BABOK FC
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Transcript of BABOK FC
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What is the definition of business analysis? The set of tasks and techniques used to work as a
liaison among stakeholders in order to understand the structure, policies and operations of an
organization, and to recommend end solutions that enable the organization to achieve its goals.
What is the definition of a business analyst? Any person who performs business analysis activities no
matter what their job title or organizational role may be.
A business analyst performs business analysis in order to do what? Align the needs of the business
units with the capabilities delivered by information technology.
What is the definition of a solution? A set of changes to the current state of an organization that are
made in order to enable that organization to meet a business need, solve a problem, or take advantage
of an opportunity.
What is the definition of a requirement? A condition or capability needed by a stakeholder to
solve a problem or achieve an objective\nOR \n::A condition or capability that must be met or possessed
by a solution or solution component to satisfy a contract, standard, specification or other formally
imposed documents\n::OR\n::A documented representation of a condition or capability
According to the BABOK 2.0, what type of analysis generates BUSINESS requirements? Enterprise
Analysis
What is a BUSINESS requirement, according to the BABOK 2.0? A high level statement of the goals or
objectives or needs of the enterprise
What is a STAKEHOLDER requirement, according to the BABOK 2.0? A statement of the needs of a
particular stakeholder or class of stakeholders
According to the BABOK 2.0, what type of analysis generates STAKEHOLDER requirements?
Requirements Analysis
What is a SOLUTION requirement, according to the BABOK 2.0? A characteristic of the solution that
meets the business requirements and stakeholder requirements.
SOLUTION Requirements are comprised of what two types of requirements? Functional and Non
functional requirements
According to the BABOK 2.0, when are SOLUTION requirements gathered? Requirements Analysis
What is a TRANSITION requirement, according to the BABOK 2.0? A requirement that describes
the capabilities the solution must have to facilitate the transition from current to future state of the
enterprise, but will not be needed after the transition
According to the BABOK 2.0, when are TRANSITION requirements gathered? Solution Assessment
and Validation
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What is the definition of a knowledge area? They define what a practitioner of business analysis
needs to understand and the tasks that a practitioner must be able to perform
How many Knowledge Areas are identified in the BABOK 2.0 and what are they? There are
7:\n::Business Analysis Planning and Monitoring\n::Elicitation\n::Enterprise Analysis\n::Solution
Assessment and Validation\n::Requirements Analysis\n::Requirements Management and
Communication\n::Underlying Competencies
What is the objective of the Business Analysis Planning and Monitoring knowledge area? To show how
the BA determines which activities are necessary in order to complete a business analysis effort
What is the objective of the Elicitation knowledge area? To show how the BA works with stakeholders to
identify and understand their needs and concerns, and understand the environment in which they work
What is the purpose of elicitation? To ensure that the stakeholders underlying needs are
understood, rather than their stated or superficial desires
What is the objective of the Requirements Management and Communication knowledge area? To
define how a BA manages conflict, issues and changes in order to ensure the stakeholders and the
project team remain in agreement on the solution scope
What is the objective of the Enterprise Analysis knowledge area? To define how a BA identifies a
business need, refines and clarifies the need and defines the solution scope that can be feasibly
implemented
What is the objective of the Requirements Analysis knowledge area? To define how a BA prioritizes
and progressively elaborates stakeholder and solution requirements in order to enable the project team
to implement a solution
What is the objective of the Solution Assessment and Validation knowledge area? To define how
the BA assesses proposed solutions to determine which solution fits best the business need, indentifies
gaps in solutions, determines necessary workarounds or changes to the solution
What is the objective of the Underlying Competencies knowledge area? To describe the behaviors,
knowledge and other characteristics that support the effective performance of business analysis
What are the characteristics of a task? ::Accomplishes a result that creates value\n::Is complete\n::Is a
necessary part of the purpose of the knowledge area
True or False\n::The BA is a stakeholder in all business analysis activities? TRUE
What is the definition of a Domain Subject Matter Expert (SME) Any individual with indepth knowledge
of a topic relevant to the business need or solution scope
What is the definition of a customer? A stakeholder outside the boundary of a given organization/unit
who makes use of products/services delivered by the organization
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What is the definition of an end user? A stakeholder who interacts directly with the solution
What is an Implementation Subject Matter Expert (SME) Individuals responsible for designing and
implementing potential solutions and of providing expertise in design and construction of the solution
What do Organizational Change Professionals do, according to the BABOK 2.0? They are responsible
for facilitating acceptance and adoption of new solutions and overcoming resistance to change
What's a usability professional do? A usability professional is responsible for external interaction
design of technological solutions and for making the design as simple to use as feasible
An output is the necessary result of the work described in a WHAT? Task
What is a technique? It provides additional information on different ways that a task may be
performed or forms the output of the task may take
How many underlying competencies are there and what are they? There are 6\n::Analytical
Thinking and Problem Solving\n::Behavioral Characteristics\n::Business Knowledge\n::Communication
Skills\n::Interaction Skills\n::Software Applications
What are the tasks associated with the Business Analysis Planning and Monitoring knowledge area?
There are 6\n::Conduct Stakeholder Analysis\n::Plan BA Approach\n::Plan BA Activities\n::Plan
BA Communication\n::Plan Requirements Mgmt Process\n::Manage BA Performance
What are the inputs to the Business Analysis Planning and Monitoring knowledge area tasks? There
are 5\n::Analysis performance metrics\n::Business Needs\n::Enterprise Architecture\n::Expert
Judgment\n::Organizational process assets
What are the inputs to plan the Business Analysis Approach? ::Business Need\n::Organizational
Process Assets\n::Expert Judgment
The understanding of the business need in planning the Business Analysis approach helps to determine
which approach to take. What are the two types of approaches? ::Plandriven\n::Changedriven
What are the differences between plan and changedriven analysis approaches? ::Plandriven
focuses on minimizing upfront uncertainty (risk reduction), fully defined requirements, fully detailed
documentation and controlled change.\n::Changedriven focuses rapid delivery of functionality in
iterations, higher risk, prioritized highlevel requirements that reside in a backlog, detailed
documentation only as necessary and later in the process usually after implementation, enhanced
collaboration
What are some factors that impact project complexity? ::Number of stakeholders\n::Number of
business areas affected\n::Amount and type of risk\n::Uniqueness of requirements\n::Number of tech
resources required
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What are the recommended techniques to assist in planning the business analysis approach? There
are 3\n::Decision Analysis\n::Process Modeling\n::Structured Walkthrus
What is the definition of the business analysis approach? A definition of the approach that will be
taken for business analysis in a given initiative.
