B. Pham. Semester 2010-11 - Pharmainfo · PDF filesyrups, elixirs, glycerins, mouth washes,...

PANJAB UNIVERSITY, CHANDIGARH-160014 (INDIA) (Estd. under the Panjab University Act VII of 1947—enacted by the Govt. of India)

FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

SYLLABI

FOR

B. Pharm. for the Examination of 2010-2011

i.e.

1st Semester, November/December, 2010

2nd

Semester, April/May, 2011

3rd

Semester, November/December, 2010

4th

Semester, April/May, 2011

AND

3rd

Year and 4th

Year for Examination of 2011

--:o:--

© The Registrar, Panjab University, Chandigarh.

All Rights Reserved.

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APPLICABILITY OF REGULATIONS FOR THE TIME

BEING IN FORCE

Notwithstanding the integrated nature of a course spread over more than one academic year, the

regulations in force at the time a student joins a course shall hold good only for the examinations held

during or at the end of the academic year. Nothing in these regulations shall be deemed to debar the

University from amending the regulations subsequently and the amended regulations, if any, shall

apply to all students whether old or new.

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SEMESTER-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS

Semester

Theory

Marks

Practical/Report

Marks

Total

First Semester

5 500/450 4/5 400/450 900

Second Semester

5 500 4 400 900

Third Semester

6 600 6 600 1200

Fourth Semester

6 600 5 500 1100

Fifth Semester

6 550 6 550 1100

Sixth Semester

6 600 5 500 1100

Seventh Semester

6 600 4 400 1000

Eighth Semester 4 400 3 300 700

44

4350/4300

37

3650/3700

8000

(i)

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SCHEME OF EXAMINATION FOR THIRD YEAR AND FOURTH YEAR FOR THE

EXAMINATION, 2011

B. PHARM. THIRD YEAR

301. Pharmaceutical Chemistry :

Paper-I : Biochemistry

Paper-II : Medicinal Chemistry

Paper-III : Analytical Chemistry-II

302. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory :

Paper-I : Biochemistry

Paper-II : Pharmaceutical Analysis-II

303. Pharmaceutics :

Paper-I : Biological Pharmacy & Biotechnology-II

Paper-II : Pharmaceutical Technology-I

Paper-III : Cosmetics

Paper-IV : Forensic Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Industrial Management.

304. Pharmaceutics Laboratory :

Paper-I : Biological Pharmacy & Biotechnology-II, and Pharmaceutical Technology-I

Paper-II : Cosmetics

305. Pharmacognosy :

Paper : Pharmacognosy-III

Paper : Pharmacognosy-IV

306. Pharmacognosy Laboratory-III

307. Pharmacology-II

308. Pharmacology Laboratory :

Paper : Experimental Pharmacology

(vi)

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B. PHARM. FOURTH YEAR

401. Pharmaceutical Chemistry :

Paper-I : Medicinal Chemistry-II

Paper-II : Medicinal Chemistry-III

Paper-III : Pharmaceutical Analysis-III

402. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory :

Paper-I : Medicinal Chemistry

Paper-II : Pharmaceutical Analysis-III

403. Pharmaceutics :

Paper-I : Pharmacokinetics & Biopharmaceutics

Paper-II : Clinical Pharmacy

Paper-III : Pharmaceutical Technology-II

404. Pharmaceutics Laboratory :

Paper-I : Pharmacokinetics, Biopharmaceutics & Clinical Pharmacy

Paper-II : Pharmaceutical Technology-II

405. Pharmacognosy :

Paper : Pharmacognosy-V

406. Pharmacognosy Laboratory-IV

407. Pharmacology-III

Paper-I : Biochemical Pharmacology & Toxicology

Paper-II : Clinical Pharmacology

408. Pharmacology Laboratory :

Paper : Experimental Pharmacology

409. (A) Industrial Management.

(B) Computers & Their Applications in Pharmaceutical Sciences.

(vii)

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SYLLABUS FOR BACHELOR OF PHARMACY FIRST YEAR FOR THE

SESSION OF 2010-2011

FIRST SEMESTER

Instructions for the paper setter and the students :

1. Each paper shall be of 100 marks (80 marks for examination, 20 marks for internal assessment).

2. Theory paper shall have 7 questions, 1 question compulsory of objective/short answer type of 20

marks and 6 more questions of 15 marks each.

3. Total five questions are to be attempted.

4. Use of scientific non-programmable calculator is allowed in the examination.

PHARM-1011 : ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-I

3 hours/week

1. Structure and Properties :

(4 Lectures)

Organic chemistry, structural theory, chemical bond, quantum mechanics, atomic

orbitals, electronic configuration, molecular orbitals, bond lengths, bond angles, bond

energy, polarity of bonds, polarity of molecules, dipole moment, structure and physical

properties including melting point, boiling point and solubility, acidity and basicity,

isomerism.

2. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds : (4 Lectures)

Stereoisomers, enantiomers, diastereoisomers, optical activity, chiral centre, racemic

modification, meso-structures, configuration, reactions involving stereoisomers,

stereoselective and stereospecific reactions.

Geometric isomers, conformational isomers, configurational isomers, conformational

analysis of ethane and n-butane, conformations of cyclohexanes, axial and equatorial

bonds, Newman projections, Fischer and Wedge formula.

Relative and absolute configuration, sequence rules, D & L, R & S and E & Z system

of nomenclature.

3. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes :

(8 Lectures)

Alkanes : Nomenclature of straight and branched chain alkanes and alkyl groups,

classification of carbon atoms of alkanes, isomerism in alkanes, sources, methods of

preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions.

Mechanism of free radical halogenation of alkanes, orientation, reactivity and

selectivity, chlorofluorocarbons and ozone layer.

Cycloalkanes : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, chemical reactions, Bayer’s

strain theory, ring strain, isomerism in cyclopentane and cyclohexane, reactions of

carbenes, cyclic ethers, crown ethers, epoxides.

Quantitative elemental analysis and structure elucidation, empirical formula and

molecular formula.

4. Alkyl Halides : (4 Lectures)

Nomenclature and classes of alkyl halides, methods of preparation, chemical reactions,

mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution reactions, SN1 and SN2 reactions, carbonium

ions, carbenium ions and carbocations, structure, relative stability, ease of formation,

rearrangements and other characteristics of carbocations.

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2 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FIRST SEMESTER) EXAMINATION

5. Alcohol, Ethers and Role of the Solvent : (4 Lectures)

Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions.

Role of Solvent: Secondary bonding, solubility of non-ionic and ionic solutes, protic

and aprotic solvents, ion pairs, role of solvent in substitution reactions, phase-transfer

catalysis.

6. Alkenes, Dienes and Alkynes : (8 Lectures)

Alkenes : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, mechanisms of dehydration of

alcohols and dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides, E1 and E2 reaction mechanisms,

physical properties and relative stabilities of alkenes, chemical reactions, mechanisms

of hydrogenation, electrophilic and free radical additions, Markovnikov’s rule,

hydroboration-oxidation, oxymercuration-reduction, epoxidation, ozonolysis,

hydration, hydroxylation and oxidation with KMnO4.

Substitution at allylic and vinylic positions, theory of resonance and conjugation, free

radical polymerization of alkenes.

Dienes : Nomenclature, structures of isolated, conjugated and cumulated dienes, 1, 2-

and 1, 4-addition reactions, free radical polymerization of dienes.

Alkynes: Nomenclature, structure and bonding in alkynes, method of preparation,

chemical reactions, acidity and electrophilic addition reactions.

7. Benzenes, Arenes and Aromaticity : (8 Lectures)

Nomenclature of benzene and derivatives, structure of benzene, Kekule’s structure,

stability and length of C-C bond of benzene, resonance structure, aromaticity and

Huckel rule.

Aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions, mechanisms of nitration, halogenation,

sulphonation, Friedal-Crafts reaction, activating and deactivating substituents,

orientation and reactivity.

Arenes: Nomenclature, method of preparation and reactions of alkynyl benzenes, alkyl

benzenes, halogenation of alkylbenzenes- ring vs side chain, stability of benzylic free

radical, triphenylmethyl free radical and benzyl cation.

Structure, nomenclature, preparation and reactions of alkenyl and alkynyl benzenes.

Books Recommended :

1. R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th

Edition, Prentice-Hall of India, Private

Limited, New Delhi.

2. G. Solomens, C. Fryhle and R. Johnson, Organic Chemistry, 7th

Edition, John Wiley and Sons

(Singapore).

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SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FIRST SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 3

PHARM-1022 : PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY-I

(General and Dispensing Pharmacy)

3 hours/week

1. Orientation and Historical Background of the Profession : (5 Lectures)

Important historical events which led to the development of this profession from

middle ages to the current era.

Ethics, oath and scope of pharmacy.

Introduction to official compendia with emphasis on Indian Pharmacopeia, British

Pharmacopeia and United State Pharmacopeia.

2. Routes of Drug Administration : (4 Lectures)

Need for dosage forms, therapeutic consideration in dosage form designing. Routes of

drug administration and dosage forms for oral, rectal, parenteral, epicutaneous, ocular,

otic and nasal route.

3. Liquid Orals and Solutions : (6 Lectures)

Official pharmaceutical solutions, products for oral, ENT and topical use including

syrups, elixirs, glycerins, mouth washes, gargles, spirits, nasal drops, ear drops, throat

paints, aromatic waters, lotions and liniments.

4. Powder Dosage Forms : (3 Lectures)

Standards for powders, sieves and their usage in grading. Bulk powders and divided

powders for internal and external use. Special powders including insufflations,

effervescent powders and granules.

5. Metrology : (4 Lectures)

Introduction to units of weights and volume in both metric systems and imperial

systems. Simple calculations involved in preparing solutions of solids in liquids,

liquids in liquids and method of alligation.

6. Extraction and Extractives : (4 Lectures)

Various methods of extraction inculding infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation

and digestion with examples of some official extractives.

7. Prescription : (4 Lectures)

Description and parts of a prescription, handling the prescription, reading the

prescription, checking the written prescription, consulting the prescriber, other

methods of receiving prescription, refusal to accept the prescription; compounding the

prescription, pricing the prescription, delivering the prescription.

8. Pharmaceutical Incompatibilities : (8 Lectures)

Physical and Chemical Incompatibilities: Types and methods to overcome these

Inorganic incompatibilities including incompatibilities of metals and their salts, non-

metals, acids and alkalis.

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Books Recommended :

1. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A. (Latest Edition.).

2. J.W. Cooper and G.Gunn, Tutorial Pharmacy, 1st Edition, 1956, Pitman Books Ltd., London, U.K.

3. S.J. Carter, Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students, 11th

and 12th

Edition, 1967 and 1975, Pitman

Books Ltd., London, U.K.

4. L. Lachman, H.A. Lieberman and J.L. Kanig, The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Lea

and Febiger, Philadelphia, U.S.A. (Latest Edition).

5. G.S. Banker and C.T. Rhodes, Modern Pharmaceutics, 4th

Edition, Marcel Dekker, New York, USA.

6. C. Raymond, J.P. Rowe, and E.M. Sheskey, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 6th

Edition,

Pharmaceutical Press, London, U.K.

7. E.W. Martin, Husa’s Pharmaceutical Dispensing, 7th

and 8th

Edition, 1971 and 1982, Mack

Publishing Co., Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

8. H.S. Ansel and N.G. Popovich, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery (Latest Edition).

9. E.A. Rowlins, Bentley's Textbook of Pharmaceutics, Bailliere Tindall and Cox, London, Latest

Edition.

10. J.B. Sprowls, Prescription Pharmacy, J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia (Latest Edition).

PHARM-1033 : PHARMACOGNOSY-I

3 hours/week

1. Introduction, development, present status and future scope of pharmacognosy.

(2 Lectures)

2. Introduction to following groups of plant constituents (only definition and brief

explanation). Carbohydrates, glycosides, tannins, lipids, volatile oils, terpenes, resins

and resin combinations, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, coumarins,

saponins, gums & mucilages.

(7 Lectures)

3. Classification of drugs: Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, pharmacological

and chemical.

(2 Lectures)

4. Biological source, chemical constituents and uses of the following:

(5 Lectures)

Diatoms, agar, alginic acid, ergot, yeast, male fern.

5. Distinguishing characters of the following families and their important medicinal

plants– Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Convolvulaceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Liliaceae,

Papaveraceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae and

Umbelliferae.

(12 Lectures)

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6. Techniques in microscopy of powdered drugs covering use of mountants, clearing

agents, chemomicroscopic reagents, micrometer, quantitative microscopy and a brief

introduction to electron microscope.

(7 Lectures)

7. Study of plant tissues and ergastic cell inclusions with a view to identify and

authenticate powdered crude drugs.

(5 Lectures)

Books Recommended :

1. W. C. Evans, Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy (6th

Edition), W. B. Saunders Limited, 2009.

2. G. E. Trease, A Textbook of Pharmacognosy (7th

Edition), Bailliere Tindall, London, 1957.

3. V. E. Tylor, L. R. Brandy & J. E. Robbers, Pharmacognosy (9th

Edition), K.M. Varghese Company,

Bombay, India, 1988.

4. Trevor Robbinson, The Organic Constituent of Higher Plants, Burge Publishing Co., 1967.

5. B. P. Jackson & D. W. Snowdon, Powdered Vegetable Drugs, Stanley Thomes Ltd., London, 1974.

PHARM.-1054 (M) : REMEDIAL MATHEMATICS

3 hours/week

1. Algebra :

Revision simultaneous equations, partial fractions and resolution of linear and quadratic

(non repeated) equations.

2. Trigonometry :

Revision on angle measurement and T-Ratios, addition, substraction and transformation formulae.

T ratios of multiple, sub-multiple and allied angles; applications of Logarithms.

3. Analytical Plane Geometry :

Cartesian co-ordinates, distance between two points, area of triangle, locus of a point, straight line,

slope and intercept form, double intercept form, general equation of First degree.

4. Calculus :

Differential : Limits and functions, differential coefficient, differentiation of standard functions,

including function of a function (chain rule), differentiation of implicit functions, logarithmic

differentiation, parametric differentiation, element of successive differentiation, application in

Pharmaceutical Sciences & related field.

