways. Five Civilized Tribes Cherokee Sequoya Jacksons Indian Policy INDIAN TERRITORY INDIAN TERRITORY Indians in the Southeast occupied millions of acres of fertile lands. Farmers and land speculators wanted the Indians out. Jackson agreed Indian Removal Act- Provided for the relocation, by force if necessary, of the Indians to Oklahoma. IT WILL BE YOURS FOREVER Native American Resistance Second Seminole War ( )- Cost more money and lives than any other Indian War in history. Most Seminole Indians were either killed or moved to the Indian Territory Worcester v Georgia- The Cherokees fought for their rights through the courts. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokees Pg The Trail of Tears Chapter 8 Section 2, Slavery and Abolition THE SOUTHERN ECONOMY Eli Whitney made cotton production profitable with the invention of the Cotton Gin. Upper South Lower South- COTTON BELT By 1860 cotton represented more than half of all American exports- KING COTTON Planters began to open new lands for cultivation. COTTON BELT As cotton production grew, so did the demand for slaves. By 1860 the population of the south was about 12 million people. 4 million were slaves. The Cotton Gin THE SOUTHERN ECONOMY Farming cotton was a labor-intensive enterprise- pg. 258 Planters- Controlled large plantations Social, economic and political control of the South SLAVE LABOR 75% OF ALL SLAVES WERE FIELD HANDS Worked from dawn to dusk hours during harvest Some worked as household workers- cooks, nannies, maids Some were skilled laborers- Blacksmiths, Carpenters, gardeners Page SLAVE LIFE Housing- Cramped and sparsely furnished. A family would live in a one- room cabin Cold in the winter, hot in the summer, and did not keep out the elements. Food- Some given to the slave by the owners. Hunted and fished Small gardens Poor clothing THE BURDEN OF BONDAGE HISTORYS VOICES We lodged in huts and on the bare ground In a single room were huddled, like cattle, ten or a dozen persons, men, women, and children. All ideas of refinement and decency were, of course, out of the question. There were neither bedsteads, nor furniture of any description. Our beds were collections of straw and old rags, thrown down in the corners and boxed with boards, a single blanket the only covering The wind whistled and the rain and snow blew in through the cracks, and the damp earth soaked in the moisture till the floor was [muddy] as a pigsty. Josiah Henson, Uncle Toms Story of His Life: An Autobiography of the Rev. Josiah Henson, 1877 HISTORYS VOICES TREATMENT OF SLAVES Slave treatment varied from plantation to plantation. Some owners used rewards- food, clothing, days off Some owners used fear of punishnment. Sweat Box Whipping Sold away from family More severe punishment How Did Slaves Fight Back PPPPages FFFFree Blacks NNNNorth 250,000 SSSSouth 250,000 SSSSlave Revolts NNNNat Turner EEEEscape UUUUnderground Railroad HHHHarriet Tubman Abolition Movement- Pg 288 Religious Roots Colonial Period- Quakers- Condemened slavery as immoral William Lloyd Garrison Liberator American Anti-Slavery Society Fredrick Douglass Page 288 Opposition to Abolition Most southerners viewed abolition as an attack on their way of life. Justification of slavery Essential to the economy Religion Better off than northern Wage Slaves Northern support for slaves- Competition for jobs Southern Manufacturing Southern industries included sawmills, iron works, textile mills, brick yards, and railroads Industry developed more slowly in the South than in the North. By South had 35% of the population but only 15% of its manufacturing. This occurred for several reasons: 1. Most investments went into slaves and land. 2. Planters used their influence, wealth, and power to support agriculture 3. Shortage of factory workers. (slavery discouraged immigration) 4. Most of the rural population (poor whites and blacks) had no economic power. (purchasing power) Southern Attitudes Toward Slavery SSSSome southerners criticized slavery for the following reasons: (Southern Minority) AAAAn economy based on plantation agriculture and slave labor was less profitable than one based on industry and labor. SSSSlavery is incompatible with the American Revolution- Liberty and freedom SSSSlavery is inhuman and immoral Supporters of Slavery: Slaves were the only way to assure enough labor for cotton and tobacco production. Planters provided slaves with shelter, clothing, food and care in sickness and old age. Slaves cost $1,500 a piece George Fitzhugh- Page 271 Southern Society PLANTERS Lived elegantly in beautiful tree shaded mansions Manage the plantations Planning and supervising work Keeping records of business transactions Keeping tracts of orders and brokers The majority of planters owned fewer than 20 slaves Planters wives supervised household activities. Southern Society SMALL FARMERS Made up a majority of southern whites Simple two room log cabins Raised livestock and sold some crops for cash. Fertile land lacked easy access to markets Grew and hunted own food Most did not own slaves Southern Society POOR WHITES Small percentage of the souths population Small percentage of the souths population Farmed the least productive land Farmed the least productive land Lived in rough cabins with few comforts Lived in rough cabins with few comforts Suffered from medical problems Suffered from medical problems No slaves No slaves SLAVE LABOR Overseer- managed the slaves Drivers- Slaves who helped manage the slaves Gang Labor- Assign groups of slaves to do specific jobs SLAVE CULTURE Slaves created a unique African culture Folktales Music and Art Slave Religion Sprituals Rebellion and Resistance Gabriel Prosser- 1800, Richmond, Virginia Denmark Vessey- 1822, Charleston, South Carolina Nat Turner- 1831, Virginia Harriet Tubman- Underground Railroad