A business analysis approach specifies what? Roles, deliverables, analysis techniques,
timing/frequency of stakeholder interaction
Stakeholder Analysis is part of what knowledge area? Business Analysis Planning and Monitoring
What does enterprise architecture do? Describes the organizational units that exist and their
interactions with other organizational units
What are organizational process assets? Policies and procedures, suggested methodologies, templates
and guidelines
Can changedriven analysis approaches eliminate risk? Why? No, because late identification of
stakeholders or needs can alter the previous outcomes
What are the elements of stakeholder analysis? There are 4\n::Identification\n::Complexity\n::Attitude
and Influence\n::Authority Levels for BA Work
What are the complexity factors regarding stakeholder groups? ::Number and variety of stakeholder
groups\n::Number of interfacing business processes and automated systems
What are the factors of stakeholder attitude directed at? There are 5\n::Business goals
approach\n::Business Analysis\n::Collaboration\n::Sponsor\n::Team members
What are the factors of influence by stakeholders on a project? Influence on the project, organizational,
project health and other stakeholders
Stakeholder authority over business analysis takes what forms? ::Approval of
deliverables\n::Inspection/Approval of requirements\n::Approval of requirements
process\n::Traceability\n::Veto of proposed requirements or solutions
What is a RACI matrix? It describes the roles of individuals involved in business analysis activities
What do the initials RACI stand for? ::Responsible\n::Accountable\n::Consulted\n::Informed
What is a stakeholder map? A visual diagram that depicts the relationships of stakeholders to
solutions
What are the two forms of stakeholder maps? Matrix and Onion Diagram
What does an onion diagram depict? The level of stakeholder involvement with the solution
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What is the purpose of planning analysis activities? ::Determining activities to be
performed\n::Estimation\n::Identify Management tools to measure progress
What are the inputs to planning the business analysis activities? There are 4\n::Business Analysis
Approach\n::Business Analysis Performance Assessment\n::Organizational process
assets\n::Stakeholder List
What does a Business Analysis Performance Assessment define? Prior analysis experience is used to
determine effort for analysis activities
What are the elements of planning business analysis activities? There are 3\n::Geographic Distribution
of Stakeholders\n::Type of Project\n::Analysis Deliverables
What are the two types of geographic distribution of stakeholders? ::Collocated\n::Dispersed
Name 2 of the 7 project/initiative types ::Feasibility studies\n::Process improvement\n::Organizational
change:\n::New software dev\n::Outsourced new software dev\n::Software Maintenance or
enhancement\n::Software package selection
What are the methods for identifying analysis deliverables? There are 3\n::Interviews/facilitated
session with stakeholders\n::Review of project docs\n::Review of organizational assets
What 3 tasks consume the Define Business Analysis Plan task? ::Planning the BA
Communication\n::Planning Requirement Management Process\n::Manage BA Performance
What 5 knowledge areas consume the Business Analysis Plan? ::Elicitation\n::Enterprise
Analysis\n::Requirement Management and Communication\n::Requirement Analysis\n::Solution
Assessment and Validation
What is the definition of a milestone? A significant event that measures the progress of a project and
compares actual progress to earlier estimates
Decomposition of the project tasks often using a WBS is the definition of what? Functional
Decomposition
What is the purpose of Planning Business Analysis Communication? To describe the proposed
structure and schedule for Communications re: business analysis activities
Appropriate audience, appropriate delivery method, approach and physical location are all
considerations of what? Planning the BA Communication
The BA Communication Plan is consumed by what 2 tasks? ::Prepare Requirements
Package\n::Communicate Requirements
What are the elements of planning the Business Analysis Communication Plan? ::Time\n::Task
Completion\n::Contracts\n::Formal/Informal Authority
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What are the factors that can increase or decrease the need for formal Communications on a project?
::Project Size\n::Domain Complexity\n::Inclusion of new technologies\n::Delivery to external
vendors/suppliers\n::Regulatory Concerns\n::Stakeholder Request
One of the most recommended on approaches to requirements Communication is what?
Structured Walkthru
What describes how, when and why the business analyst will work with stakeholders? The Business
Analysis Communication Plan
What is the purpose of planning the Requirements Management Process? To describe the
approach that will be used to approve requirements for implementation and manage changes to the
solution scope
The Requirements Management Process includes what factors? ::Approving
stakeholders\n::Requirements traceability\n::Change process\n::Requirement Attributes
What are the inputs to planning the Requirements Management Process? There are 3\n::Business
Analysis Approach\n::Business Analysis Plan\n::Organizational Process Assets
What tasks consume the Requirements Management Plan? There are 5:\n::Manage BA
Performance\n::Manage Requirements Traceability\n::Conduct Elicitation\n::Manage Solution Scope
and Requirements\n::Prioritize Requirements
A method of storing requirements that are approved, under development, and under review describes
what term? Repository
What provides information about requirements? An attribute
What focuses on what requirements should be investigated first? Requirements Prioritization
Requirements prioritization assesses priority based on what? Risk
Is a component Communication on, cardinal, optional or an attribute? An Entity Relationship Diagram
has four main components:\n::Entities: an entity represents a group of uniquely identifiable people,
places, things or concepts about which a business area needs information. (e.g., Customers, Products,
Employees, Invoices, etc.).\n::Attributes: an attribute is one of the individual pieces of information that
describes an entity (e.g., Customer Name, Product Price, Employee Number, and Invoice Date). Unique
Identifiers: a unique identifier is an attribute, or a combination of attributes, that will uniquely identify
each separate occurrence of an entity (e.g., Customer Number, Invoice Number, and Social Insurance
Number).\n::Relationships: a relationship is a significant business association between two entities. It
reflects how data from one entity needs to be used in conjunction with data from another entity. It also
reflects a business rule of the enterprise.\n::At each end of a relationship line, a notation indicates the
minimum and maximum number of occurrences of one entity that may be associated with the other
entity. This notation is known as the cardinality of the relationship. A variety of notations are in popular
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use, all expressing the same general concept.\n::The possible permutations of minimum and maximum
cardinality are:\n::Zero or one\n::Zero or more\n::One and only one\n::One or more
Regarding quality assurance, should the BA find defects in the system or provide input into how to test
the system? The Quality Assurance process includes development of a test plan/strategy for the
solution, execution of the test plan, and incident (defect) tracking of problems. The Business Analyst will
assist these activities by providing detailed business knowledge and helping to find the cause of any
problems
What is the Final task in requirements Communication?\n::A. answer questions from requirements final
review,\n::B. make a requirements final review\n::C. present the requirements to senior
management\n::D. obtain requirements signoff D. obtain requirements signoff
What is the benefit of feature list decomposition? A feature is a service that the solution provides
to fulfill one or more stakeholder needs. Features are highlevel abstractions of the solution that must
later be expanded into fully described functional and supplemental requirements. They allow for early
priority and scope management and for validating the stakeholders view of the solution.
Functional decomposition identifies what? Functional decomposition identifies the highlevel
functions of an organization or proposed solution and then breaks down those processes into sub
processes and activities. This can be done as part of a systems development or business process analysis
project. The goal is to break functions down into smaller pieces to allow for analysis of the detail
processes and to ensure coverage of all significant processes
In the Business Architecture planning endeavor the BA should determine what? Appropriate framework
and approach
Who are the primary consumers of requirements? The project team, who will use them in the
design and development of the system
Functional requirements can be expressed in what forms? Use cases and text
The business domain can be described with what types of diagrams? Activity Diagrams, Data Flow
Diagrams, Flowcharts, Sequences Diagrams, State Machine Diagrams
The Component Business Model describes what? Component Business Model identifies a basic
building block of the business, and includes the people, processes and technology needed by the
component to deliver value to the customer.
Enterprise architecture encompasses what 3 elements? People, processes, technology
What do the letters of the CRUD Matrix stand for? Create read, update delete rights to users and
groups. Good in software system development. Not applicable to business process analysis.
When a conflict arises between stakeholders on one or more documented requirements, the first thing
that needs to take place is what? ....to record the conflict in the Requirements Issues Log.
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What are the Components of an ERD? An Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) is a visual representation
of a data structure.\n::Because they describe things that are significant to the enterprise (e.g.,
Customers, Products, Employees, Invoices, etc.), ERDs are useful in describing the structure of the
business itself, and many of the rules by which it is governed.
What is described in the Enterprise Architecture people processes? Each model identifies a basic
building block of the business, and includes the people, processes and technology needed by the
component to deliver value to the customer.
What are the measures on a balanced scorecard? The balanced scorecard (Robert Kaplan and
David Norton 1996) provides an effective technique to frame strategic goals. In this model, goals are
partitioned into four dimensions: financial, customer, internal operations, and learning and innovation.
What does the abbreviation PLC stand for? Project Life Cycle
What is the minimum structural set of requirements of a presentation whether it is formal or informal?
Introduction of parties attending presentation\n::Statement of presentation objectives\n::
Project background\n::Presentation/review of deliverable\n::Agreement of actions/changes
required\n::Review of deliverable status (e.g., signed off, not signed off, etc.)
What is the ISO 924111 definition of usability? The extent to which a product can be used by specified
users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of
use.
What does a logical model represent? Entities that are in the problem domain and the relationships
between them
When are logical models used by BAs? To represent requirements of a business area
What is the difference between a view and a model decomposition? A view is not exclusive and its
requirements may be referenced in all views that are relevant
What is a view with regard to modeling? The capture of requirements from a specific perspective
Modeling benefits are? ::Simplification of reality to allow focus\n::Comprehension of
complexity\n::Explanation from varying perspectives\n::Ensures all aspects are considered\n::Translate
easily into solution design
Modeling is often used when? ::When the problem domain is well known\n::When the solution is easy
to construct\n::When there is little collaboration needed\n::When there is little need for ongoing
maintenance\n::When the scope is unlikely to grow
What is the definition of a model? A template for expressing requirements that may combine
textual elements, matrices, and diagrams
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Authorization resources, process identification, impact assessment and correct wording are all aspects
of what? Change Management
What does a Change Control Board do? Considers requested changes and decides on the merits of the
request prior to approving or declining it.