Integral : Integration as inverse of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard forms, integration

by parts, partial functions and substitution, formal evaluation of definite integral including definite

integral as area under curve, application in Pharmaceutical Sciences & related field.

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Books Recommended :

1. B. S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi (Latest Edition).

2. A Textbook of Mathematics for XI-XII Students, NCERT Publication, Volume I-III (Latest Edition).

3. Schaum, Differential Equations, McGraw-Hill, Singapore, 1982.

OR

PHARM-1054 (B) : REMEDIAL BIOLOGY

3 hours/week

A. BOTANY

Part-I

1. General structure of the plant body– Structure and functions of the stem, root and leaf and the

modifications, anatomy of the stem, root and leaf. Cell structure and function, kinds of tissues,

mitosis and meiosis.

2. Structure of the flower with reference to their families, Ranunculaceae. Brassicaceae, Fabaceae,

Malvaceae, Asteracae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae and Poaceae, description of flower, floral diagram

and floral formulae, Reproduction processes - pollination and fertilization, fruits, seeds structure,

germination and dispersal.

3. Knowledge of physiological processes–transpiration, photosynthesis, respiration and growth,

growth regulators, morphogenesis, heredity and variations, Mendel's Law and evolution.

B. ZOOLOGY

Part-II

1. Classification and general characters of invertebrates and vertebrates up to class with important

examples.

2. Structure and life history of parasites as illustrated by amoeba, entamoeba, trypanosome,

plasmodium, taenia, ascaris and schistosoma.

3. Study of animal cell and its organelles. Study of important animal tissues.

4. Chromosomal theory of inheritance.

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PHARM-1065 : COMPUTER SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS

3 hours/week

1. Fundamentals : Introduction to computers, I/O devices, operating systems, basics of DOS and

Windows, memory devices, RAM, ROM, storage, Binary system; bits, bytes, ASCII, codes.

2. Software’s : Classification of software, application software, system software, interpreter, compliers,

editor, word processing, PowerPoint presentation, encell : data handling and processing, functions,

charts, computer viruses, worms, trozen.

3. Networking : LAN, WAN, elements of various networks, network security, internet, various topologies

for LAN, websites, LAN setting on PC.

4. Problem Solving : Concept of algorithm and flow charting, Programming : Variables and constants,

Control statement, DO, IF, GOTO. Arrays, Function formatting, files handling. Application of

programming to solve problem (i) largest number of given set of numbers (ii) roots of equation (iii)

handling in built functions (iv) find mean, mode, and standard deviation of given data in a file (v)

correlation and regression (vi) fitting a straight line to given data ((vii) matrics handling (viii)

difference of data (ix) integration (Trapoizoidal rule).

Book Recommended :

V. Rajaraman–Fundamentals of Computers, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.

PHARM-1111 : ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL-I

6 hours/week

1. Introduction of various laboratory techniques including :

a. Calibration of thermometer

b. Determination of melting point

c. Determination of boiling point

d. Determination of mixed melting point.

e. Distillation

f. Crystallization

2. Identification of organic compounds and their derivatization.

3. Introduction to the use of stereomodels to study :

a. R and S configuration of enantiomers.

b. E and Z configuration of geometric isomers.

Books recommended :

1. F.G. Mann and B.C. Saunders, Practical Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman Limited, Hyderabad.

2. B.S. Furniss, A.J. Hannaford, P.W.G. Smith and A.R. Tatchell, Vogel’s Textbook of Practical Organic

Chemistry, 5th

edition, Pearson Education Limited (Singapore).

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PHARM-1122 :

PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL-I

(GENERAL AND DISPENSING PHARMACY)

6 hours/week

Experiments illustrative of the course contents of pharmaceutics as:

1. Dispensing of various prescriptions including liquid orals, antiseptics, disinfectants, styptics,

restoratives, inhalations, liniments, lotions, douches, linctuses and ear/nasal drops.

2. Dispensing of powder dosage forms including bulk and divided powders for internal and external

use, effervescent powders and granules.

3. Dispensing of prescriptions covering various physical and chemical incompatibilities.

4. Extractives including liquid and dry extracts, tinctures and infusions by the techniques of simple,

modified and multiple maceration; simple, intermittent and reserved percolation, repercolation;

decoction, infusion, soxhlation, dilution/ admixture using concentrated preparations.

PHARM-1133 : PHARMACOGNOSY PRACTICAL-I

3 hours/week

1. Taxonomic study of some medicinal plants with at least one representative of each of the families

covered in theory.

2. Use, care and focusing practices of microscope.

3. Microscopic examination of diagnostic tissues in powdered crude drugs.

4. Microscopic and chemical examination of diagnostic ergastic principles in powdered crude drugs.

5. Exercises on quantitative microscopy.

Books Recommended :

1. W. C. Evans, Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy (15th Ed.), W. B. Saunders Limited, 2002.

2. G. E. Trease, A Textbook of Pharmacognosy (7th Edition), Bailliere Tindall, London, 1957.

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PHARM-1154 (B) : REMEDIAL BIOLOGY PRACTICAL

3 hours/week

1. Care, use and type of microscope.

2. Morphology of plant parts indicated in theory.

3. Gross identification of slides of structure and life cycle of lower plants/animals mentioned in theory.

4. Preparation, microscopic examination of stem, root and leaf of monocot and dicot leaves.

5. Structure of human parasites mentioned in theory with the help of specimen.

Books Recommended :

1. A. C. Datta : Botany

2. Dhami & Dhami : Invertebrates.

3. Kotpal Dhami & Dhami, Kotal : Vertebrates

PHARM-1165 : COMPUTER SCIENCE PRACTICAL

3 hours/week

Practical will be conducted based on the programs covered in the theory.

-------------------------

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SYLLABUS FOR BACHELOR OF PHARMACY SECOND SEMESTER FOR THE


SECOND SEMESTER

Instructions for the paper-setter and the Students :

1. Each paper shall be of 100 marks (80 marks for examination, 20 marks for Internal Assessment).

2. Theory paper shall have 7 questions, 1 question compulsory of objective type /short answer type of

20 marks and 6 more questions of 15 marks each.



PHARM-2011 : ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-II

3 hours/week

1. Aldehydes and Ketones :

(4 Lectures)

Nomenclature of aldehydes and ketones (carbonyl compounds), preparation of

aldehydes and ketones, Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction, oxidation of primary

alcohols, oxidation of methyl benzenes and reduction of acid chlorides using

organometallic compounds.

Reactions of aldehyde and ketones : Oxidation, reduction, addition of Grignard

reagents, Cannizaro reaction, synthesis of organic compounds using Grignard

synthesis, planning synthesis starting from alcohols and use of tetrahydropyranyl

ethers as protecting agents.

2. Carboxylic Acids and their Functional Derivatives :

(3 Lectures)

Carboxylic Acids : Nomenclature, preparation, physical properties and chemical

reactions, ionization of carboxylic acids, structure of carboxylate ions, conversion

to acid chlorides, esters and amides, reduction to alcohols, halogenation of aliphatic

carboxylic acids (Hell-Vohlard-Zenisky reaction), dicarboxylic acids.

Functional derivatives of carboxylic acids : Nomenclature, structure, physical

properties and chemical reactions, nucleophilic substitution, acyl substitution,

preparation of acid chlorides and conversion to acid anhydrides, amides and esters,

hydrolysis of these derivatives, transesterification, reaction of esters with Grignard

reagents, reduction of esters, functional derivatives of carbonic acids.

3. Reactions involving Carbanions :

(2 Lectures)

Acidity of α- hydrogens, acid catalyzed and base promoted halogenation of

ketones, Aldol condensation, reactions related to Aldol condensation, Wittig

reaction, Claisen condensation, malonic ester and acetoacetic synthesis, direct and

indirect alkylation of esters and ketones, synthesis of acids and esters via 2-

oxazolines, organoborane synthesis of acids and ketones, alkylation of carbonyl

compounds via enamines.

4. Amines, Diazonium Salts and Phenols :

(8 Lectures)

Amines : Nomenclature, physical properties, salts of amines, stereochemistry of

nitrogen, preparation methods including reduction of nitrocompounds,

ammonolysis of halides, reductive amination, Hoffmann degradation of amides,

Hoffmann rearrangement, preparation of secondary and tertiary amines.

Basicity, effect of structure on basicity, reactions of amines, Hoffmann elimination,

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conversion to substituted amides, sulphonation of aromatic amines, sulpha drugs,

reactions with nitrous acids.

10

SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (SECOND SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 11

Diazonium Salts : Preparation, reactions, replacement with halogens (Sandmeyer

reaction), replacement with –CN (synthesis of carboxylic acids), replacement with

–OH (synthesis of phenols), replacement with H, synthesis using diazonium salts,

coupling reactions and synthesis of azo compounds, analysis of amines (Hinsberg

test), analysis of substituted amides.

Phenols : Nomenclature, structure, physical properties, salts of phenols,

preparation, rearrangement of hydroperoxides, acidity, Fries rearrangement, Kolbe

reaction, Riemer-Tiemann reaction, formation and reaction of aryl ethers, analysis

of phenols.

5. Aryl Halides : (2 Lectures)

Nomenclature, structure, physical properties and chemical reactions, nucleophilic

aromatic substitution reactions, low reactivity of aryl and vinyl halides, reactivity

and orientation in nucleophilic aromatic substitution, benzyne intermediate.

6. α-β- Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds : (2 Lectures)

Structure and properties, preparation, interaction of functional groups, electrophilic

and nucleophilic addition, Michael addition, Diels-Alder reaction, quinolones.

7. Molecular Orbitals : (2 Lectures)

Molecular orbital theory, wave equations, molecular orbitals, bonding and

antibonding orbitals, electronic configuration of selected molecules, aromatic

character, orbital symmetry and chemical reaction, electrocyclic and cycloaddition

reactions, sigmatropic reactions.

8. Symphoria : (2 Lectures)

Symphoria, neighbouring group effects, homogenous hydrogenation,

diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity, oxo process and enzyme action.

9. Macromolecules : (2 Lectures)

Macromolecules, polymerization, free radical vinyl polymerization,

copolymerization, ionic polymerization and living polymers, coordination

polymerization, step-reaction polymerization, structure and properties of

macromolecules.

10. Stereochemistry : (4 Lectures)

Introduction, biological oxidation and reduction (ethanol-acetaldehyde), deuterium

labelling experiments, enantiotropic and diastereotopic ligands and faces, origin of

enantiospecificity.

11. Carbohydrates (Monosaccarides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides) : (6 Lectures)

Monosaccharides : Introduction, definition and classification, stereoisomers of (+)-

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glucose, oxidation, osazone formation, lengthening of C-C chain of aldoses (Kiliani-

Fischer synthesis), shortening of aldoses (Ruff degradation), conversion of an aldose

into its epimer, configuration of (+)- glucose, configuration of aldoses, D and L

system of configuration, tartaric acid, families of aldoses and their

absolute

12 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (SECOND SEMESTER) EXAMINATION

configuration, cyclic structure of D-(+)-glucose and formation of glucosides,

configuration at C-1, methylation reactions, determination of ring size,

conformation.

Disaccharides and polysaccharides-(+)-maltose, (+)-cellulose, (+)-

lactose,

(+)- sucrose, starch, structure of amylose, end group analysis, structure and reaction

of cellulose.

12. Proteins and Nucleic Acid : (4 Lectures)

Structure of amino acids, amino acids as dipolar ions, isoelectric point,

configuration of natural amino acids, preparation and reactions of amino acids,

peptides, geometry of peptide linkage, determination of structure of peptides,

terminal residue analysis, partial hydrolysis, synthesis of peptides, classification,

function and denaturation of proteins, structure of proteins, peptide chain, side

chains, electrophoresis, conjugated proteins, coenzymes, secondary structure of

proteins.

Biochemistry, molecular biology and organic chemistry - mechanism of enzyme

action, chymotrypsin, nucleoproteins and nucleic acids, chemistry and heredity, the

genetic code.

Books recommended :


Edition, Prentice-Hall of India, Private Limited,

New Delhi.

2. G. Solomens, C. Fryhle and R. Johnson, Organic Chemistry, 7th

Edition, John Wiley and Sons

(Singapore).

PHARM-2012 : PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS-I

3 hours/week

1. Quantitative Analysis and Data Handling : (8 Lectures)

Significance of quantitative analysis in quality control, different techniques of

analysis, preliminaries and definition, choice of analytical method, significant

figures, rules for retaining significant figures in multiplication, division, addition

and subtraction, key number, types of errors (Determinate and Indeterminate),

minimization of errors, propagation of errors in addition and subtraction,

multiplication and division, exponents, logarithms, precision and accuracy,

selection of sample.

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2. Acid Base Titrations : (10 Lectures)

Acid base concepts, role of the solvent, relative strengths of acids and bases, Law

of mass action, common ion effect, ionic product of water, pH, hydrolysis of salts,

Handerson – Hasselbach equation, buffer and buffer capacity, acid base indicators,

theory of indicators, choice of indicators, neutralization curves (strong acid strong

base, strong acid weak base, weak acid strong base and weak acid weak

base)

SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (SECOND SEMESTER ) EXAMINATION 13

polyprotic systems, dissociation calculations for polyprotic acids, fractions and

equilibrium concentrations of dissociating species at a given pH, salts of polyprotic

acids, (amphoteric salts and unprotonated salts), buffer calculations for polyprotic

acids, titrations of polyprotic acids, amino acid system and its titrations,

pharmaceutical application in assay of H3B03, HCl, H3P04, NaOH and Na2B03.

3. Oxidation-Reduction Titrations : (10 Lectures)

Concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, equivalent weights of

oxidizing and reducing agents, electrochemical cells, reduction potential, standard

reduction potential, nemst equation, cell representations, measurement of electrode

potential and its application in determining the equilibrium constant of a reaction,

concept of formal potential, oxidation reduction curves, redox indicators, theory

and principles of potassium permanganate titrations, iodometry and iodimetry, ceric

sulphate titrations, potassium iodate titrations, sodium 2, 6-dichlorophenol-

indophenoltitrations, pharmaceutical applications.

4. Precipitation Titrations : (8 Lectures)

Precipitation reactions, solubility product, effects of common ion, acids,

temperature and solvent upon the solubility of a precipitate, conditional solubility

product, fractional precipitation, argentometric titrations, ammonium or potassium

thiocyanate titrations, mercuric nitrate titrations, Indicators, Gay-Lussac method,

Mohr's method, Volhard's method, Fajan's method, pharmaceutical applications.

5. Gravimetric Analysis : (4 Lectures)

Precipitation techniques, the colloidal state, gravimetric factor, supersaturation,

Von Weimarn ratio, coprecipitation and its types, post precipitation, digestion,

washing of the precipitate, filtration, filter papers and crucibles, ignition,

thermogravimetric curves of copper sulphate, specific examples like barium as

barium sulphate, aluminium as aluminium oxide, calcium as calcium oxalate and

magnesium as magnesium pyrophosphate, organic precipitants.

Books Recommended :

1. J. Mendham, R.C. Denney, J.D. Barnes, M. Thomas, Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical

Analysis, Pearson Education Limited, Singapore (Latest Edition).

2. Gary D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York (Latest Edition).

www.Pharmainfo.Net

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3. H. Beckett and J.B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part I, Athlone Press (Latest

Edition).

4. Pharmacopoeia of India.

5. Frank A. Settle, Handbook of Instrumental Techniques for Analytical Chemistry, Pearson Education,

Inc., Singapore (Latest Edition). 14 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (SECOND SEMESTER) EXAMINATION

PHARM-2023 : PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-I

3 hours/week

1. Solubility and Related Phenomena :

(10

Lectures)

General considerations, solubility expressions, determination of solubility, solvent-

solute interactions, solubility of gases in liquids, and solids in liquids, presentation

of solubility data, solubility parameter, solubility curves, solubility product, effect of

co-solvents, pH & other factors.

2. Interfacial Phenomena :

(9 Lectures)

2.1. Surface & Interfacial Tension : Origin & dimensions, surface free energy,

contact angle, pressure difference across curved surfaces, measurement of

surface and interfacial tensions, spreading coefficient, surface films.

2.2. Adsorption at Liquid : Surface active agents, their classification, HLB,

solubilization and co-solubilization, Gibb's adsorption equation, critical

micellar concentration, emulsification, wetting, imbibition, detergency, etc.

2.3. Adsorption at solid interfaces : Solid-gas interface, Solid-liquid interface,

electric properties of interfaces.

3. Rheology :

(7 Lectures)

Scope and concepts, Newtonian systems and viscosity, Non-Newtonian systems &

flow expressions, thixotropy, determination of viscosity and other rheological

parameters, applications in pharmaceutical product development.

4. Micromeritics and Powder Rheology :

(10

Lectures)

Introduction, importance in pharmacy, particle size and size distribution, particle

shape, particle volume, methods of determining particle size, statistical diameters

from number and weight distributions, Coulter-counter method for determining

specific surface, particle number, particle volume. Derived properties of powders,

porosity, density, angle of repose. Flow properties of powders and factors affecting

these.

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Books Recommended :

1. W. Martin, J. Swarbrick and A. Cammarata, Physical Pharmacy, 4

th Edition Lea and Febiger,

Philadelphia, 1993.

2. Remington : The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A., 2005.


PHARM-2044 :

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND HEALTH EDUCATION-I

(APHE-I CELL BIOLOGY)

3 hours/week

1. Introduction to Human Body :

(4 Lectures)

Levels of body organization, skeleton, fluid, electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis

& its regulation.

2. Cellular Physiology : (8 Lectures)

Structure of cell, plasma membrane, membrane transport processes, subcellular

organelles, cell metabolism, cell division, cell junctions.

3. Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics : (8 Lectures)

Genes, genetic code, RNA, DNA and the Genome; basic double helix structure;

control of genetic function and biochemical activity in cells, molecular basis of

transcription and protein synthesis.

4. Tissue Physiology : (8 Lectures)

Structure and function of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues; bone,

skin, tissue repair; molecular mechanism of muscle contraction.

5. Physiology of Blood Cells : (4 Lectures)

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, blood groups, Rh factor, transfusion,

hemostasis.

6. Cellular Signalling : (8 Lectures)

Neurotransmitters; Receptors: G-proteins coupled and ion channel gated receptors,

electrical signals in neurons, signal transmission at synapses, neural circuits,

neuromuscular transmission, intracellular secondary messengers.

Books Recommended :

1. G.J. Tortora and S.R. Grabowski, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 10th

Edition, John Wiley &

Sons, Inc. USA.

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2. A.C. Guyton & J.E. Hall, Text Book of Medical Physiology, 10th

Edition, Prism Books Ltd. on

Arrangement with W.B. Saunders Company, USA.

3. C.A. Keele, E. Neil and N. Joels, Samson Wright’s Applied Physiology, 13th

Edition, Oxford Press.

4. W.E. Ganong, Review of Medical Physiology, 13th

Edition, Appleton and Lange, USA.

5. Gray’s Anatomy Edited by P.L. Williams and R. Warwick, 38th

Edition, Churchill Livingstone.

16 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (SECOND SEMESTER) EXAMINATION

PHARM-2075 : PHARMACEUTICAL STATISTICS

2 hours/week

1. The concepts, mathematical computation (wherever applicable) and pharmaceutical applications

(wherever possible) on :

Significant digits and rounding of numbers, collection of primary and secondary data through

experiments on surveys, sampling and complete enumeration survey, merits and limitations of

various random and non-random sampling methods, data organization including frequency

distributions and tabulation, diagrammatic representation of data, simple, multiple, sub-divided and

floating bar diagrams, pie diagrams, 2-D and 3-D pictographic representation, graphs of frequency

and cumulative frequency distributions.

(5 Lectures)

2. Measures of central tendency, ideal characteristics, mean, median, mode, GM, HM and weighted

arithmetic mean from discrete and continuous frequency distributions, quartiles, deciles and

percentiles, measures of dispersion, range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation,

calculation of standard deviation from discrete and continuous frequency distributions, standard

error of means, coefficient of variation.

(6 Lectures)

3. Probability and events, Baye's theorem, probability theorems, elements of binomial and Poisson

distribution, normal distribution, normal distribution curve and properties, calculation of areas under

normal curve and standard normal variate (Z statistic), confidence limits, deviations from normality,

kurtosis and skewness, elements of central limit theorem.

(7 Lectures)

4. Linear correlation and regression analysis scatter plots, method of least squares, Pearsonian

coefficients of correlation and determination, definitions of amount of explained variance, standard

error of estimate and significance of regression (F).

(5 Lectures)

5. Statistical inference, Type I and II errors, Students' t-test (paired and unpaired), F- test one way and

two way ANOVA. Nonparametric tests, Sign test, Chi-square test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, Mann

Whiteny test, Spearman's rank correlation.

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(7 Lectures)

Books Recommended :

1. S. Bolton, Pharmaceutical Statistics, Practical and Clinical Applications, Marcel Dekker, N.Y., 1990.

2. S.P. Gupta, Statistical Methods, Sultan Chand & Co., New Delhi, 1990.

3. W. W. Daniel, Biostatics : A Foundation for Analysis in Health Science, John Wiley, N. Y., 1983.


PHARM-2111 : ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL-II

3 hours/week

1. Steam distillation technique for

1.1 Separation of o- and p- nitrophenol

1.2 Separation of naphthalene from its suspension in water

2. Synthesis of organic compounds by

2.1 Acetylation (acetyl salicylic acid, acetanilide)

2.2 Benzoylation (benzamide, benzanilide, phenyl benzoate)

2.3 Nitration (p- nitroacetanilide, 2, 4, 6- trinitrophenol)

2.4 Halogenation (p-bromoacetanilide)

2.5 Oxidation (benzoic acid from benzyl chloride)

Books Recommended :

1. F

.G. Mann and B.C. Saunders, Practical Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman Limited, Hyderabad

(Latest Edition).

2. B

.S. Furniss, A.J. Hannaford, P.W.G. Smith and A.R. Tatchell, Vogel’s Textbook of Practical Organic

Chemistry, 5th

Edition, Pearson Education Limited (Singapore).

PHARM-2112 : PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS PRACTICAL-I

6 hours/week

Note :

The students should be introduced to various analytical tools and apparatus used in

analytical

procedures. Exercises covering the following aspects should be covered:

1. Standardization of analytical weights, setting up of an analytical balance and calibration of

volumetric apparatus.

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2. Preparation & standardization of various reagents ; assays of sample given in parentheses

2.1.1. Acid Base Titrations : Hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, sodium hydroxide (sodium

carbonate, mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, boric acid).

2.1.2. Oxidation Reduction Titrations : Potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate,

iodine, sodium thiosulphate (hydrogen peroxide, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate,

arsenic trioxide, ascorbic acid).

2.1.3. Precipitation Titrations : Silver nitrate, ammonium thiocyanate (sodium chloride).

3. Gravimetric Analysis : Estimation of sulphate as barium sulphate and magnesium as

magenium pyrophosphate. 18 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (SECOND SEMESTER) EXAMINATION

Books Recommended :

1. J. Mendham, R.C. Denney, J.D. Barnes, M. Thomas Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical

Analysis, Pearson Education Limited, Singapore (Latest Edition).

2. Gary D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York (Latest Edition).

3. H. Beckett and J.B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part I Athlone Press (Latest

Edition).

4. Pharmacopoeia of India.

PHARM-2123 : PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS PRACTICAL-I

3 hours/week

1. To study the particle size distribution of a given powder by optical microscopy.

2. To study the particle size distribution of a given powder by sieve analysis method.

3. To study the particle size distribution of a given powder by Andreasen pipette method.

4. To determine the relative viscosity of the given Newtonian fluids by Ostwald viscometer.

5. To study the working of a rotaviscometer.

6. To determine the critical micellar concentration by drop weight method.

7. To study the working of a DuNouy's tensiometer.

8. To determine the HLB of a given surfactant by saponification technique.

9. To determine the angle of repose of the given sizes of a powder and study the effect of moisture, talc

and magnesium oxide on the angle of repose.

10. To study the effect of particle size and column head on the flow of a given powder through a glass

tube.

PHARM-2144 :

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND HEALTH EDUCATION PRACTICAL-I

(APHE PRACTICAL-I)

3 hours/week

1. Anatomy of Human Skeleton.

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2. Haematology (RBC & WBC counts, haemoglobin concentration, bleeding & clotting time).

3. Anatomy of various cells with the aid of histological slides.

Books Recommended :

1. C.L. Ghai, A Text Book of Practical Physiology, 4th

Edition, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P.)

Ltd., New Delhi.

2. F.J. Baker and R.E. Silverton, Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology, 5th

Edition,

Butterworth & Co. Ltd., London.

---------------------

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SYLLABUS FOR BACHELOR OF PHARMACY THIRD SEMESTER FOR THE

SESSION OF 2010-11

THIRD SEMESTER


1. Each paper should be of 100 marks (80 marks for examination, 20 marks for Internal Assessment).

2. Theory paper shall have 7 questions, 1 question compulsory of objective type/short answer type of




PHARM-3011 :

CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS AND HETEROCYCLICS

3 hours/week

The following topics shall be treated in accordance with modern perspectives of structure, stereochemistry

and reaction mechanism and in relation to pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry :

1. Heterocyclic Chemistry : (15 Lectures)

Nomenclature, structure, reactions and synthesis of different heterocyclic systems:

pyrrole, furan, thiophene, pyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole,

quinoline, isoquinoline, phenothiazine and acridine.

2. Natural Products :

2.1. Glycoside including cardiac glycosides and saponins : Brief introduction,

occurrence, types, general structure and uses.

(2 Lectures)

2.2. Fats and Oils (Phospholipids, Glycolipids and Lipoproteins) : Chemistry,

hydrolysis, detergents, biosynthesis of fatty acids and steroids, acid value,

iodine value and saponification value etc.

(2 Lectures)

2.3. Alkaloids : Isolation and general methods of structure determination,

classification with examples, structure elucidation of Ephedrine and

Nicotine.

(5 Lectures)

2.4. Xanthine Bases (Purine, Uric acid, Alloxane) : Structure elucidation of

methylated xanthine bases i.e. Caffeine, Theophylline, Theobromine.

(5 Lectures)

2.5. Terpenoids : Introduction and general methods of isolation, classification

with examples, structure elucidation of Citral, Menthol and Camphor.

(5 Lectures)

2.6. Flavones and Isoflavones : Occurrence and various methods of synthesis.

(2Lectures)

2.7. Coumarins : Introduction with examples.

(2 Lectures)

2.8. Porphyrines : Introduction with examples.

(2 Lectures)

Books Recommended :

1. I.L. Finar, Organic Chemistry, Vols. I & II, The English Language Book Society, London and

Longman Groups Ltd., London (Latest Edition).


Edition, Prentice Hall of India, Private Ltd.,

New Delhi (Latest Edition).

3. R.N. Acheson, An Introduction to the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, Inter-Sciences

Publishers, New York (Latest Edition).

4. J.A. Joule and G.F. Smith, Heterocyclic Chemistry, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, London.

www.Pharmainfo.Net

www.Pharmainfo.Net

19

20 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD SEMESTER) EXAMINATION

PHARM-3012 : MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY-I

3 hours/week

1. Impurity Testing :

(4 Lectures)

Impurities in pharmaceutical substances and their control (sources and types of

impurities, their limits, limit test for chloride, sulphate, iron, lead and arsenic).

The following topics will be treated covering important methods of preparation,

assay procedures and pharmaceutical uses:

2. Pharmaceutical Aids & Necessities :

(6 Lectures)

2.1. Official inorganic acids (Boric acid, Hydrochloric acid, Nitric acid and

Phosphoric acid), non-official inorganic acid (Sulphuric acid), official

inorganic bases (Strong ammonia solution, Calcium hydroxide, Potassium

hydroxide, Sodium carbonate, Sodium hydroxide and Soda lime).