What are the aspects to a change request that are important? ::Cost and time to
implement\n::Benefits and Risk\n::Course of action and alternate solutions\n::Coordinated prioritization
What major methodology utilizes a project/product backlog? Agile or Scrum
Organizational culture, Stakeholder preference, complexity, organizational maturity and availability of
resources are all factors used to do what? Perform tailoring exercises
What are the techniques used in planning requirements management? There are 3\n::Decision
analysis\n::Problem tracking\n::Risk analysis
What is the output of planning requirements management activities? The Requirements
Management Plan
What does the Requirements Management Plan describe? ::Traceability approach\n::Definition of
requirement attributes\n::Requirement prioritization process\n::Requirement change process
Metrics are used to do what? Measure business analysis performance throughout the lifecycle.
There are 4 inputs to the Manage BA Performance activity. What are they? ::Business Analysis
Performance Metrics\n::Business Analysis Plan\n::Organizational Performance
Standards\n::Requirements Management Plan
The Manage BA Performance activity is part of what knowledge area? Business Analysis Planning and
Monitoring
What are the 6 activities that occur within the Business Analysis Planning and Monitoring knowledge
area? ::Plan Business Analysis Approach\n::Conduct Stakeholder Analysis\n::Plan Business Analysis
Communication\n::Plan Requirements Management Process\n::Manage Business Analysis Performance
What are the 4 activities that occur within the Elicitation knowledge area? ::Prepare for
Elicitation\n::Conduct Elicitation\n::Document Elicitation Results\n::Confirm Elicitation Results
What are the activities that occur within the Requirements Management & Communication knowledge
area? There are 5\n::Manage Solution Scope and Requirements\n::Manage Requirements
Traceability\n::Maintain Requirements for Reuse\n::Prepare Requirements Package\n::Communication
of Requirements
What are the activities that are part of the Enterprise Analysis knowledge area? There are 5\n::Define
the Business Need\n::Assess Capability Gaps\n::Determine Solution Approach\n::Define Solution
Scope\n::Define Business Case
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What are the activities contained within the Requirements Analysis knowledge area? There are
6\n::Prioritize Requirements\n::Organize Requirements\n::Specify and Model Requirements\n::Define
Assumptions and Constraints\n::Verify Requirements\n::Validate Requirements
What are the activities that are part of the Solutions Assessment and Validation knowledge area?
There are 6\n::Assess Proposed Solution\n::Allocate Requirements\n::Assess Organizational
Readiness\n::Define Transition Requirements\n::Validate Solution\n::Evaluate Solution Performance
What are the Underlying Competencies described in the BABOK? There are 6\n::Analytical
Thinking and Problem Solving\n::Behavioral Characteristics\n::Business Knowledge\n::Communication
Skills\n::Interaction Skills\n::Software Applications
How many different techniques does the BABOK 2.0 describe? 34
The BA Performance Assessment is used by what downstream task as an input? Plan BA Activities
The BA Process Assets are children of what? Organizational Process Assets
What does the Plan BA Activities task consume as an input? BA Performance Assessment
There are several elements of the Manage BA Performance activity. What are they? ::Performance
Measures\n::Performance Reporting\n::Preventive and Correction Action
What are performance measures used for? To set expectations regarding what constitutes effective
business analysis work in the context of an organization or project
What are some performance measures? ::Deliverable due date deliverables\n::Frequency of
change\n::Number of review cycles
The business analyst should assess the performance measures to determine what? Where
problems in execution of business analysis activities are occurring or opportunities for improvement
exist
There are several techniques defined for use in the Manage Business Analysis Performance activity.
What are they? There are 7\n::Interviews\n::Lessons Learned\n::Metrics and KPIs\n::Problem
Tracking\n::Process Modeling\n::Root Cause Analysis\n::Survey/Questionnaire
What is root cause analysis? An investigation into the underlying cause of a failure or problem
What is Variance Analysis? A technique used to analyze discrepancies between planned and actual
performance and to determine the magnitude of the differences
What knowledge are is Variance Analysis used in and why? Business Analysis Planning and
Monitoring. It is used as part of the Manage Business Analysis Performance activity to manage
performance in an ongoing project
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What is a KPI? Key Performance Indicator\n::These are metrics used to help an organization define and
evaluate how successful it is, typically in terms of making progress towards its longterm organizational
goals
Define elicit. To draw forth, call forth or bring out
What phases of the SDLC are requirements elicited in? Throughout the SDLC
Name 3 of the 9 elicitation techniques. 3 of the following:\nBrainstorming\nDocument Analysis\nFocus
Groups\nInterface analysis\nInterviews\nObservations\nPrototyping\nRequirements
Workshop\nSurvey/Questionnaire
What are the tasks described in the Elicitation knowledge area? There are 4\n::Prepare for
Elicitation\n::Conduct Elicitation Activity\n::Document Elicitation Results\n::Confirm Elicitation Results
What are the inputs to Elicitation? ::Business Case\n::Business Need\n::Organizational process
assets\n::Requirements Management Plan\n::Solution Scope\n::Stakeholder List
What are the outputs of Elicitation? There are 4\n::Elicitation Results\n::Scheduled
Resources\n::Stakeholder Concerns\n::Supporting Materials
What is the purpose of preparing for elicitation? To ensure that all resources are organized and
scheduled for conducting the elicitation exercise
What are two things used to capture elicitation knowledge? Data Dictionary & Glossary
What does a glossary typically contain? Key Domain terminology and business definitions
What is metadata? Data about data
What are the three elements of elicitation discussed in the BABOK? ::Tracing
requirements\n::Capturing Requirements Attributes\n::Metrics
What is the input to the Document Elicitation Results activity? The elicited requirements
According to the BABOK 2.0, elicited requirements may undergo analysis directly with prototyping,
without documentation. True or False True. Prototyping may be used to perform analysis on
requirements without the need to document
What tasks consume the documented elicited requirements? There are 5\n::Confirm Elicitation
Results\n::Prioritize Requirements\n::Define the Business Need\n::Specify and Model
Requirements\n::Define Transition Requirements
What else does elicitation produce? Stakeholder concerns
What tasks consume stakeholder concerns? ::Confirm Elicitation Results\n::Define Business
Case\n::Define Assumptions and Constraints\n::Assess Org Readiness
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What are some examples of stakeholder concerns? Risk, assumptions, constraints, etc.
What is the purpose of confirming elicitation results? To validate that the stated concerns that are
expressed by the stakeholder match the stakeholders' understanding of the problem and needs
What are the inputs to the Confirm Elicitation Results task? Requirements and Stakeholder
Concerns, both unconfirmed
What are two techniques that are used to confirm elicitation results? Interviews and Observation
What are the outputs of the Confirm Elicitation Results task? Requirements and Stakeholder
Concerns, both confirmed
What tasks consume CONFIRMED requirements? There are 4\n::Define Business
Need\n::Prioritize Requirements\n::Specify and Model Requirements \n::Define Transition
Requirements
What tasks consume CONFIRMED stakeholder concerns? There are 3\n::Define Business
Case\n::Define Assumptions and Constraints\n::Assess Organizational Readiness
What does the Requirements Management and Communication knowledge area describe? The
activities and considerations for managing and expressing requirements to a broad audience
Communication of requirements does what for stakeholders? Brings them to a Communication on
understanding
Performance of all Requirements Management and Communication activities is governed by what?
Business Analysis plan
What are the tasks/activities of the Requirements Management and Communication knowledge area?