2.2. Antioxidants : Theory, the selection of antioxidants, official antioxidants

(Hypophosphorous acid, Sodium bisulphite, Sodium thiosulphate, Sodium

nitrite and Nitrogen).

3. Major Intra & Extracellular Electrolytes :

(6 Lectures)

Major physiological ions (Chloride, Phosphate, Bicarbonate, Sodium, Potassium,

Calcium, Magnesium); Electrolytes used in replacement therapy, Sodium

replacement (Sodium chloride), Potassium replacement (Potassium chloride),

Calcium replacement (Calcium chloride, Calcium gluconate); Parenteral

magnesium administration (Magnesium sulphate); Physiological acid base

balance; Electrolytes used in acid base therapy (Sodium acetate, Sodium

bicarbonate, Sodium biphosphate, Sodium citrate, Sodium lactate, Ammonium

chloride); Electrolyte combination therapy.

4. Essential and Trace Ions :

(2 Lectures)

Iron, Copper, Zinc, Molybdenum, Selenium and Sulphur; Official iodine products

(Iodine, Potassium iodide, Sodium iodide).

5. Gastrointestinal Agents :

(8 Lectures)

5.1. Acidifying Agents :

5.2. Antacids : Sodium bicarbonate, Aluminium hydroxide, Aluminium

phosphate, Dihydroxy Aluminium amino acetate, Dihydroxy Aluminium,

Sodium carbonate, Calcium carbonate, Tribasic Calcium phosphate,

Magnesium carbonate, Magnesium hydroxide, Magnesium oxide,

Magnesium phosphate, Magnesium trisilicate and Combination antacid

preparations.

5.3. Protectives and Adsorbents : Introduction; Bismuth subnitrate, Bismuth

subcarbonate, Kaolin, Attapulgite and Activated charcoal.

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SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 21

5.4. Saline Cathartics : Introduction; Sodium biphosphate, Sodium phosphate,

Potassium Sodium tartrate, Magnesium hydroxide, Magnesium citrate,

Magnesium sulphate, Sulphur, Non-official cathartics (Sodium sulphate,

Potassium phosphate, Potassium bitartrate, Calomel).

6. Topical Agents :

(8 Lectures)

6.1. Protective Topical Agents : Definition; Talc, insoluble zinc compounds

(Zinc oxide, Calamine, Zinc stearate), Titanium dioxide, Aluminium and

Silicone polymer.

6.2. Antimicrobials and Astringents : Antimicrobial terminology, mechanism of

action, control of antimicrobial/astringent action.

6.3. Antimicrobial Astringent Products : Oxidative antimicrobial agents;

Hydrogen peroxide, Zinc peroxide, Sodium carbonate, Potassium

permanganate, Sodium hypochlorite, Iodine preparation and compounds.

6.4. Protein Precipitant Antimicrobial Agents : Silver nitrate, Mild silver protein

and related products, Yellow mercuric oxide, Ammoniated mercury,

Mercuric chloride, Sulphur and sulphur compounds, Sublimed sulphur and

precipitated sulphur, Boric acid and sodium borate, Antimony Potassium

tartrate.

6.5. Astringents: Official compounds of Aluminium and Zinc.

7. Dental Products :

(4 Lectures)

7.1. Anticaries Agents : Fluorides (Sodium fluoride, Stannous fluoride),

phosphates.

7.2. Dentifrices: Dentifrices containing fluorides (Pumice) and desensitizing

agents (Zinc chloride and Zinc-Eugenol cement).

8. Miscellaneous Inorganic Pharmaceutical Agents :

(2 Lectures)

Inhalants, respiratory stimulants, antidotes, expectorants and emetics.

Books Recommended :

1. J.H. Block, E. Roche, T.O. Soine and C.O. Wilson, Inorganic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical

Chemistry, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, P.A.

2. L.M. Artherden, Bentley and Drivers, Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 8th

Edition, Oxford,

University Press, Delhi.

3. Pharmacopoeia of India, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health.

www.Pharmainfo.Net

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4. A.H. Beckett and J.B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part-I, 3rd

Edition. 22 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD SEMESTER) EXAMINATION

PHARM-3023 : PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-II

3 hours/week

1. Particle Phenomena :

(2 Lectures)

Low & high energy solids, intermolecular forces, particle-particle interactions,

particle interactions in liquids, flocculation kinetics.

2. Colloids :

(10 Lectures)

Dispersed systems, methods of preparation of colloidal dispersions, size & shape

of colloidal particles, pharmaceutical applications, types of colloidal systems,

optical, kinetic & electrical properties, stability of colloidal systems, sensitization

& protective colloid action.

3. Kinetics and Drug Stability :

(10 Lectures)

General considerations and concepts, zero order, first order, second order

reactions, complex reactions, influence of temperature, light, solvent, catalytic

species and other factors, thermodynamic considerations and mechanisms in

general. Degradation of medicinal agents, hydrolysis and oxidation, accelerated

stability (shelf-life determination).

4. Complexation :

(8 Lectures)

Metal complexes, organic molecular complexes, occlusion compounds and

analysis of complexation, protein binding, hydrophobic interaction and self

association.

Books Recommended :

1. W. Martin, J. Swarbrick and A. Cammarata, Physical Pharmacy, 4th

Edition, Lea and Febiger,

Philadelphia, 1993.

2. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A., 2005.

PHARM-3024 : PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY

3 hours/week

1. Microbiology :

1.1. Historical development

(2 Lectures)

1.2. General biology of bacteria :

(10 Lectures)

Morphology of bacteria, nutritional requirements of bacteria, different types

media for growth and enumeration of bacteria, physical conditions of

monitoring growth, growth curve, continuous flow culture, synchronous

growth and cytomorphosis, bacterial cell count determination - Direct and

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indirect methods, purification of bacterial cultures, different staining

techniques for characterization and identification of bacteria. SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 23

2. Preservation and Preservatives :

(8 Lectures)

2.1. Definition of bactericide, bacteriostat, disinfectant, sanitizer and antiseptic.

2.2. Methods of evaluation of disinfectants :

Phenol coefficient tests : Rideal Walker, Chick Martin, Criticisms and

advantages of Phenol Coefficient tests, surface film test, Determination of

minimum inhibitory concentrations:- Liquid & solid dilution methods.

2.3. Dynamics of antimicrobial action of disinfectants :

Mechanistic and vitalistic theories, factors affecting rate of antimicrobial

action.

3. Sterilization :

(8 Lectures)

3.1. Sterilization by heat :

3.1.1. Dry heat–Design of equipment, applications, advantages and

disadvantages.

3.1.2. Moist heat - Factors affecting thermal destruction of

microorganisms, preliminary concept of saturated steam and

superheated steam, design of portable autoclaves, applications,

advantages and disadvantages of method.

3.1.3. Testing the efficiency of sterilizers.

3.2. Chemical methods :

(2 Lectures)

Gaseous sterilization by ethylene oxide and factors affecting its efficiency,

applications.

3.3. Mechanical methods/bacteria proof filtration :

(3 Lectures)

Different devices used (sintered glass, sintered porcelain, fibrous pads,

membrane filter), testing of filters–bubble pressure technique and pore size

determination, advantages and disadvantages of bacterial filtration.

Mechanism of bacterial filtration.

3.4. Radiation methods :

(3 Lectures)

3.4.1. Ultraviolet radiationsSources, penetrating power and

applications.

3.4.2. Ionizing radiations - Mode of action, sterilizing dose, applications,

advantages and disadvantages.

4. Surgical supplies :

(4 Lectures)

Surgical dressings : Definition, classification, primary and secondary dressings, and

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protectives.

Sutures and ligatures : Definition, absorbable, non-absorbable and metallic sutures.


Books Recommended :

1. M.J. Pelczar, Reid and Chan Microbiology, 4th

Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New

Delhi.

2. S.J. Carter, Cooper and Gunn's Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students, Pitman Medical Publishing

Co., 12th

Edition, Chapters 20 to 28.

3. A.L. Gennaro, Remington : The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams and

Wilkins, USA, 2000, Chapter 108.

4. S. J. Carter, Cooper and Gunn, Tutorial Pharmacy, 6th

Edition, Pitman Medical, 1972.

5. W.B. Hugo and A. D. Russel, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Blackwell Scientific Publications,

Oxford, 1987.

PHARM-3035 : PHARMACOGNOSY-II

3 hours/week

1. Factors involved in the production of drugs from wild and cultivated sources

including cultivation, collection, drying, storage, commerce and quality control.

(4 Lectures)

2. Study of carbohydrate containing drugs dealing with biological source :

Geographical distribution, collection, commercial production, chemical constituents,

chemical tests for identity, substituents, adulterants and uses of the following :

Acacia, Tragacanth, Sterculia, Xanthan, Guar gum, Plantago, Starches and Cellulose.

(8 Lectures)

3. Study of lipids and lipid containing drugs dealing with the general methods of

extraction of fixed oils, biological source, chemical constituents, tests for identity,

and uses of the following : Arachis oil, Castor oil, Sesame oil, Cotton seed oil,

Almond oil and Olive oil.

(5 Lectures)

4. Study of drugs containing resins and resin combinations : Colophony, Podophyllum,

Cannabis, Myrrh, Asafoetida, Balsam of Tolu, Benzoin and Storax.

(9 Lectures)

5. Study of tannins and tannin containing drugs like Gambir, Catechu and Hamamelis.

(5 Lectures)

6. Source, chemical tests for identity and salient microscopic features of the following

fibres : Cotton, Jute, Flax, Silk, Wool, Rayon, Nylon and Glass wool.

(8 Lectures)

7. Study of the biological source, constituents and uses of the following selected drugs

from animal sources : Cantharides, Beeswax, Wool fat, Cod liver oil, Honey and

Gelatin.

(5 Lectures)

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8. Preparation of herbarium specimens of plant drugs.

(1 Lecture)

SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 25

PHARM-3046 : ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND HEALTH EDUCATION-II

3 hours/week 1. Nervous System : (10 Lectures)

Neuron and its neurotransmission, structure of brain & spinal cord, spinal reflexes,

arrangement and functions of autonomic nervous system; basal ganglia, reticular

activating system, hypothalamus, limbic system and cerebral cortex; significance of

electroencephalogram.

2. Cardiovascular Systems : (7 Lectures)

Structure of heart, haemodynamics, cardiac cycle, impulse generation in pacemaker

and cardiac tissue, significance of electrocardiogram, regulation of cardiac output and

blood pressure.

3. Respiratory System : (5 Lectures)

Structure, respiratory volumes and capacities, gaseous exchange and transport in

blood, compliance and resistance, nervous and chemical regulations of respiration,

acid-base balance.

4. Renal System : (5 Lectures)

Structure of kidney and urinary tracts, nephron transport processes, concentration and

dilution of urine, renal control of body fluids, renal plasma clearance, blood urea

nitrogen, plasma creatinine, micturition.

5. Digestive System : (5 Lectures)

Structure of alimentary canal, functions of salivary, gastric, pancreatic and bile

secretions; carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, structure and functions of

liver.

6. Endocrine and Reproductive System : (6 Lectures)

Endocrine glands, hormone activity, mechanism of hormone action, hormones of

pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries & testes; menstrual cycle, pregnancy,

family planning.

7. Lymphatic System : (2 Lectures)

Function of lymphatic system and lymph nodes, spleen.

Books Recommended :

1. G

.J. Tortora and S.R. Grabowski, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 10th

Edition or Latest

Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. USA.

2. A

. C. Guyton & J.E. Hall, Text Book of Medical Physiology, 10th

Edition or Latest Edition, Prism

Books Ltd., On Arrangement with W.B. Saunders Company, USA.

3. C

.A. Keele, E. Neil and N. Joels, Samson Wright’s Applied Physiology, 13th

Edition or Latest

Edition, Oxford Press.

www.Pharmainfo.Net

www.Pharmainfo.Net

4. W

.E. Ganong, Review of Medical Physiology, 13th

Edition or Latest Edition, Appleton and Lange,

USA.

5. G

ray’s Anatomy Edited by P.L. Williams and R. Warwick, 38th

Edition or Latest Edition, Churchill

Livingstone. 26 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD SEMESTER) EXAMINATION

PHARM-3111 :

CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS AND HETEROCYCLICS

3 hours/week

Analysis of fats and oils and extraction of selected natural products; preparative organic pharmaceutical

chemistry.

Books Recommended : 1. B

.S. Furniss, A.J. Hannaford, V. Rogers, P.W.G. Smith and A. R. Tatchell, Vogel's Text Book of

Organic Chemistry, The English Language Book Society, London (Latest Edition).

2. F

.G. Mann and B.C. Saunders, Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman, London (Latest Edition).

3. I

ndian Pharmacopoeia 1996, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Delhi.

4. B

ritish Pharmacopoeia 1998, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London.

PHARM-3112 : MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL-I

3 hours/week

1. Purification of selected inorganic pharmaceuticals : Copper sulphate and Ferrous sulphate.

2. Preparation of selected inorganic pharmaceuticals : Potash alum, Mohr salt, Ferrous oxalate and

Sodium Ferric oxalate.

3. Limit test for impurities in pharmaceutical compounds : Chloride, Sulphate and Iron.

Books Recommended :

1. G. Svehla, Vogel's Textbook of Micro and Semimicro-Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, 5th

Edition,

Orient Longman, Hyderabad.

2. Indian Pharmacopoeia, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Delhi, Latest Edition.

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PHARM-3123 : PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS PRACTICAL-II

3 hours/week

1. To study the influence of pH on degradation of a drug.

2. To study the solubility of binary system of phenol and water at different temperatures and

concentrations.