There are 5\n::Manage Solution Scope\n::Manage Requirements traceability\n::Manage
Requirements for ReUse\n::Prepare Requirements Package\n::Communication Requirements
What are the inputs into the Requirements Management and Communication knowledge area
tasks/activities? There are 6\n::BA Communication Plan\n::Organizational process
assets\n::Requirements\n::Requirements Management Plan\n::Solution Scope\n::Stakeholder
List/Responsibilities
What are the outputs from the tasks/activities in the Requirements Management and Communication
knowledge area? There are 5\n::Approved Requirements\n::Traced
Requirements\n::Communicated Requirements\n::Maintained and Reusable
Requirements\n::Requirements Package
What is the purpose of the Manage Solution Scope and Requirements task/activity? To obtain
consensus among stakeholders on overall solutions scope
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What occurs during the Manage Solution Scope and Requirements task/activity? ::Securing approval of
requirements\n::Management of issues from elicitation
What is base lining? In essence, the approval of a set of requirements (in this context) that allows no
change to occur to the set without a way to control change
What should the requirements do in order to be approved? Support the solution scope
Why is the solution scope carried forward into the Requirement Management and Communication
knowledge area? To ensure that the requirements conform to the approved solution scope
How is the solution scope used to manage change in the Requirements Management and
Communication knowledge area? All requested changes to requirements are assessed against the
solution scope to ensure of alignment
The Requirements Management Plan is an input to the Requirements Management and Communication
knowledge area. Why? It is used to define the process to be followed in managing the solution scope
and the requirements
What are the elements of the Manage Solution Scope & Requirements task/activity? ::Solution
Scope Management\n::Conflict and Issue Management\n::Presenting Requirements for
Review\n::Approval
What's the difference between a formal and informal requirements presentation to stakeholders?
One is formal written specification with possible walkthru and the other is possibly verbal or
email Communication
What are the techniques used to Manage Solution Scope and requirements? Base lining and Signoff
What is the purpose of managing requirements traceability? To create and maintain relationships
between business objectives, requirements, other deliverables
What does requirements traceability define? Lineage of requirements, including backwards and
forwards traceability.
What is derivation? Backwards traceability
What is allocation? Forward traceability
What is the value of traceability? It helps ensure conformation to the overall solution for each
individual requirements and assists is scope and change Management
What is used to potentially find missing functionality or identify unrequested functionality?
Requirements traceability
What is the overall goal of requirements traceability? To requirements, solution components are
linked directly or indirectly back to the original business objectives
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What are the inputs to the Manage Requirements Traceability task/activity? Requirements and the
Requirements Management Plan
What task/activity consumes traced requirements? Manage Solution Scope and Requirements
Why are relationships an element of Manage Requirements Traceability? Knowing dependent
relationships between requirements can help determine the sequence of when each will be addressed
What are the 5 type of relationships between requirements?
::Necessity\n::Effort\n::Subset\n::Cover\n::Value
What is the Cover type of requirement relationship? When a requirement completely includes
another requirement. It is a subset in which the toplevel requirement is the sum of the sub
requirements
What is the Value type of requirement relationship? When including a requirement affects the
desirability of a related requirement (increase or decrease)
Why is traceability useful in performing impact analysis? Because when requirements change and they
are linked to other requirements, the related items are identified as a result of the link, as well as
potential changes in the relationship
What is a Configuration Management System A specialized tools that is generally used to trace large
volumes of requirements
What is a coverage matrix? A table or spreadsheet used to manage tracing. Also called a trace
matrix. Used when there are few requirements.
What is the purpose of the Maintain requirements for ReUse task/activity? To manage the
knowledge of requirements following their implementation
What occurs in the Maintain Requirements for ReUse task/activity? To identify requirements that
are good candidates for longterm usage
What are the two inputs to Maintain Requirements for ReUse task/activity? Organizational process
assets and Requirements
Reusable requirements are consumable where? Enterprise Architecture and Future Initiatives
How are reusable requirements used by Enterprise Architecture and Future Initiatives Enterprise
Architecture would typically include term requirement types into a data dictionary. Other requirement
types can be used across projects in future initiatives to replicate portions of functionality that is
Communication on to multiple areas
What are ongoing requirements? Those requirements that an organizational unit is required to be
able to meet on a continuous basis
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What is an example of an ongoing requirement? ::Contractual obligations (SLAs)\n::Quality
standards\n::Business rules/standards
What is the purpose of Prepare Requirements Package? To select and structure a set of requirements in
an appropriate fashion to ensure that the requirements are effectively communicated to, understood
by, and usable by a stakeholder group or groups
What is the proper level of detail to present for requirements in a requirements package That which is
needed for the team to understand the content, and no more
What are some reasons for creating a requirements package? ::early assessment of quality and
planning\n::evaluation of possible alternatives\n::formal reviews and approvals\n::inputs to solution
design\n::conformance to contractual and regulatory obligations\n::maintenance for reuse
The Prepare Requirements Package task is part of what knowledge area? Requirements
Management & Communication
Misunderstanding of requirements will adversely affect what? Solution Implementation
What are the forms of requirements packages? There are 3:\n::Formal
Documentation\n::Presentation\n::Models
What are the inputs to the Prepare Requirements Package task? There are 4:\n::Business Analysis
Communication Plan\n::Org Process Assets\n::Requirements\n::Requirements Structure
What is the value of the Business Analysis Communication Plan as an input to Prepare Requirements
Package? It will describe the stakeholder groups, their communication needs, and define whether
a single requirements package or multiple requirements packages are required.
What task consumes the requirements package? Communicate Requirements
What are the elements of Prepare Requirements Package? There are 2:\n::Work Products and
Deliverables\n::Format
What is the definition of a work product? A document or collection of notes or diagrams used by
the business analyst during the requirements development process
What are examples of work products? ::Meeting agendas and minutes\n::Interview questions and
notes\n::Facilitation session agendas and notes\n::Issues log\n::Work plan, status
reports\n::Presentation slides used during the project\n::Traceability matrices
What is the definition of a deliverable? A deliverable is a specific output of the business analysis
process that the business analyst has agreed to produce
What is the usage for a requirements deliverable? As a basis for solution design and
implementation
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What must the analyst understand when deciding whether to use a deliverable or requirements
deliverable? ::Needs of the audience\n::Level of detail that needs to be communicated\n::Which
deliverables to include in each presentation package
Format considerations in the requirements package are for what purpose? Delivery of a cohesive,
effective message to one or more audiences who will participate in the requirements review process
What are the techniques of the Prepare Requirements Package task? There are 2:\n::Requirements
Documentation\n::Requirements for Vendor Selection
What are some common forms of requirements documentation? ::BRD\n::Product
Roadmap\n::SRS\n::Supplementary Requirements Spec\n::Vision Document
What are the typical forms of documentation when presenting requirements to vendors? There
are 2:\n::Request for Information (RFI)\n::Request for Quote (RFQ) / Request for Proposal (RFP).
What is an RFI? Generally used when the issuing organization is open to a number of alternative
solutions and is seeking information to evaluate possible options
What is an RFQ/RFP? Used when the issuing organization understands the nature of the solution
options available to it and is seeking vendors who can implement an option. An RFQ generally follows a
less formal review and selection process than an RFP.
Business analysts must develop what based on the business requirements before looking at available
products? Evaluation Criteria
What is the purpose of the Communicate Requirements task? Communicating requirements is
essential for bringing stakeholders to a common un-derstanding of requirements.
Does the analyst utilize soft, technical or both types of communication skills when communicating
requirements? Both
What are the inputs to the Communicate Requirements task? There are 3:\n::BA Communication
Plan\n::Requirements\n::Requirements Package
The Requirements Package is the output of what task? Prepare Requirements Package
What is the output of the Communicate Requirements task? Requirements Communicated
Which task or tasks consume communicated requirements? Manage Solution Scope and
Requirements
With regards to communicating the requirements, what does the BA Communication Plan provide?
::What requirements should be communicated\n::Which stakeholders should receive the
communication\n::When communication should occur\n::What the form of the communication should
be
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What are the elements of the Communicate Requirements task? There are 2:\n::General
Communication \n::Presentations
What knowledge area does the Communicate Requirements task reside in? Requirements Mgmt
and Communication
When does requirements communication typically occur? It occurs throughout the project on an
iterative basis
Must all project requirements communication be formal? No, informal communication is also
valuable and may lead to the creation of additional requirements
What are so common areas that lead to the creation of additional requirements as a result of
communication? ::Enterprise analysis \n::Elicitation \n::Requirements Analysis\n::Solution
Assessment and Validation
The formality of presentations used to communicate requirements is driven by what factors?
Stakeholder needs and objectives of the communication
A presentation may be used: ::to ensure that internal project quality standards have been adhered to
What are the techniques of the Communicate Requirements? There are 2:\n::Requirements
Workshops\n:: Structured Walkthrough
What is the difference between a structured walk through and a requirements workshop? A
requirements workshop is a structured meeting in which a carefully selected group of stakeholders
collaborate to define and or refine requirements under the guidance of a skilled neutral facilitator\n\nA
structured walkthrough is an organized peer review of a deliverable with the objective of finding errors
and omissions. It is considered a form of quality assurance
Communicated Requirements mean what to stakeholders? That they understand them and the
current state the requirements are in
What does the Enterprise Analysis Knowledge Area describe? The business analysis activities
necessary to identify a business need, problem, or opportunity, define the nature of a solution that
meets that need, and justify the investment necessary to deliver that solution
Enterprise Analysis outputs provide context to what? Requirements analysis and solution
identification
Is enterprise the starting point or a result of creating a new project? The starting point?
What is the difference between a requirements defined during enterprise analysis and requirements
analysis? The requirements that are outputs of enterprise analysis are higher level requirements
that must be in place to achieve the business goals and objectives.
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The Enterprise Analysis knowledge area describes what types of activities for organizations? ::To
analyze the business situation in order to fully understand business problems and opportunities. \n::To
assess the capabilities of the enterprise in order to understand the change needed to meet business
needs and achieve strategic goals. \n::To determine the most feasible business solution approach.\n::To
define the solution scope and develop the business case for a proposed solution.\n::To define and
document business requirements (including the business need, required capabilities, solution scope, and
business case).
There are 7 inputs to the Enterprise Analysis Knowledge Area. What are they? ::Assumptions and
Constraints\n::Business Goals and Objectives\n::Enterprise Architecture\n::Org Process
Assets\n::Requirements [Stated]\n::Solution Performance Assessment\n::Stakeholder Concerns
How many tasks are part of the Enterprise Analysis knowledge area? There are 5. They are:\n::Define
Business Need\n::Assess Capability Gaps\n::Determine Solution Approach\n::Define Solution
Scope\n::Define Business Case
What are the outputs of the Enterprise Analysis knowledge area? There are 5:\n::Business
Case\n::Business Need\n::Required Capabilities\n::Solution Approach\n::Solution Scope
What is the purpose of the Define Business Need task? Identify and define why a change to
organizational systems or capabilities is required
Why is the definition of the business need so critical? It defines the problem that the business analyst
is trying to find a solution for. \n\nThe way the business need is defined determines which alternative
solutions will be considered, which stakeholders will be consulted, and which solution approaches will
be evaluated
What are the inputs needed to define the business need? ::Business Goals and
Objectives\n::Requirements [Stated]
The business need is consumed by what task or tasks? ::Plan Business Analysis Approach\n::Conduct
Stakeholder Analysis\n::Prepare for Elicitation\n::Conduct Elicitation\n::Assess Capability
Gaps\n::Determine Solution Approach\n::Define Solution Scope\n::Define Business Case\n::Prioritize
Requirements\n::Verify Requirements\n::Requirements Mgmt and Communication Knowledge Area
What are the four ways to generate a business need during Enterprise Analysis? ::From Top
Down\n::From Bottom Up\n::From Middle Mgmt\n::From External Drivers
Business goals and objectives describe what? The ends that the organization is seeking to achieve.
Goals and objectives can relate to changes that the organization wants to accomplish, or current
conditions that it wants to maintain
Goals are defined as what? Longerterm, ongoing, and qualitative statements of a state or
condition that the organization is seeking to establish and maintain
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Highlevel goals can be decomposed to break down what? General strategy into distinct focus
areas that may lead to desired results, such as increased customer satisfaction, operational excellence
and/or business growth
A common test for assessing objectives is to ensure that they are SMART. What do the letters in this
acronym stand for? ::Specific describing something that has an observable outcome
\n::Measurable tracking and measuring the outcome\n::Achievable testing the feasibility of the
effort\n::Relevant in alignment with the organizations key vision, mission, goals\n::Timebounded
the objective has a defined timeframe that is consistent with the business need
In order to define a business need, what must occur? An issue must be investigated to ensure that
there is in fact an opportunity for improvement if the issue is resolved
When investigating the business, the analyst should consider what? :: Adverse impacts the problem
is causing\n:: Expected benefits from any potential solution\n:: How quickly the problem could
potentially be resolved\n::The underlying source of the problem
As a possible solution, what should always be considered? Doing nothing
What is a desired outcome? It describes the business benefits that will result from meeting the
business need and the end state desired by stakeholders.\n\nProposed solutions must be evaluated
against desired outcomes to ensure that they can deliver those outcomes
What are the techniques of the Define Business Need task? ::Benchmarking\n:: Brainstorming\n::
Business Rules Analysis\n:: Focus Groups\n:: Functional Decomposition\n:: Root Cause Analysis
What is Benchmarking? Understanding what competing organizations and peers are doing allows the
organization to remain at a comparable level of service or identify opportunities to increase efficiency
What is the purpose of the Assess Capability Gaps task? To identify new capabilities required by the
enterprise to meet the business need
Why should capability gaps be identified? They that prevent it from meeting business needs and
achieving desired outcomes
What are the inputs of the Assess Capability Gaps task? ::Business Needs\n::Enterprise
Assessment\n::Solution Performance Assessment
The Assess Capability Gaps task is part of what knowledge area? Enterprise Analysis
What is the output of the Assess Capability Gaps task? Required Capabilities
What are the tasks that consume Required Capabilities? ::Determine Solution Approach\n::Define
Solution Scope\n::Prioritize Requirements\n::Verify Requirements\n::Requirements Mgmt and
Communication knowledge area
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What does a Solution Performance Assessment define? Shortcomings, problems or limitations of an
existing solution
What are the elements of the Assess Capability Gaps task? There are 3:\n::Current Capability
Analysis\n::Assessment of New Capability Requirements\n::Assumptions
What is the goal of the Current Capability analysis exercise? To understand the organizations
business and how the business and technology architecture are supporting that business
What must be done if current capability data is not available? The analyst must model and other
descriptive information about the area of the enterprise that is under review.
What must the current capabilities be assessed against in order to identify gaps? The desired objectives
of the stakeholders
If current capabilities are insufficient to meet the business need, the business analyst must identify
what? The capabilities that the organization must add
A comparison of the current and desired future states will identify what? Gaps in organizational
capabilities that need to be filled to support the business vision, strategy, goals and objectives.