3. To study the influence of a third component on the UCT of phenol-water binary system.

4. To study the ternary phase system using given solvent combinations. SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 27

5. To study the influence of pH on solubility behaviour of a given weak electrolyte.

6. To study the influence of surfactant on the solubility of an insoluble drug.

7. To study the partition coefficient of a given drug.

8. To determine the RHLB value for a given emulsion.

9. To determine the work done in the emulsification process.

10. To study the protein binding of a given drug.

11. To study the phenomenon of complexation.

PHARM-3124 : PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY PRACTICAL

3 hours/week

1. Microscopic examination of living bacterial preparation by hanging drop procedures.

2. Performance of staining procedures such as

(a) Simple staining

(b) Differential staining (Gram’s staining)

(c) Capsule staining

(d) Spore staining

3. Preparation and inoculation of nutrient broth

4. Preparation and inoculation of nutrient agar slants

5. Preparation and inoculation of nutrient agar plates

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6. Enumeration of skin flora

7. Enumeration of laboratory flora

8. Isolation of pure cultures by streaking method

9. To study various biochemical activities of microorganisms

10. To find out the Rideal Walker coefficient of a given disinfectant.


PHARM-3135 : PHARMACOGNOSY PRACTICALS-II

3 hours/week

1. Submission of herbarium sheets and report on common medicinal and poisonous plants collected.

2. Chemical tests of fixed oils studied in theory.

3. Phytochemical screening for alkaloids, polycyclic compounds (saponins, sterols, cardenolides and

bufadienolides), flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones and carbohydrates (gum and mucilages).

4. Microscopic and chemical examination of drugs containing gums, mucilages, resins and resin

combinations.

5. Microscopic and physico-chemical examination of fibres used as surgical dressing and filtering aids.

6. Study of animal drugs covered in theory.

Books Recommended :

1. T.E. Wallis, Textbook of Pharmacognosy, J. & A. Churchill Ltd., London, 1967.

2. W.C. Evans, Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy (15th

Edition), W.B. Saunders Limited, 2002.

3. V.E. Tyler, L.R. Brady & J.E. Robbers, Pharmacognosy (9th

Edition), K. M. Varghese Company,


PHARM-3146 :

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND HEALTH EDUCATION PRACTICAL-II

3 hours/week

1. Anatomy of various organs with the aid of models and slides.

2. Biochemical indices of liver & kidney.

3. Recording of blood pressure, ECG, lung volume and capacity using Biopac system.

Books Recommended :

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www.Pharmainfo.Net

1. C.L. Ghai, A Text Book of Practical Physiology, 4th

Edition or Latest Edition, Jaypee Brothers

Medical Publishers (P.) Ltd., New Delhi.

2. F.J. Baker and R.E. Silverton, Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology, 5th

Edition or Latest

Edition, Butterworth & Co. Ltd., London.

3. S.K. Kulkarni, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 4th

Edition or Latest Edition, Vallabh

Prakashan, Delhi.

-----------------------

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SYLLABUS FOR BACHELOR OF PHARMACY FOURTH SEMESTER FOR THE


FOURTH SEMESTER


1. Each paper should be of 100 marks (80 marks for examination, 20 marks for Internal Assessment).

2. Theory paper shall have 7 questions, 1 question compulsory of objective type/short answer type of




PHARM-4011: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

3 hours/week

1. Thermodynamics :

1.1. Energy and first law of thermodynamics : Preliminary and definitions of

systems surrounding macroscopic properties and state variables,

thermodynamic equilibria, extensive and intensive properties, first law of

thermodynamics, internal energy and first law, enthalpy of system, heat

capacity, correlation between Cp and Cv for an ideal gas. Work done on

reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas. Maximum work. Adiabatic

expansion of an ideal gas, work of expansion, internal energy change and

enthalpy change. Comparison of isothermal and adiabatic changes.

(5 Lectures)

1.2. Second law of thermodynamics : Limitations of first law and need of second

law. Cyclic process, Carnot cycle, definition of second law of

thermodynamics, spontaneous process. Concept of entropy, entropy change

accompanying change of phase, entropy changes in reversible and

irreversible processes. Absolute entropy, determination of absolute entropy

with the help of third law of thermodynamics.

(5 Lectures)

1.3. Free energy and equilibrium : Helmholtz and Gibb's free energy, variation of

free energy with temperature and pressure, Gibb's Helmholtz equation,

thermodynamics of open system, chemical potential, Gibb's Duhm equation,

change of chemical potential with temperature and pressure, Clapeyron-

Clausious equation and its applications. The law of mass action,

thermodynamic treatment of the law of mass action and chemical equilibria,

expressions for equilibrium constants, relation between Kp, Kc, effect of

volume, pressure and temperature.

(5 Lectures)

1.4. Applications of thermodynamics.

(1 Lecture)

2. Solutions :

(7 Lectures)

Solutions : Solutions of liquids in liquids, ideal and real solutions, colligative

properties of dilute solution, lowering of vapor pressure of non-volatile solute,

osmosis and osmotic pressure in terms of chemical potential, Vant-Hoff equation for

osmotic pressure of dilute solutions, elevation of boiling point and depression in

freezing point by a non-volatile solute, determination of molar mass from vapor

pressure lowering, osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation and freezing point

depression, Solute distributing in immiscible solvent, distribution coefficient,

conditions for validity of distribution law and the thermodynamic derivation,

association and dissociation of solute, biological applications.

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29

30 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH SEMESTER) EXAMINATION

3. Electrochemistry : (9 Lectures)

Electrode potential, Nernst equation, standard potential, standard hydrogen electrode,

reference electrodes, indicator electrodes.

3.1. Potentiometry : Theoretical consideration, ion-selective electrodes,

measurement of potential, location of the end point, equipment, analytical

applications, differential curves, determination of Ksp, pH measurements,

dead-stop titrations; pH meter, pH definition, relation of pH to potential,

equipment, applications.

3.2. Electrolyte Solution : Electrolytes and non-electrolytes, activity and activity

coefficients, conductance, molar conductance and its variation with dilution,

Debye Huckle theory of strong electrolyte (interionic effect, asymmetry

effect, electrophoretic effect), mean activity coefficient, limiting law equation,

conductometric titrations and its applications, high frequency titrations and

its applications.

3.3. Polarography and its Applications : Theory, mass transport processes, current

processes, current potential relationship, polarization, choice of electrodes,

effect of oxygen, instrumentation, calculation of concentration.

3.4. Amperometric Titrations and its Applications.

4. Kinetics :

4.1. Reaction Rate : Rate and rate constant, order and molecularity, zero, first and

second order reactions, half life time, integration of rate expressions, methods

of determining order of a reaction, effect of temperature on reaction rates,

Arrhenius equation. Concept of steady state approximation, activation energy,

energy barrier. Collision and activated complex theory of bimolecular

reactions.

(5 Lectures)

4.2. Catalysis : Characteristics of catalyzed reactions; definition of the terms,

autocatalysis, negative catalysis, inhibitors, promoters, homogeneous and

heterogeneous catalysis, acid base catalysis and its mechanism, enzyme

catalysis, Michaelis Menten equation, turn over number, the Line Weaver-

Burk method.

(2 Lectures)

5. Photochemistry : (2 Lectures)

Introduction, consequences of light absorption, the Jablonski diagram, Lambert Beer

law, Grotthus Draper law, the Stark-Einstein law of Photochemical equivalence,

Quantum efficiency of quantum yield, Photochemical reaction.

Books Recommended :

1. K.J. Laidler, Physical Chemistry with Biological Applications, Henjman, 1980.

2. W.S. Brey, Physical Chemistry and Its Biological Applications, Academic Press,1978.

3. J.R. Barrante, Physical Chemistry of the Life Sciences, Printell (Latest Edition).

4. B.R. Puri, L.R. Sharma and M.S. Pathania, Principles of Physical Chemistry, Shoban Lal Nagin

Chand & Co., 1998.

5. L.G. Chatten, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. I and II, Marcel Dekker, New York ( Latest edition).

6. A.H. Berkett, J.B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vols. I & II, The Athlone Press of

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the University of London ( Latest Edition). SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 31

PHARM-4022 : PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY-II

3 hours/week

1. Injection Technology :

(8 Lectures)

Preformulation factors : Aqueous vehicles, non-aqueous vehicles, isotonicity and its

adjustments (based on freezing point data, molecular concentration).

Emulsions and suspensions as parenterals.

2. Containers :

(8 Lectures)

(a)

(b)

Glass and problems associated with its use for paranterals, types of glass, test

for alkalinity, non-actinic glass.

Plastics–an introduction, tests for injection containers.

3. Closures :

(2 Lectures)

Characteristics of good pharmaceutical rubber. Quality control of rubber caps.

4. Prefilling Treatments :

(2 Lectures)

Cleaning containers and glassware, cleaning of closures, preparation of solution.

5. Aseptic Techniques :

(5 Lectures)

Sources of contamination and method of prevention, design of an aseptic area site

size, windows, doors and services, laminar flow hoods and their efficiency tests.

6. Quality Control Tests on Parenterals :

(15 Lectures)

Inspection for particulate matter.

Testing for faulty seals.

Sterility Test : Introduction to the culture media used, testing procedures, controls,

inactivation of antibacterial samples, a brief outline of tests on powders, oils and

ointments.

Pyrogen Tests : A brief outline of the Rabbit test and LAL test.

Books Recommended :

1. S.J. Carter, Cooper and Gunn's Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students, Pitman Medical Publishing

Co., 12th

Edition, Chapters 20 to 28.

2. A.L. Gennaro, Remington, the Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins,

USA, 2000, Chapter 108.

3. W.B. Hugo and A. D. Russel, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Blackwell Scientific Publications,

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Oxford, 1987. 32 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH SEMESTER) EXAMINATION

PHARM 4023 : PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACEUTICAL OPERATIONS

3 hours/week

1. Introduction :

(3 Lectures)

Fundamental principles/laws, simple cases of material balances applied on single

units, unit conversions.

2. Fluid Flow :

(5 Lectures)

Manometers, (U-tube, differential and inclined tube), concept of boundary layer,

basic equations of fluid flow, valves, pumps-gear, reciprocating and centrifugal, flow

meters.

3. Mixing :

(3 Lectures)

Theories of mixing, mixing devices (propellers, turbines and paddles), mixing of

solids.

4. Filtration :

(5 Lectures)

Theory of filtration, filter aids, filtering media and various filters, plate and frame

filter press, rotary drum filters, metafilters, filter candles, ultrafiltration,

nanofiltration.

5. Phase Equilibria for Gas Liquid Systems :

(6 Lectures)

Experimental measurement, estimation using simple laws like Raoult's law, Henry's

law, representation of this data graphically in various forms. Theory of distillation of

mixtures, plate, continuous contact system, differential distillation, vacuum

distillation, molecular distillation (only basic concepts).

6. Basic laws of heat transfer :

(4 Lectures)

Conduction, convection and radiation, concept of fluid film resistances, simple

problems based on these laws, double pipe heat exchanger, shell tube heat exchanger.

7. Evaporation :

(4 Lectures)

Principles, elevation in boiling points, single and multiple effect evaporation

principle, steam economy and evaporator capacity, evaporation still, Introduction to

different types of evaporators.

8 Drying :

(5 Lectures)

Concept of moisture content, bound and unbound moisture, critical and equilibrium

moisture content, drying a batch of solid under constant drying conditions, spray

dryer, drum dryer, rotating drum dryer, fluidized bed dryer and tray dryer,

sublimation and freeze drying.

9. Psychrometry :

(4 Lectures)

Definition of humidification and dehumidification, psychrometric or humidity charts,

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spray chambers for conditioning air for the storage of pharmaceutical materials.

SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 33

10. Refrigeration :

(2 Lectures)

Principle of refrigeration and air conditioning equipments and applications in

pharmacy.

11. Materials for pharmaceutical plant construction :

(4 Lectures)

Factors affecting the choice for selection of material, metals, ferrous and nonferrous

metals including alloys, nonmetals including plastics, glass, rubber, wood, etc.

Books Recommended :

1. McCabe and Smith, Unit Operations for Chemical Engineering, 6

th Edition, McGraw Hill, N.Y.

2. G. Gunn and S.J. Carter and Gunn's Tutorial Pharmacy, Pitman Medical Publishing Co., London,

1972.

3. L.A. Lachman, H.A. Liberman and J.L. Kanig, The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, 3rd

Edition, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, U.S.A.

4. Badger, Introduction to Chemical Engineering, McGraw Hill Co., International Student Edition

(Latest Edition).

5. E.A. Rowlins, Bentley's Text Book of Pharmaceutics, Bailliere Tindall and Cox, London (Latest

Edition).

6. K. Sambamurthy, Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Age Int. Publishers, New Delhi, 2003.

PHARM-4034 : PHARMACOGNOSY-III

3 hours/week

Study of drugs given below under section 1.1 and 1.2 for : biological source, chemical constituents and

uses.

For drugs printed in bold and in parenthesis, also include study of cultivation, collection, substitutes,

adulterants, diagnostic macroscopic and microscopic features and chemical tests for identity of drugs.

1. Glycoside containing drugs :

1.1 Saponin drugs : Dioscorea and (Glycyrrhiza).

(2 Lectures)

1.2 Cardioactive drugs : Squill. Strophanthus and (Digitalis).

(3 Lectures)

1.3 Anthraquinone drugs : Rhubarb, Cascara and (Aloe and Senna). (4 Lectures)

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2. Alkaloid containing drugs :

2.1 Pyridine-piperidine group : Tobacco, Areca and Lobelia.

(2 Lectures)

2.2 Tropane group : Belladonna, Hyoscyamus and (Datura).

(3 Lectures)

2.3 Quinoline, Isoquinoline group : Ipecac and (Cinchona and Opium).

(4 Lectures)

2.4 Indole group : Catharanthus, Nuxvomica, Physostigma, Ergot and

(Rauwolfia).

(5 Lectures)

2.5 Imidazole group : Pilocarpus.

(1 Lecture)

2.6 Steroidal group : Veratrum and Kurchi.

(2 Lectures)

2.7 Alkaloidal amine group : Ephedra and (Colchicum).

(2 Lectures)

3. Study of following plant adaptogens for their chemical constituents and

pharmacological properties : Ginseng, Ashwagandha, Brahmi.

(3 Lectures)

4. Biological source, preparation, Identification tests and uses of the following

Enzymes : Papain, Pepsin, Pancreatin.

(2 Lectures)

5. Study of mevalonic and shikimic acid pathways with special reference to the

biosynthesis of cinchona and tropane alkaloids, digitalis glycosides, flavonoids and

terpenoids.