Why is it important to identify assumptions during the Assess Capability Gaps task? So that
appropriate decisions can be made if the assumption later proves invalid
What are the techniques used in the Assess Capability Gaps task? ::Document Analysis\n::SWOT
Analysis
What is SWOT Analysis? Identify how current capabilities and limitations (Strengths and Weaknesses)
match up against the influencing factors (Opportunities and Threats)
What is the definition of Required Capabilities? An understanding of the current capabilities of the
organization and the new capabilities (processes, staff, features in an application, etc.) that may be
required to meet the business need
What is the purpose of the Determine Solution Approach task in Enterprise Analysis? To determine
the most viable solution approach to meet the business need in enough detail to allow for definition of
solution scope and prepare the business case
The solution approach describes what? The general approach that will be taken to create or acquire the
new capabilities required to meet the business need
What must occur for the solution approach to be defined? ::identify possible
approaches\n::determine the means by which the solution may be delivered (including the
methodology and lifecycle to be used) \n::assess whether the organization is capable of implementing
and effectively using a solution of that nature
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What are the inputs to the Define Solution Approach task? There are 3\n::Business\n::Organization
Process Assets\n::Required Capabilities
The Solution Approach is consumed by what task or tasks? Define Solution Scope
What are the elements of the Define Solution Approach task? There are 3\n::Alternative
Generation\n::Assumptions and Constraints\n::Ranking Selection of Approaches
What is involved in the generation of alternatives? Identify as many potential options as possible to
meet the business objectives and fill identified gaps in capabilities
In relation to a solution, what is the impact of an assumption or constraint? Either might impact
whether the solution is a viable option
What are the techniques of the Define Solution Approach task? There are 2\n::General Techniques
(includes benchmarking, brainstorming, decision analysis, estimation, SWOT analysis)\n::Feasibility
Analysis
What is a feasibility study? A preliminary analysis of solution alternatives or options to determine
whether and how each option can provide an expected business benefit
What is the definition of a solution approach? A description of the approach that will be taken to
implement a new set of capabilities. Solution approaches describe the types of solution components
that will be delivered (new processes, a new software application, etc.) and may also describe the
methodology that will be used to deliver those components
What is the purpose of the Define Solution Scope task? To define which new capabilities a project or
iteration will deliver in order to conceptualize the recommended solution in enough detail to enable
stakeholders to understand which new business capabilities an initiative will deliver
What does the solution scope include? ::The scope of analysis (the organizational unit or process for
which requirements are being developed) which provides the context in which the solution is
implemented\n:: capabilities supported by solution components\n:: capabilities to be supported by
individual releases or iterations\n:: enabling capabilities that are required in order for the organization
to develop the capabilities required to meet the business need
What are the inputs to the Define Solution Scope task? There are 4\n::Assumptions and
Constraints\n::Business Needs\n::Required Capabilities\n::Solution Approach
The Define Solution Scope task produces what output? Solution Scope
The Solution Scope is consumed by what task or tasks? ::Prepare for Elicitation\n::Conduct
Elicitation\n::Define Business Case\n::Prioritize Requirements\n::Organize Requirements\n::Verify
Requirements\n::Allocate Requirements\n::Assess Org Readiness\n::Requirements Mgmt and
Communication knowledge area
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What are the elements of the Define Solution Scope task? There are 3\n::Solution Scope
Definition\n::Implementation Approach\n::Dependencies
What is included in the Solution Scope Definition? ::Major features and functions that are to be
included, and the interactions that the solution will have with people and systems outside of its
scope\n::. Differentiation of the inscope and outofscope components of the solution
What does the Implementation Approach define? How the chosen solution approach will deliver
the solution scope. The implementation approach may break delivery down into specific releases or
provide a roadmap that indicates the timeframe in which a capability can be expected
What are the techniques for the Define Solution Scope task? There are 2\n::General Techniques
(includes Functional Decomposition, Interface Analysis, Scope Modeling, User Stories)\n::Problem or
Vision Statement
The Solution Approach is defined in what knowledge area? Enterprise Analysis
The Solution Scope defines what? What must be delivered in order to meet the business need,
and the effect of the proposed change initiative on the business and technology operations and
infrastructure
The business case describes what? The justification for the project in terms of the value to be
added to the business as a result of the deployed solution, as compared to the cost to develop and
operate the solution
What are the inputs to the Define Business Case task? There are 4\n::Assumptions and
Constraints\n::Business Needs\n::Solution Scope\n::Stakeholder Concerns
The business case is consumed by what tasks? ::Prepare for Elicitation\n::Conduct
Elicitation\n::Prioritize Requirements\n::Verify Requirements\n::Validate
Requirements\n::Requirements Mgmt and Communication knowledge area
With regard to the business, typically what do the assumptions refer to that are identified?
Assumptions about the revenue generated or retained by the solution or nonfinancial
improvements it will deliver
What are the elements of the Define Business Case task? There are 4\n::Benefits\n::Costs
What are the two types of benefits collected in the Define Business Case task? Qualitative and
Quantitative
Benefits collected in the Define Business Case task should relate back to what? Strategic objectives and
goals of the organization
In estimating the total net cost of a proposed solution, what is included in the calculation? ::capital
expenditures for the new investment\n::costs of developing and implementing the
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change\n::opportunity costs of not investing in other options, costs related to changing the work and
practices of the organization\n::total cost of ownership to support the new solution and consequential
costs borne by others
The initial risk assessment focuses on what? Solution feasibility risks that the organization is willing
to or able to bear
Initial risk assessment includes what factors? ::technical risks (whether the chosen technology and
suppliers can deliver the required functionality)\n::financial risks (whether costs may exceed levels that
make the solution viable or potential benefits may disappear) \n::business change and organizational
risks (whether the organization will make the changes necessary to benefit from the new solution).
What types of results are articulated in the business case? Cost and Benefits to be realized and
how each will be measured
What are the techniques used in the Define Business Case task? There are 6\n::Decision
Analysis\n::Estimation\n::Metrics and KPIs\n::Risk Analysis\n::SWOT Analysis\n::Vendor Assessment
Why is vendor assessment a technique in the Define Business Case task? In the case in which a purchase
or outsourcing to a third party is in consideration, the organization must know whether the vendor is
capable of delivering the solution
Who is the primary stakeholder in the Define Business Case task? The Sponsor
The business case presents data in order to support what? A go/nogo decision on whether to
fund the effort
The Requirements Analysis knowledge area describes what? The tasks and techniques used by a
business analyst to analyze stated requirements in order to define the required capabilities of a
potential solution that will fulfill stakeholder needs.
What are stakeholder requirements? They describe what a solution must be capable of doing to meet
the needs of one or more stakeholder groups
What are solution requirements? They describe the behavior of solution components in enough
detail to allow them to be constructed
The performance of all requirements analysis activities is governed by what? Business Analysis Plan
What are the inputs to the Requirements Analysis knowledge area? There are 8\n::Business
Case\n::Business Need\n::Requirements\n::Organizational Process Assets\n::Requirements Mgmt
Plan\n::Stakeholder Concerns\n::Stakeholder List\n::Solution Scope
What are the tasks of the Requirements Analysis knowledge area? There are 6\n::Prioritize
Requirements\n::Organize Requirements\n::Specify and Model Requirements\n::Define Assumptions
and Constraints\n::Verify Requirements\n::Validate Requirements
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What are the outputs of the Requirements Analysis knowledge area? There are 6\n::Assumptions and
Constraints\n::Requirements Structure\n::Requirements [prioritized]\n::Requirements [validated]\n::
Requirements [verified]\n::Stakeholder Concerns
What is the purpose of the Prioritize Requirements task? Prioritization of requirements ensures
that analysis and implementation efforts focus on the most critical requirements.
What is Requirement prioritization? It is a decision process used to determine the relative
importance of requirements, based on value, risk, difficulty of implementation, or on other criteria
Prioritization determines what? Which requirements should be targets for further analysis and to
determine which requirements should be implemented first
What are the inputs to the Prioritize Requirements task? There are 5\n::Business
Case\n::Business Need\n::Requirements\n::Requirements Mgmt Plan\n::Stakeholder List
Prioritized requirements are consumed by what tasks? ::Assess Proposed Solution
What does the business case, as an input, provide to the prioritization of requirements process? It
provides key goals and measures of success for a project or organization, and priorities should be
aligned with those goals and objectives.
Why is a business need and business case needed? Its not. The business need serves as an
alternative if the business case has not been provided
What are the elements for the Prioritize Requirements task? There are 2\n::Basis of
Prioritization\n::Challenges
What are the factors considered as part as the basis for prioritization? ::Business Value\n::Business or
Technical Risk\n::Implementation Difficulty\n::Likelihood of Success\n::Regulatory or Policy
Compliance\n::Relationship to Other Requirements\n::Stakeholder Agreements
How does business value impact prioritization of requirements? It prioritizes requirements based on
costbenefit analysis of their relative value to the organization. The most valuable requirements will be
targeted for development first.
Why is the relationship to other requirements a factor for the basis of prioritization? A requirement
may not be high value in and of itself, but may support other highpriority requirements and as such
may be a candidate for early implementation.
What are two types of challenges with regard to requirements prioritization? Nonnegotiable
demands from stakeholders and Unrealistic tradeoffs
What is considered an unrealistic tradeoff? The solution development team may intentionally or
uninten-tionally try to influence the result of the prioritization process by overestimating the difficulty or
complexity of implementing certain requirements
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What are the techniques used in the Prioritize Requirements task? There are 4\n::General
techniques (Risk and Decision analysis)\n::Moscow Analysis (Must, Should, Could, and
Wont)\n::Timeboxing/Budgeting\n::Voting
What is Timeboxing/Budgeting? Prioritization of requirements for investigation and implementation
based on allocation of a fixed resource.
What must be determined in order to use Timeboxing/Budgeting? The solution approach
Timeboxing prioritizes requirements based on what? The amount of work that the project team is
capable of delivering in a set period of time
Budgeting is used when? When the project team has been allocated a fixed amount of money.
What are the three approaches to Timeboxing/budgeting? ::All In Begin with all the eligible
requirements with assigned Duration or Cost. Remove the requirements in order to meet the calendar
dates or budget limit.\n::All Out Begin with adding the requirement(s) with assigned duration or cost
to the calendar or budget. Stop when the calendar dates are met or budget limit is reached.\n::Selective
Begin by identifying high priority requirements added to the calendar or budget. Add or remove
requirements in order to meet the calendar date or budget limit.
What is voting in relation to requirement prioritization? Voting methods allocate a fixed amount of
resources (votes, play money, or other tokens) to each participant for them to distribute among
proposed features or requirements. The requirements that receive the most resources are the ones that
will be investigated or developed first
A prioritized requirement has an attribute that describes what? Its relative importance to stakeholders
and the organization
What is the purpose of the Organize Requirements task? To create a set of views of the
requirements for the new business solution that are comprehensive, complete, consistent, and
understood from all stakeholder perspectives
What are the two key objectives when organizing requirements? ::Understand which models are
appropriate for the business domain and solution scope\n:: Identify model interrelationships and
dependencies
What are the inputs to the Organize Requirements task? There are 3:\n::Organizational Process
Assets\n::Requirements [Stated]\n::Solution Scope
Why is it important to understand model interdependencies when organizing requirements?
Because it is the relationships and interdependencies among requirements that adds the
element of complexity
What task or tasks consume the Requirements Structure? Prepare Requirements Package and
Specify and Model Requirements
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What are the elements of the Organize Requirements task? There are two\n::Levels of Abstraction
According to the BABOK 2.0, which of the following describes LESSENING abstraction of requirements?
::business requirements, stakeholder requirements, and solution requirements
What is the objective of creating a model of requirements? To simplify reality in a way that is useful
Must modeling be performed in a specific order with a specific hierarchy? No. There is not
hierarchy when using models
What are the common concepts when using models? ::User Classes, profiles, Roles\n::Concepts and
Relationships\n::Events\n::Processes\n::Rules
User Classes, Profiles, or Roles are categorizations that are often found in what models? ::organization
models \n::process models\n::use cases
Organization models, process models and use cases are generally created in what task Conduct
Stakeholder Analysis
What corresponds to something in the real world; a place, a person, a thing, an organization A
concept
What do concepts define? They define the objects, entities or facts that are relevant to the
business domain and what relationships they have with other concepts
The attributes of a concept are found in what type of model Data Model
A request to a business system or organization to do something, such as a customer placing an order, or
a manager requesting a report, can be described as what? An Event
Events can serve as the basis for what type of model? Scope Model
Events serve as the basis for scope models but can be described in what other types of models?
::Process Models\n::State Diagrams\n::Use Cases/Models
A sequence of repeatable activities executed within an organization is known as a what? Process
Processes describe what? Who and what has to be involved in fully responding to an event, or
how people in the enterprise collaborate to achieve a goal
Process information can be found in what types of models? ::Process Models\n::Org
Models\n::State Diagrams\n::Use Cases/Models
What are used by the enterprise to enforce goals and guide decisionmaking? Rules
What do rules determine? When information associated with an entity may change, what values of
information are valid, how decisions are made in a process, and what the organizations priorities are
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What types of models might contain rule information? ::Process Models\n::State Diagrams\n::Use
Cases/Models
What are the techniques used in the Organize Requirements task? There are 9\n::Business Rules
Analysis\n::Data Flow Diagrams\n::Data Modeling\n::Functional Decomposition\n::Organizational
Modeling\n::Process Modeling\n::Scenarios and Use Cases\n::Scope Modeling\n::User Stories
Who are the primary stakeholders in the Organize Requirements task? Domain SME, End User,
Implementation SME, and Sponsor: They Affected by analysis techniques used to organize requirements
since they need to verify and validate the requirements.
What is the purpose of the Specify and Model Requirements task? To analyze expressed
stakeholder desires and/or the current state of the organization using a combination of textual
statements, matrices, diagrams and formal models
Specifications and models are created to do what? Analyze the functioning of an organization and
provide insight into opportunities for improvement
Specifications and models also support what? Development and implementation of solutions,
facilitating communication among stakeholders, supporting training activities and knowledge
management, and ensuring compliance with contracts and regulations
What are the inputs to the Specify and Model Requirements task? There are 2\n::Requirements
[stated]\n::Requirements Structure
What is the output of the Specify and Model Requirements task? Stakeholder or Solution
Requirements
What tasks consume the Stakeholder or Solution Requirements? There are 3\n::Prioritize
Requirements\n::Verify Requirements\n::Requirements Mgmt and Communication knowledge area
What are the elements of the Specify and Model Requirements task? ::Text\n::Matrix
Documentation\n::Models\n::Capture Requirements Attributes\n::Improvement Opportunities
The Text element must describe what? Te capabilities of the solution, any conditions that must exist for
the requirement to operate, and any constraints that may prevent the solution from fulfilling the
requirement
A table or matrix is used to document requirements when? When business analyst is looking to
convey a set of requirements that have a complex but uniform structure which can be broken down into
elements that apply to every entry in the table
What aspects of requirements are often expressed in tabular form? ::Attributes\n::Data
Dictionaries\n::Traceability\n::Prioritization data
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A WHAT is any simplified representation of a complex reality that is useful for understanding that reality
and making decisions regarding it? A model
What are two things that help determine which type of model to use? The people that make up the
receiving audience and the type of information being communicated
What is the difference between an informal model and a formal model? An informal model does not
have a formal semantic definition and instead connects elements in ways that are meaningful for the
analyst and the audience\n\nA formal model follows semantics and iconography that are defined in a
standard to indicate the meaning of each model element
What are some potential improvement opportunities that might be identified and captured during the
Specify and Model Requirements task? :: Automate Or Simplify The Work People Perform\n:: Improve
Access To Information\n:: Reduce Complexity Of Interfaces\n:: Increase Consistency Of Behavior\n::
Eliminate Redundancy
What are the techniques used in the Specify and Model Requirements task? There are several
techniques that are part of the general techniques category:\nAcceptance and Evaluation Criteria
Definition \nBusiness Rules Analysis \nData Dictionary and Glossary \nData Flow Diagrams \nData
Modeling \nFunctional Decomposition \nInterface Analysis \nMetrics and Key Performance Indicators
\nNonfunctional Requirements Analysis \nOrganization Modeling \nProcess Modeling \nPrototyping
\nScenarios and Use Cases \nSequence Diagrams \nState Diagrams \nUser Stories
What is the purpose of the Define Assumptions and Constraints task? Identify factors other than
requirements that may affect which solutions are viable.
Assumptions are defined as what? Assumptions are factors that are believed to be true, but have
not been confirmed
What is associated with assumptions that must be validated by the analyst? Risk
Constraints are defined as what? Constraints are defined as restrictions or limitations on possible
solutions.
Solution constraints describe what? Aspects of the current state, or planned future state that may
not be changed
What are the inputs to the Define Assumptions and Constraints task? Stakeholder Concerns
What are the elements used in the Define Assumptions and Constraints task? There are
3\n::Assumptions\n::Business Constraints\n::Technical Constraints
Business Constraints can reflect what type of information? ::budgetary restrictions\n::time
restrictions\n::limits on the number of resources available\n::restrictions based on the skills of the
project team and the stakeholders\n::a requirement that certain stakeholders not be affected by the
implementation of the solution\n::or any other organizational restriction
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Technical constraints include what? Any architecture decisions that are made that may impact the
design of the solution
Technical constraints may also describe restrictions such as what? :: resource
utilization\n::message size\n::timing\n::software size\n::maximum number of and size of files\n::records
and data elements
What is the output of the Define Assumptions and Constraints task? Assumptions and Constraints
What tasks consume Assumptions and Constraints? There are 4\n::Define Solution Scope\n::Define
Business Case\n::Assess Proposed Solution\n::Requirements Mgmt and Communication knowledge area
What is the purpose of the Verify Requirements task? Requirements verification ensures that
requirements specifications and models meet the necessary standard of quality to allow them to be
used effectively to guide further work
Verifying requirements ensures what? The requirements have been defined correctly and are of
acceptable quality
Requirements verification constitutes a final check by the business analyst and key stakeholders to
determine that the requirements are what? Ready for formal review and validation by the
customers and users and provide all the information needed for further work based on the
requirements to be performed
What are the inputs to the Verify Requirements task? Requirements [Any Except Stated]
The Verify Requirements task produces what output? Requirements [Verified]
What tasks consume verified requirements? ::Validate Requirements\n::Requirements Mgmt and
Communication knowledge area
What are the elements used in the Verify Requirements task? There are 2:\n::Characteristics of
Requirements Quality\n::Verification Activities
A high quality requirement exhibits what characteristics?