(12 Lectures)

PHARM-4045 : PHARMACOLOGY-I

3 hours/week

1. Introduction : (1 Lecture)

Definition, historical development, and scope of pharmacology.

2. Pharmacodynamics : (7 Lectures)

Molecular mechanisms of drug action, receptor families and their regulation,

theories of drug-receptor interactions, potentiation and anatagonism.

3. Pharmacokinetics : (5 Lectures)

Drug absorption and its mechanism, factors affecting drug absorption, routes of

drug administration, bioavailability, bioequivalence, distribution, plasma protein

binding, half life of drug, biotransformation and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase

system and excretion of drugs.

4. Pharmacology of Autonomic Nervous Systems : (12 Lectures)

Autonomic neurotransmission, parasympathomimetics, parasympatholytics,

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sympathomimetics, sympatholytics, neuromuscular blocking agents.


5. Pharmacology of Central Nervous Systems :

(20 Lectures)

Neurohumoral transmission in CNS, general & local anesthetics, alcohol,

hypnotics-sedatives, analgesics (narcotics and NSAIDs), centrally acting muscle

relaxants, CNS stimulants and hallucinogens, drug addiction and drug abuse,

Pathobiological aspects & drug therapy of epilepsy, Parkinson, schizophrenia,

mania, anxiety, depression and Alzheimer disease.

Books Recommended :

1. A.G. Gilman, J.G. Hardman, L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff, R.W. Ruddon Eds. Goodman & Gilman's

The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th

Edition or Latest Edition, Eds. Macmillian Publishing

Co. Inc. (2001).

2. C.R. Craig and R.E. Stitzel, Modem Pharmacology, Little Brown and Company, 6th

Edition or Latest

Edition.

3. B.G. Katzung, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Lange Medical Publications, 8th

Edition, or Latest

Edition.

PHARM-4086 : ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

3 hours/week

1. The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies :

(2 Lectures)

1.1. Definition, scope and importance.

1.2. Need for public awareness.

2. Natural Resources and their conservation :

(6 Lectures)

2.1. Forest resources :

Use and over-exploitation, deforestation, case studies, timber extraction,

mining, dams and their effects on forests and tribal people.

2.2. Water resources :

Use and over-utilization of surface and ground water, floods, drought,

conflicts over water, dams - benefits and problems, water quality

management - management of water resources including rivers, lakes, ground

water, flurosis and arsenic problems.

2.3. Mineral resources :

Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and using mineral

resources, case studies.

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2.4. Food resources :

World food problems, changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing, effects

of modern agriculture, fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging, salinity,

case studies.

2.5. Energy resources :

Growing energy needs, renewable and non-renewable energy sources, use of

alternate energy sources, case studies.

2.6. Land resources :

Land as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides, soil erosion and

desertification.

2.7. Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources and prevention of

pollution.

2.8. Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles.

2.9. Disaster management–floods, earth quakes, cyclone and landslides.

3. Ecology and Ecosystem :

(6 Lectures)

3.1. Definition of ecology.

3.2. Structure and function of an ecosystem.

3.3. Producers, consumers and decomposers.

3.4. Energy flow in the ecosystem.

3.5. Ecological succession.

3.6. Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids.

3.7. Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of the

following ecosystem :

3.8. Forest ecosystem.

3.9. Grassland ecosystem.

3.9.1. Desert ecosystem.

3.9.2. Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, ocean estuaries).

4. Biodiversity and its Conservation :

(6 Lectures)

4.1. Introduction – Definition : genetic, species and ecosystem diversity.

4.2. Value of biodiversity – Consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical,

asthetic and option values.

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4.3. Biodiversity at global, national and local levels.


4.4. India as a mega-diversity nation.

4.5. Hot spots of biodiversity.

4.6. Threats to biodiversity : Habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man wildlife

conflicts.

4.7. Endangered and endemic species of India.

4.8. Conservation of biodiversity.

4.9. In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity.

5. Environmental pollution :

(6 Lectures)

5.1. Air pollution – Definition, causes, and control measures, air quality

management, air pollution case studies.

5.2. Water pollution.

5.3. Marine pollution.

5.4. Thermal pollution.

5.5. Soil pollution – Definition, causes and control measures, case studies.

5.6. Noise pollution.

5.7. Nuclear hazards waste management.

5.8. Waste management through cleaner technologies, reuse and recycling of

wastes.

5.9. Solid waste management - Causes, effects and control measures of urban and

industrial wastes, hazards waste, biomedical waste.

5.9.1. Role of an individual in prevention of pollution.

5.10. Pollution case studies.

5.11. Disaster management - Floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides.

6. Social Issues and the Environment :

(5 Lectures)

6.1. From unsustainable to sustainable development.

6.2. Urban problems and related to energy.

6.3. Water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management.

6.4. Resettlement and rehabilitation of people : Its problems and concerns, case

studies.

6.5. Environmental ethics - Issues and possible solutions.

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6.6. Climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear

accidents and holocaust, case studies.


6.7. Wasteland reclamation.

6.8. Consumerism and waste products.

6.9. Legislation to protect the environment.

6.10. Environmental Protection Act.

6.11. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act.

6.12. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act.

6.13. Wildlife Protection Act, Forest Conservation Act.

6.14. Forest Conservation Act.

6.15. Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation.

6.16. Public awareness.

7. Human population and the environment :

(5 Lectures)

7.1. Population growth, variation among nations.

7.2. Population explosion, Family Welfare Programme.

7.3. Enviroment and Human Health.

7.4. Human Rights.

7.5. Value education.

7.6. HIV/AIDS.

7.7. Women and child welfare.

7.8 Role of information technology in environment and human health.

7.9. Case studies.

8. Field work (any two of the following) :

8.1. Visit to a local area to document environmental assets–

river/forest/grassland/hill/mountain.

8.2. Visit to a local polluted site – Urban/Rural/Industrial/Agricultural.

8.3. Study of common plants, insects, birds.

8.4. Study of simple ecosystems – pond, river, hill slopes, etc .

9. Environmental issues related to Pharmaceutical Sciences : (3 Lectures)

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Toxicity of general laboratory chemicals and solvents used in Pharmaceutical

Sciences.


PHARM-4111 : PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL

3 hours/week

Experiments based on the principle discussed in colligative properties, kinetics, electrochemistry,

thermochemistry, partitioning and additive constitutive properties shall be covered.

Books Recommended : 1. R.C. Dass and B. Behere, Experimental Physical Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1983.

2. V.V. Nadkarnay, A. N. Kothore, Y. V. Lawande, Practical Physical Chemistry, Popular Prakashan,

Bombay, 1972.

3. J.A. Kitchener, Ed., Findlay's Physical Chemistry, 8th

Edition, Longmans, Green and Co., London,

1967.

4. A.H Beckett, J.B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. I & II, The Athlone Press of the

University of London ( Latest Edition).

PHARM-4122 : PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL-II

3 hours/week

1. To carry out the tests for alkalinity on the given injection containers.

2. Preparation of the following Pharmacopoeial injections :

2.1. Water for injection.

2.2. Dextrose saline injection.

2.3. Phenol oily injection.

2.4. Ascorbic acid injection.

2.5. Procaine adrenaline injection.

2.6. Ethanolamine oleate injection.

2.7. Calcium gluconate injection.

2.8. Aminophylline injection.

2.9. Sodium bicarbonate injection.

2.10. Thiamine hydrochloride injection.

3. To carry out tests for sterility on different classes of parenteral preparations :

3.1. Aqueous injections : e.g. Water for injection, Dextrose saline injection.

3.2. Oily injections : e.g. Phenol oily injection.

3.3. Injections containing bactericide : Ascorbic acid injection, Procaine

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adrenative Injection.

3.4. Injections requiring sub-culturing : Ethanolamine oleate injection, Calcium

gluconate injection. 40 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH SEMESTER) EXAMINATION

PHARM-4123 : PHARMACEUTICAL OPERATIONS PRACTICAL

6 hours/week

A. Principles of Pharmaceutical Operations :

1. Learning to plot on simple, semi-log and double log graph papers and calculation of slope in

each case.

2. Calibration of differential headmeters i.e. orificemeter, venturimeter and aerameter i.e.

rotameter installed in laboratory.

3. Determination of the work done by a pump (W) in transferring fluid from the bottom of a tank

to the top of it.

4. Study of the relationship between modified Reynold's number and fluidization porosity using

the provided material.

5. Study of the drying curve through conduct of drying experiment on the provided wet material.

6. Calculation of the vaporization efficiency of a given steam distillation set up and determination

of the effect of lagging.

7. Calculation of the values of Vc and (r) of the given slurry using simple filtration assembly and

calculation of the optimum time of filtration cycle.

8. Study of product after grinding and crushing in a mass and mill.

9. Study on the batch distillation using the provided material.

10. Determination of HETP for distillation column operated at total reflux.

B. Engineering Drawing :

1. Study of orthographic projection, first angle and third angle projection systems, and symbols for

methods of projection.

2. Study of lines, dimensioning, scales and sheet layout.

3. Learning the procedure for preparing a scale drawing.

4. Simple exercises on conversion of pictorial views into orthographic views (in scale drawing at

least 3 exercises).

5. Simple exercises of drawing sectional views (at least 3 exercises).

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Book Recommended :

N.D. Bhat, Machine Drawing, Character Publishing House (2008).


PHARM-4134 : PHARMACOGNOSY PRACTICAL-III

3 hours/week

1. P

harmacognostic study of some important drugs covered in theory.

2. M

icroscopic study of mixture of powdered crude drugs for identification.

3. G

ross identification of crude drugs.

Books Recommended :

1. V.E. Tyler, L.R. Brady & J. E. Robbers, Pharmacognosy (9

th Edition) K. M. Varghese Company,


2. W.C. Evans, Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy (15th

Edition), W.B. Saunders Limited, 2002.

3. T.E. Wallis, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, J. & A. Churchill Ltd., London, 1967.

4. C.K. Atal and B.M. Kapur, Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants, CSIR, India, 1982.

5. The Wealth of India, Vol. I to Vol. XI, CSIR, New Delhi, 1968.

6. G.V. Satyavati and M.K. Raina, Medicinal Plants of India, Vol. 1, ICMR, New Delhi,1976.

7. G.V. Satyavati and M.K. Raina, Medicinal Plants of India, Vol. 2, ICMR, New Delhi,1987.

8. P. M. Dewick, Medicinal Natural Products : A Biosynthetic Approach, (2nd

Edition) 2001, John

Wiley & Sons.

PHARM-4145 : PHARMACOLOGY PRACTICAL-I

3 hours/week

1. Pharmacology of Receptors : Dose response relationship using isolated preparations/biopac system.

2. Studies of various routes of drug administration.

3. Experimental techniques to study analgesics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, muscle relaxant

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activity (rotarod), local anaesthetics, antiparkinsonian, sleep time.

4. Experiments on nerve conduction and muscle grip strength using Biopac System.

5. Case studies based on diseases discussed in pharmacology theory.


Books Recommended :

1. M.N. Ghosh, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology, Scientific Book Agency, Calcutta, Latest

Edition.

2. Pharmacological Experiments on Isolated Preparations, Edinburg University Pharmacology Staff,

Livingstone 1971, II Edition.

3. S.K. Kulkarni, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Latest Edition, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi.

-----------------------

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SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. THIRD YEAR

FOR THE EXAMINATION OF 2011

Instructions for the paper-setter and the students : [

1. Each paper shall be of 100 marks (90 marks for examination and 10 marks for Internal Assessment).

2. Theory paper shall have 7 questions, 1 question shall be compulsory of objective/short answer type.



301. PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

PAPER I : BIOCHEMISTRY 2 hrs./week

The following topics shall be dealt with restricting the coverage of each topic keeping in view the

requirement of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the biochemical applications in understanding the medicinal

chemistry in its modern perspective :

1. Biochemical organization of the cell and transport processes across cell membrane.

2. The concept of free energy, determination of change in free energy from equilibrium constant and

reduction potential, bioenergetics, production of ATP and its biological significance.

3. Enzymes : Nomenclature, enzyme kinetics and its mechanism of action, mechanism of inhibition,

isozymes, enzymes and isoenzymes in clinical diagnosis.

4. Co-enzymes.

4.1 Vitamins as co-enzymes and their significance.

4.2 Metals as co-enzymes and their significance.

5. Carbohydrate metabolism.

5.1 Conversion of polysaccharide to glucose-1 phosphate.

5.2 Glycolysis and fermentation and their regulation.

5.3 Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.

5.4 Metabolism of galactose and galactosemia.

5.5 Role of sugar nucleotides in biosynthesis.

5.6 Pentose phosphate Pathway.

6. The citric acid cycle.

6.1 Significance, reactions and energetics of the cycle.

6.2 Amphibolic role of the cycle.

6.3 Glyoxylic acid cycle.

7. Lipids metabolism.

7.1 Oxidation of fatty acids, beta-oxidation and energetics alpha-oxidation, w-oxidation.

7.2 Biosynthesis of ketone bodies and their utilization.

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7.3 Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

7.4 Control of lipid metabolism.

7.5 Essential fatty acids and eicosanoids.

7.6 Phospholipids, sphingolipids.

43

44 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION

8. Biological oxidation.

8.1 Redox-potential.

8.2 Enzymes and co-enzymes involved in oxidation reduction.

8.3 The respiratory chain, its role in energy capture and its control.

8.4 Energetics of oxidative phosphorylation.

8.5 Inhibitors of respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation.

8.6 Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation.

9. Nitrogen and sulphur cycle.

9.1 Nitrogen fixation, ammonia assimilation, nitrification and nitrate assimilation.

9.2 Sulphate activation, sulphate reduction.

9.3 Incorporation of H2S in organic compounds.

9.4 Release of sulphur from organic compounds.

10. Metabolism of ammonia and nitrogen containing monomers.

10.1 Nitrogen balance.

10.2 Biosynthesis of amino acids.

10.3 Catabolism of amino acids.

10.4 Assimilation of ammonia.

10.5 Urea cycle, metabolic disorders of urea cycle.

10.6 Metabolism of sulphur containing amino acids.

10.7 Porphyrin biosynthesis, formation of bile pigments.

10.8 Purine biosynthesis.

10.9 Purine nucleotide interconversion.

10.10 Pyrimidine biosynthesis.

10.11 Formation of deoxyribonucleotides.

11. Biosynthesis of nucleic acids.

11.1 DNA biosynthesis and replication.

11.2 Mutation, physical & chemical mutagenesis/carcinogenesis.

11.3 DNA repair mechanism.

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11.4 Biosynthesis of RNA.