::Cohesive\n::Complete\n::Consistent\n::Correct\n::Feasible\n::Modifiable\n::Unambiguous\n::
Testable
The feasibility of a requirement is concerned with what? That the requirement must be implementable
within the existing infrastructure, with the existing budget, timeline and resources available to the team
or the project must develop the capability to implement the requirement
Are verification activities of requirements performed in a singular fashion or iteratively? Iteratively
throughout the requirements analysis process
Verification activities include what? ::Check for completeness within each requirements
model\n::Compare each prepared requirements model (textual or graphical) against all other prepared
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requirements models\n:: Variations to the documented processes have been identified and
documented\n:: All triggers and outcomes have been accounted for in all variations\n:: Terminology
used in expressing the requirement is understandable to stakeholders and consistent\n:: Examples are
added where appropriate for clarification
What are the techniques used in the Verify Requirements task? There are 2:\n::General techniques
(includes Acceptance and Evaluation Criteria Definition, Problem Tracking, Structured Walkthrough)\n::
Checklists
What is the purpose of a checklist? The purpose of a checklist is to ensure that items that the
organization or project team has determined are important are included in the final requirements
deliverable(s)
What is the purpose of the Validate Requirements task? To ensure that all requir+B16ements support
the delivery of value to the business, fulfill its goals and objectives, and meet a stakeholder need.
Does Requirements Validation once or throughout the life of the project? Throughout in an
ongoing basis
To be a valid requirement, it must do what? Contribute directly or indirectly to the business case
What are the inputs to the Validate Requirements task? There are 2\n::Business Case\n::Stakeholder
Solution or Transition Requirements [verified]
Validated requirements are consumed by what tasks? ::Validate Solution\n::Requirements Mgmt and
Communication knowledge area
What are the elements of the Validate Requirements task? There are 5\n::identify
Assumptions\n::Define Measurable Criteria\n::Determine Business Value\n::Determine Dependencies
for Benefit Realization\n::Evaluate Alignment with Business Case and Opportunity Cost
Assumptions must be identified to manage what? Risk
Evaluation Criteria are used to do what during Validate Requirements? They are create and used to
measure the solution following deployment against the forecasted benefits from the start of the project
True or False: Besides the Business Case, it is possible to assess individual requirements or features to
determine business value TRUE
A requirement that does not deliver direct or indirect value to a stakeholder is a strong candidate for
what? Elimination
True or False: Business value can be delivered through requirements that support compliance with
regulatory or other standards, alignment with internal standards or policies of the organization, or
increased satisfaction for stakeholders, even if those things do not have a direct measurable financial
benefit. TRUE
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True or False: All requirements contribute directly to the end result desired by the organization and
described in the business case FALSE
Can a requirement hold value for a stakeholder yet not be part of a delivered solution. Yes, but if it is
not aligned with the business case should be defined and approved in a separate business case, or
considered for removal from the solution scope
Each requirement must be traceable to what? The objectives in the business case
At the project level, opportunity cost refers to what? The benefits that could have been achieved
with an alternative investment rather than this one.
The opportunity cost of any decision is equal to what? The value of the best alternative use of those
resources
What are the techniques in the Validate Requirements task? There are 5:\n:: Acceptance and
Evaluation Criteria Definition\n:: Metrics and Key Performance Indicators\n:: Prototyping\n:: Risk
Analysis\n:: Structured Walkthrough
The Solution Assessment and Validation Knowledge Area describes what? The tasks that are
performed in order to ensure that solutions meet the business need and to facilitate their successful
implementation
What is the responsibility of the business analyst during Solution Assessment and Validation?
Ensuring that stakeholders fully understand the solution requirements and that implementation
decisions are aligned with the relevant requirements
What are the tasks in the Solution Assessment and Validation knowledge area? There are 6\n::Assess
Proposed Solution\n::Allocate Requirements\n::Assess Organizational Readiness\n::Define Transition
Requirements\n::Validate Solution\n::Evaluate Solution Performance
What is the purpose of the Assess Proposed Solution task? To assess proposed solutions in order to
determine how closely they meet stakeholder and solution requirements
Is Solution Assessment performed on a single or multiple solutions? Both. It may be used to
compare multiple solutions or to assess a single solution
What are the inputs to the Assess Proposed Solution task? There are 3\n::Assumptions and
Constraints\n::Requirements [prioritized and approved]\n::Solution Option(s)
What is the output of the Assess Proposed Solution task? Assessment of Proposed Solution
What tasks consume the Assessment of Proposed Solution? Solution Selection or Design
What are the elements of the Assess Proposed Solution task? ::Ranking of Solution
Options\n::Identification of Additional Potential Capabilities
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What are the techniques of the Assess Proposed Solution task? There are 3\n:: Acceptance and
Evaluation Criteria Definition\n:: Decision Analysis\n:: Vendor Assessment
Why is vendor assessment a technique as part of the Assess Proposed Solution task? To ensure that
all parties will be able to develop and maintain a healthy working relationship
What is a potential suggestion as part of the Solution Assessment if no solution delivers appropriate
value? To terminate the initiative or do nothing.
What is the purpose of the Allocate Requirements task? Allocate stakeholder and solution requirements
among solution components and releases in order to maximize the possible business value given the
options and alterna-tives generated by the design team.
Requirements allocation is defined as what? Te process of assigning stakeholder and solution
requirements to solution components and to releases
Allocation is performed after assessing what? Assessment tradeoffs between alternatives in order to
maximize benefits and minimize costs
What are the inputs of the Allocate Requirements task? There are 3:\n::Requirements [prioritized and
approved]\n::Solution [designed]\n::Solution Scope
Allocated Requirements are consumed by what tasks? ::Requirements Mgt. and Communication
\n::Solution Selection or Design
Requirements may be allocated between or over what? ::Organizational units\n::between job
functions\n::between people and software\n::software application components \n::releases of a
solution.
To prevent scope revision, what must the allocation of requirements match? The associated
stakeholder and solution requirements
What are the elements of the Allocate Requirements task? There are 2\n::Solution
Components\n::Release Planning
What are some examples of solution components? ::Business policies and business
rules\n::Business processes to be performed and managed\n::People who operate and maintain the
solution, including their job functions and responsibilities\n::Software applications and application
components used in the solution.\n::Structure of the organization, including interactions between the
organization, its customers, and its suppliers
The allocation of requirements to solution components will be a primary driver of what? The cost to
implement the solution and the benefits delivered by it.
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During solution design, why might it become necessary to revisit the initial allocation of functionality
between components as defined in the solution scope? The cost to implement each component
becomes better understood, and to determine which allocations have the best cost/benefit ratio.
Analyst assessment of whether the allocation represents the most effective tradeoffs between delivery
options involves what considerations? ::Available resources\n::Constraints on the
Solution\n::Dependencies Between Requirements
What types of factors are considerations of release planning? ::overall project budget\n::the need to
implement a solution or parts of the solution by a certain date\n::resource constraints\n::training
schedule \n::ability for the business to absorb changes within a defined timeframe.
What are the techniques used in the Allocate Requirements task? There are 6\n:: Acceptance and
Evaluation Criteria Definition\n:: Business Rules Analysis\n:: Decision Analysis\n:: Functional
Decomposition\n:: Process Modeling\n:: Scenarios and Use Cases
Why would process modeling be a part of allocation of requirements? Activities in the process model
may be allocated to different roles, or outsourced to a supplier. A solution can be developed that
incrementally supports some subprocesses or activities
What is the involvement of the Implementation SME during the Allocate Requirements task? The
role is responsible for the design and construction of some or all solution components and the
estimation of the work required. It will also make recommendations regarding the allocation of
requirement
Allocated requirements are associated with what? A solution component that will implement
them.
What is the purpose of the Assess Organizational Readiness task? Assess whether the
organization is ready to make effective use of a new solution.
An organizational readiness assessment describes what? The effect a new solution will have