12. Genetic code and protein synthesis.

12.1 Genetic code.

12.2 Components of protein synthesis.

SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION 45

12.3 Protein synthesis.

12.4 Inhibition of protein synthesis.

13. Regulation of gene expression.

Books Recommended

1. D.W. Martin, P.A. Mays & V.M. Redwell, Harpers Review of Biochemistry, Lange Medical

Publication (Latest Edition).

2. E.E. Conn & P.K. Stumpf, Outlines of Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York (Latest

Edition).

3. A.L. Lehninger, Biochemistry, Worth Publisher, Inc. (Latest Edition).

4. A.L. Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publishers and Distributors (Latest Edition).

5. L. Stryer, Biochemistry, W.H. Freeman & Company, San Francisco (Latest Edition).

6. B. Harrow & A. Mazur, Textbook of Biochemistry, W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. (Latest

Edition).

7. M.N. Chatterjea & Rana Schinde, Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, Jintender P. Vij, New Delhi

(Latest Edition).


PAPER II : MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2 hrs./week

1. Vitamins excluding detailed study of constitution.

2. Physicochemical and stereochemical aspects in relation to biological activity; Drug receptor

interaction.

3. The following topics shall be treated covering chemical naming, structure-activity relationship,

physico-chemical and steric aspects, mode of action (wherever applicable) and uses. The emphasis

would be mainly on B.P. and I.P. drugs. Synthesis of only those drugs given in parenthesis under

each topic would be covered.

3.1 Adrenergic Hormones and Drugs including biosynthesis, storage, release and metabolism of

catecholamines (Andrenaline, Isoprenaline, Salbutamol, Amphetamine, Naphazoline).

3.2 Cholinergics and Anticholinesterases including biosynthesis, storage and metabolism of

acetylcholine (Methacholine Chloride, Neostigmine Bromide).

3.3 Antispasmodic and Antiulcer Drugs (Cyclopentolate, Propantheline Bromide, Benzhexol).

3.4 Antiparkinsonism Drugs (Apomorphine).

3.5 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents (Gallamine Triethiodide, Succinylcholine chloride).

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3.6 Hypoglycaemic Drugs (Tolbutamide).

3.7 Thyroid Hormones and Antithyroid Drugs (L- Thyroxine, Propylthiouracil).

3.8 Anticoagulants and Haemostatic Agents (Warfarin, Phenindione).

3.9 Oxytocics (includes discussion on Ergot alkaloids also) (Ergometrine).


3.10 Antihistamines including discussion on Sodium Cromoglycate (Mepyramine, Diphenhydramine,

Chlorpheniramine, Promethazine).

3.11 Non-steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (includes anti–gout Drugs also) (Indomethacin,

Phenylbutazone, Allopurinol, Probenecid).

Books Recommended

1. M.E. Wolff, Ed., Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, John Wiley & Sons, New York

(Latest Edition).

2. J.N. Delgado and W. A. Remers, Eds., Wilson & Gisvold's Textbook of Organic and Pharmaceutical

Chemistry, J. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia (Latest Edition).

3. W.C. Foye, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia (Latest Edition).

4. H. Singh and V.K. Kapoor, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi, 1997.

5. J.E.F. Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, The Pharmaceutical Press, London (Latest

Edition).


PAPER III : ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY-II 2 hrs./week

1. Non-aqueous Titrations

Theoretical consideration, scope and limitations, acid base equilibria in non- aqueous media, titration

of weak bases, titration of weak acids, indicators, pharmaceutical products should be selected for

illustration.

2. Complexometric Titrations

Concept of complexation and chelation, Werner's Coordination number and electronic structure of

complexions, stability constants, titration curves, masking and demasking agents, types of

complexometric titrations, metal ion indicators, factors influencing the stability of complexes,

applications.

3. Miscellaneous Methods of Analysis

Diazotisation titration, Kjeldahl nitrogen determination, Karl–Fischer titration, Oxygen flask

combustion.

4. Extractions Procedures, Separation of Drugs from Excipients Liquid-solid extraction, liquid-liquid

extraction, separation of mixtures by extraction, distribution law, successive extraction, the Craige

method of multiple extraction, continuous counter – current extraction, effect of temperature, pH,

Inert solute, association, ion-pair formation, the emulsion problems in extractions.

5. Radioactivity as an Analytical Tool

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Basic nuclear properties, measurement of radioactivity, analytical applications of radioactivity,

interaction of radiation with matter, counting statistical errors and corrections, radiation safety.

6. Chromatography

Gas chromatography : Introduction; Principles of gas chromatography, basic GLC apparatus, carrier

gases; sample introduction, column, column efficiency, solid support, liquid phases, branches of gas

chromatography; Detectors, temperature effect; Applications of GLC in Pharmaceutical analysis.


HPLC

Introduction, Theory & nomenclature, instrumentation, liquid–solid chromatography; Liquid- liquid

chromatography, exclusion chromatography; HPLC columns; Solvent selection in HPLC; Data

handling in HPLC, Applications of HPLC.

TLC Quantitative Estimation

Ion-Exchange and Molecular Sieve Processes

Theory of ion-exchange, types of exchangers, ion exchange equilibria, ion-exchange capacity,

ion-exchange separation, applications in pharmaceutical analysis, molecular sieve separation

and applications.

7. Electrochemistry

The electric cell, electrode potential, half cells, types of half cells, sign convention, Nernst equation,

the salt bridge, activity series, standard potential, standard hydrogen electrode, measuring the

relative voltage of half cells, calculations of standard potential, reference electrodes, indicator

electrodes.

A. Potentiometry

Theoretical consideration, ion-selective electrodes, measurement of potential, location of the

end point, equipment, analytical applications, direct measurement of a metal concentration,

differential curves, determination of Ksp, pH measurements, dead-stop titrations; pH meter,

pH definition, relation of pH to potential, equipment, applications.

B. Conductometric and High Frequency Titrations and their Applications.

C. Coulometric Titrations : Its basic principles and Applications.

D. Polarography and Its Applications

Theory, mass transport processes, current processes, current potential relationship,

polarization, choice of eletrodes, effect of oxygen, instrumentation, calculation of

concentration, laboratory design and safety.

E. Amperometric Titrations and Its Applications

8. Phase Solubility Analysis

Theory, experimental procedures, applications in Pharmaceutical analysis.

Books Recommended

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1. A.H. Beckett and J.B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. I & II, The Athlone Press

of the University of London (Latest Edition).

2. J. Bassett, R.C. Denney, G.H. Jeffery & J. Medhan, Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic

Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis. The English Language Book Society and

Longman (Latest Edition).

3. H. H. Willard, L.L. Merritt; Jr., and J.A. Dean, Instrumental Mehtods of Analysis, Van Nostrand

Reinhold, New York (Latest Edition).


4. L. G. Chatten, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vols. I and II, Marcel Dekker, New York (Latest Edition).

302. PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

PAPER I : BIOCHEMISTRY 3 hrs./week

Experiments based on theory Paper I (Biochemistry)

1. Isolation and determination of biomolecules in biological fluids including amino acids and proteins,

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and enzymes.

2. Biochemical preparations.

Books Recommended :

1. J. Jayaraman, Laboratory Manual in Biochemistry, Wiley Eastern Limited, Delhi (Latest Edition).

2. David T. Plummer, An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi

(Latest Edition).


PAPER II : PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS-II 3 hrs./week

1. Non-aqueous Titrations

Preparation and standardization of perchloric acid and sodium/potassium/lithium methoxide

solutions; Estimations of some pharmacopoeial products.

2. Complexometric Titrations

Preparation and standardization of EDTA solution, some exercises related to pharmacopoeial assays

by complexometric titrations.

3. Miscellaneous Determinations

Exercises involving diazotisation, Kjeldahl, Karl-Fischer, Oxygen flask combustion and gasometry

methods. Determination of alcohol content in liquid galenicals, procedure (BPC) shall be covered.

4. Experiments involving separation of drugs from excipients.

5. Chromatographic analysis of some pharmaceutical products.

6. Exercises based on acid base titrations in aqueous and non-aqueous media, oxidation, reduction

titrations, precipitation titrations and complex formation titrations using potentiometric technique.

Determination of acid base dissociation constants and plotting of titration curves using pH

meter.

7. Exercises involving polarimetry.

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8. Exercises involving conductometric and polarographic techniques.

Books Recommended

1. L. G. Chatten, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. I and II, Marcel Dekker, New York (Latest Edition).

2. A. H. Beckett and J. B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. I & II, The Athlone

Press of the University of London (Latest Edition).

SYLLABUS FOR B.PHARM (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION 49

3. K.A. Connors, A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Wiley-Interscience, New York (Latest

Edition).

4. A.M. Knevel and F.E. Digangi, Jenkin's Quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book

Co., New York (Latest Edition).

5. Indian Pharmacopoeia 1996, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health, Delhi (Latest Edition).

303. PHARMACEUTICS

PAPER I : BIOLOGICAL PHARMACY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY-II (2 hours/week)

1. Microbe-Host Interaction: The process of infection

Sources and vectors of infection, factors influencing infection.

2. Immune Systems and Immunological Preparations

2.1 Structure and functions of PMN and mononuclear (lymphoid) cells such as

lymphocytes (T-cells and B-cells) and plasma cells.

2.2 Non-specific host resistance, natural and specific resistance, mechanical, chemical

and cellular mechanisms of defence. Role of phagocytic cells through chemotaxis migration,

ingestion, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria through lysosomal enzymes.

2.3 Haemopoiesis and lymphoid organs, stem cells and their differentiation, briefly

about medical applications of stem cells, structure and functions of primary and

secondary lymphoid organs.

2.4 Antigens, haptens, immunoglobulins, humoral and cellular immunity, MHC

antigens and T cell receptor, mechanisms of antibody formation, monoclonal

antibodies, antigen-antibody reaction, hypersensitivity.

2.5 Active-passive immunization, preparation of vaccines and serum, standardization and

storage. Briefly about new trends in vaccine development.

3. Viruses

Classification, structure, methods of their replication, phenomenon of viral interference and

interferons, phages and their multiplication, lysogeny and lysogenic conversion.

4. Genetic Recombination

Introduction to genes, transformation, conjugation, transduction, recombinant DNA tools (gene

cloning). Introduction to polymerase chain reaction, gene therapy and gene delivery systems.

5. Fermentation Technology

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Batch, fed batch and continuous fermentation bioreactors, fermenter and its design, control of

different parameters in fermentation process, use of mutagenic agents, design of the fermentation

process, isolation of fermentation products with special reference to penicillins, streptomycin,

tetracyclines and vitamin B12.

6. Microbial Transformation

Introduction, types of reactions mediated by microorganisms, design of biotransformation processes,

selection of organisms, biotransformation processes and its improvement with special reference to

corticosteroids.

50 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM . (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION

7. Immobilization Technology

Techniques of immobilization of enzymes, factors affecting enzyme kinetics, bacterial enzymes such

as hyaluronidase, penicillinase, streptokinase, streptodornase, amylases and proteases,

Immobilization of bacteria and plant cells.

8. Biotechnology

Introduction, biotechnology drugs, antisense nucleotides, pharmacognostical applications,

pharmacological applications, pharmaceutical manufacturing applications, organic synthesis

applications, list of biotechnology medicines approved and in development state.

Books/references recommended :

1. S. J. Carter, Cooper and Gunn, Tutorial Pharmacy, 6th

edition, Pitman Medical, 1972.

2. T.D. Brock and M.T. Madigan, Biology of Microorganisms, Chapter 12, Prentice Hall, NJ, 1988.

3. G.J. Tortora, B. S. Funke, C. L. Case, Microbiology : An introduction, Addison Wesley Longman,

Inc., California, 1997.

4. W.B. Hugo and A.D. Russel, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Blackwell Scientific Publications,

Oxford, 1987.

5. K. Kieslich (Editor) Biotechnology, Vol. 6a, Verlag Chemie, Basel, Switzerland, 1984.

6. S. Sell, Basic Immunology, Elsevier, 1987.

7. W. A. Volk, D. C. Benzamin, R.J. Kander and J. T. Parsona, Essentials of Medical Microbiology,

Chapters 4 and 7, JB Lippincott, Pa, 1991.

8. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th

edition, Mack Publishing Co., USA,

1995.

9. C. Semsarian, Stem Cells in Cardiovascular Disease : From Cell Biology to Clinical Therapy,

Internal Medicine Journal, 2002; 32 : 259-265.

303. PHARMACEUTICS

PAPER II : PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY-I (2 hours/week)

1. Aerosols

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Definition, advantages of aerosol dosage forms, propellants, containers, valves, mode of operation,

formulation of pharmaceutical aerosols, types and systems, selection of components, manufacture,

labelling, quality control and testing of pharmaceutical aerosols.

2. Microencapsulation

Fundamental considerations: Core and coating materials, application, methodology coacervation- phase

separation, air suspension, multiorifice-centrifugal process, pan coating, spray drying and spray congealing,

polymerization, solvent evaporation and multiple phase emulsion.

SYLLABUS FOR B.PHARM (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION 51

3. Emulsions

General consideration, types of emulsion, test for identification of emulsion type, theory of emulsification,

formulation of emulsion, mechanical equipments for emulsification, stability of emulsions, assessment of

emulsion shelf-life.

4. Suspensions

Practical considerations, pharmaceutical applications, formulation of suspensions- flocculated and

deflocculated systems, evaluation of suspension stability, gels, magmas.

5. Semisolids

Percutaneous absorption (structure, function and topical treatment of human skin), basic principles of

diffusion, through membranes, skin transport, factors affecting percutaneous absorption, types of vehicles,

preservation, evaluation and methods for studying percutaneous absorption, pastes, creams, ointments and

contraceptive products.

6. Suppositories

Introduction, anatomy and physiology of rectum, absorption of drugs from the rectum, factors affecting

drug absorption from rectum, types of suppository bases, formulation/manufacturing processes, specific

formulation problems, packaging/storage of suppositories, testing and QC of suppositories.

7. Ophthalmic Preparations

Introduction, ocular bioavailability, and classification of ophthalmic products- eye drops, semisolid dosage

forms: ophthalmic ointments and gels, intraocular dosage forms, formulation and manufacturing

considerations, contact lenses and lens care products.

8. Capsules

Advantages and disadvantages of capsule dosage forms, materials for the production of hard gelatin

capsules, size of capsules, methods of capsule production, soft gelatin capsules and methods of their

manufacture, nature of capsule shell and capsule content, importance of base adsorption and minim/gm

factor on soft capsules, quality control, capsule physical stability and storage.

9. Blood and glandular products, and enzymes

Whole human blood, concentrated RBC, dried human plasma, dried human serum, liquid plasma and

serum, fabrication of plasma protein fraction, human fibrinogen, human thrombin, human fibrin foam,

human normal immunoglobulin: control for blood products, plasma substitutes: properties of an ideal

plasma substitute, dextran, absorbable haemostat, absorbable gelatin, sponge, oxidized cellulose, calcium

alginate, pituitary, thyroxin, pancreatin, pepsin.

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Books Recommended

1. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A (Latest Edition).

2. L. Lachman, H.A. Lieberman and J.L. Kanig, The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Lea

and Febiger, Philadelphia, U.S.A. (Latest Edition).

3. S.J. Carter, Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students, 11th

and 12th

edition, 1967 and 1975, Pitman

Books Ltd., London, U.K.

4. H.S. Ansel and N.G. Popovich, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Lea and

Febiger, Philadelphia (Latest Edition).


5. E.A. Rowlins, Bentley's Textbook of Pharmaceutics, Bailliere Tindall and Cox, London, (Latest

Edition).

303. PHARMACEUTICS

PAPER III : COSMETICS (2 hours/week)

1. Sensitivity Testing: Diagnostic Sensitivity Testing: Techniques for both covered and uncovered patch

tests, interpretation of patch test, patch testing with nail lacquers, lipsticks, lanolin and hair dyes,

photosensitivity testing of cosmetics. Predictive Sensitivity Testing of humans for irritancy, predictive

testing for allergic contact sensitization and photosensitization capacity.

2. Basic Skin care products- Ethnic skin and its cosmetic requirements, emerging cosmetic

products, use of drug delivery systems like liposomes, microcapsules, cosmetic patches,

elastic vesicles as topical/transdermal drug delivery systems e.g., topical delivery by lontophoresis,

cleansing products, skin toners, emollients, moisturizers, cold creams, vanishing creams, hand and

body creams and lotions, hormone creams and lotions, barrier creams.

• Antiwrinkle Products.

• Skin Whitening Products.

• Anticellulite Products.

• Sun burn and sun screen preparations.

• Foundation makeup including face powders and rouges

3. Cosmetics for Nails

Nail Lacquers and Removers: Raw materials, Formulation and Manufacture, Evaluation of Nail

lacquers.

4. Pre-shave and After-shave Preparations: Purpose, Types and Forms, Formulation.

5. Antiperspirants and Deodorants: Product forms, Active ingredients, Formulations.

6. Lipsticks: Product characteristics, Raw materials, Formulation and Manufacture, Quality

Assurance.

7. Hair Cosmetics

• Shampoos: Function, Types and Forms, Raw materials, Evaluation.

• Hair Oils: Natural and Synthetic Oils.

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• Hair colorings/dyes: Bleaching agents, Temporary, Semi-permanent,

Permanent, Miscellaneous coloring agents.

• Dye Removers.

• Depilatories: Chemical Depilatories and Epilatory Compositions.

Books Recommended :

1. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A.

(Latest Edition).

SYLLABUS FOR B .PHARM. (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION 53

2. Poucher's perfumes, Cosmetic and Soaps, Vol. 3 (Cosmetics), 9th

edition, 1992.

3. M. S. Balsan and E. Sagarin, Cosmetics : Science and Technology, Vol. 1-3, 2nd

edition, 1974, Wiley Interscience, N. Y

303. PHARMACEUTICS

PAPER IV : FORENSIC PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT

(2 hours/week)

(Equal number of questions may be set from each part)

A. Forensic Pharmacy

1. Study of Drugs and Cosmetic Act 1940 and rules made thereunder, Pharmacy Act

1948.

2. The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 and rules made

thereunder.

3. Medicinal and Toilet preparation (excise duties) Act and rules made thereunder.

4. Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act.

5. The Drug (Price Control) Order.

6. Amendments to the above mentioned Acts.

7. Introduction to the Patent Act.

8. Pharmaceutical Ethics.

B. Pharmaceutical and Industrial Management

1. Concept and philosophy of management, development of management principles,

nature and scope of management.

2. Functions of management, planning, organization, co-ordination, motivation and

control.

3. Management systems and processes, tasks and responsibilities of a professional

manager.

4. Decision-making : Organization context of decision making, decision making models,

decision making tools and techniques, management by objectives.

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5. Dynamics of behavioral sciences: Interpersonal relations, leadership styles, group

dynamics.

6. Personnel Management : Recruitment, selection and training of employees, career

planning, compensation and retiral benefits, fiscal procedures.

7. Principles of account; ledger posting and journal entries, preparation of trial balance,

bank reconciliation statement, profits and loss account, balance sheet, bills of

exchange.

8. Principles of economics with special reference to the laws of demand and supply, demand

schedule, demand curves, factory acts, Labour welfare general principles of insurance and inland

and foreign trade, Procedure of exporting and importing goods.


9. Overview of cost benefit and other economic methods, cost benefit analysis (CBA), cost

effectiveness analysis (CEA), economic perspectives, quality of life outcome and patient decision.

10. Community Pharmacy, economics and management: Economics of health care,

community pharmacy-establishment of Community pharmacy, organization and

role of top management.

Books Recommended:

1. B.M. Mithal, Text Book of Forensic Pharmacy, National Book Centre, Dr. Sundari

Mohan Avenue, Calcutta (Latest Edition).

2. N.K. Jain, A Text Book of Forensic Pharmacy, Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi (Latest

Edition).

3. Relevant Acts and Rules published by The Government of India (Latest Edition)

4. Remington : The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A. (Latest Edition).

5. Koontz and O'Donnell, Principles of Management, Tata McGraw Hill Inc., New Delhi (1999) (Latest

Edition).

6. K.K. Dewett, Economics (1997) (Latest Edition).

7. T.S. Grewal, Introduction to Accounting, (1996) (Latest Edition).

304. PHARMACEUTICS LABORATORY

PAPER I : BIOLOGICAL PHARMACY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY-II, AND PHARMACEUTICAL

TECHNOLOGY-I (3 hours/week)

A. Biological Pharmacy and Biotechnology-II

1. Find out the viable bacterial count of the bacterial culture by pour plate technique.

2. Find out the total bacterial count by turbidimetry and microscopy.

3. Screen the organism for amylolytic activity.

4. Carry out the microbiological assay of the provided antibiotic.

5. Find out the amylase activity of pancreatin.

6. Find out the proteolytic activity of pancreatin.

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7. Find out the lipase activity of pancreatin.

B. Pharmaceutical Technology-I

Formulation of various formulations like suspensions, emulsions, multiple emulsions, semisolids,

suppositories, capsules and microcapsules (using various polymer and techniques) and evaluation of the

above mentioned products.


PAPER II : Cosmetics (2.5 hours/week)

Cosmetic products such as cold and vanishing creams, all purpose creams, emollient creams and lotions,

hand cream and lotion, deep cleansing milk, moisturizing cream and lotion, face powder, talcum powder, .


nail lacquer remover, nail enamel, lipstick antiperspirants and deodorant preparations, toothpastes,

shampoos, hair oil, shaving creams, after shave preparations.

305. PHARMACOGNOSY

PAPER : PHARMACOGNOSY-III 2 hrs./week

1. Study of the biological sources, chemical constituents and uses of drugs given under 1.1 and 1.2 and

study of cultivation, collection, substitutes, adulterants, diagnostic macroscopic and microscopic

features and chemical tests for identity of drugs printed in bold and in brackets.

1.1 Glycoside Containing Drugs.

1.1.1 Saponin containing drugs : Senega, Dioscorea and (Glycyrrhiza).

1.1.2 Cardioactive drugs : Squill, Strophanthus, Thevetia and (Digitalis).

1.1.3 Anthraquinone cathartics : Rhubarb and Cascara, (Aloe and Senna).

1.2 Alkaloid Containing Drugs.

1.2.1 Pyridine-piperidine group : Tobacco, Areca and Lobelia.

1.2.2 Tropane group : Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Coca and (Datura).

1.2.3 Quinoline, isoquinoline group : Ipecac, (Cinchona and Opium).

1.2.4 Indole group : Catharanthus, Nuxvomica, Physostigma, Erqot and (Rauwolfia).

1.2.5 Imidazole group : Pilocarpus.

1.2.6 Steroidal group : Veratrum Kurchi Bark and Guggulu

1.2.7 Alkaloidal amine group : Ephedra and (Colchicum).

2. Volatile Oils

2.1 Biological sources, chemical constituents, substitutes, allied drugs, adulterants and uses of the

following drugs : Orange peel, cinnamon, nutmeg, eucalyptus, cardamom, fennel, dill and

clove.

2.2 Biological sources, chemical constituents and uses of the following volatile oils used in

perfumery : Rose oil, lavender oil, patchouli oil, sandalwood oil, vetiver oil, lemongrass oil,

orange oil, jasmine oil, geranium oil.

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2.3 Study of botanical sources including alternative controversial sources, chemical constituents

and therapeutic uses of the following indigenous traditional drugs :

Amla, Behera, Harad, Ashwagandha, Babchi, Brahmi, Vasaka, Bach, Tulsi, Shatavar,

Shankhpushpi, Kutaki, Kalmegh, Gokhru, Chirata, Ashoka, Jatamansi, Kuth and Gilo.

Books Recommended

1. V.E. Tyler, L.R. Brady & J. E. Robbers, Pharmacognosy (9th

Edition) K. M. Varghese Company,


2. W. C. Evans Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy (15th

Ed.), W.B. Saunders Limited, 2002.

3. T. E. Wallis, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, J & A Churchill Ltd., London, 1967.

4. C. K. Atal and B. M. Kapur, Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants, CSIR, India, 1982.


5. C.K. Atal and B. M. Kapur, Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants, CSIR, India, 1982.

6. The Wealth of India, Vol. I to Vol. XI, CSIR, New Delhi, 1968.

7. G. V. Satyavati and M.K. Raina, Medicinal Plants of India, Vol. 1, ICMR, New Delhi, 1976.

8. G.V. Satyavati and M.K. Raina, Medicinal Plants of India, Vol. 2, ICMR, New Delhi, 1987.

9. Sukh Dev, A Selection of Prime Ayurvedic Plant Drugs: Ancient-Modern Concordance, Anamaya

Publishers, New Delhi, 2006.

10. P.C. Sharma, M. B. Yeine, T. J. Dennis, Database of Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda, all volumes

published from 2000 onwards, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi.

305. PHARMACOGNOSY

PAPER : PHARMACOGNOSY-IV 2 hrs./week

1. Study of mevalonic and shikimic acid pathways with special reference to the biosynthesis of :

Cinchona and tropane alkaloids, digitalis glycosides, flavonoids and terpenoids.

2. Biological sources, preparation, identification tests and uses of the following enzymes : papain,

pepsin, pancreatin.

3. Plant derived insecticides.

4. Introduction to plant tissue culture techniques.

5. Introduction to different classes of plant growth regulators and their physiological role.

6. Study and applications of following chromatographic techniques :

Thin-layer chromatography, column chromatography, paper chromatography and droplet counter-

current chromatography.

7. Role of organoleptic and microscopic characters, ash values and extractive values in standardization

of crude drugs.

8. Plant adaptogens.

306. PHARMACOGNOSY LABORATORY-III 3 hrs./week

1. Pharmacognostic study of some important drugs covered in theory.

2. Microscopic study of mixture of powdered crude drugs for identification.

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3. Gross identification of crude drugs.

4. Exercises on chromatographic techniques.

Books Recommended :

1. V.E. Tyler, L.R. Brady & J.E. Robbers, Pharmacognosy (9th

Edition), K.M. Varghese Company,


2. T.E. Wallis, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, J. & A. Churchill Ltd., London, 1967.

3. W.C. Evans, Trease and Evans, Pharmacognosy (14th

Ed.), Gopsons Papers Limited, Noida, India,

1997.

4. Egon Stahl, Thin-Layer Chromatography, 2nd

Ed., Springer Verlag, New York, 1969.


5. E.J. Shellard, Quantitative Paper and Thin Layer Chromatography, Academic Press, New York

(Latest Edition).

6. C.K. Atal & B.M. Kapur, Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants, CSIR, India, 1982.

7. J.L. Real & E. Reinhard, Natural Products as Medicinal Agents, Hippocrates Verlag Shuttgart, 1981.

8. H. Wagner, S. Bladt, E.M. Zgainski, Plant Drug Analysis, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984.

9. Yeshajahu Pomeranz and Clifton, E. Meloan, Food Analysis : Theory and Practice, The AVI

Publishing Co. Inc., West Port, 1971.

10. Paul M. Dewick, Medicinal Natural Products : A Biosynthetic Approach, 2nd Edn. 2001, John

Wiley & Sons.

307. PHARMACOLOGY-II 2 hrs./week

1. Pharmacology of Cardiovascular System:

Cardic glycosides and other drugs used in treatment of congestive heart failure, anti-hypertensive

drugs, antiarrhythmic agents, anti-anginal drugs and drugs used in atherosclerosis.

2. Drugs Acting on Blood & Blood Forming Agents :

Coagulants and anticoagulants, antiplatelet and fibrinolytic drugs, haematinics (iron, Vit. B12 folic

acid, Vit. C).

3. Diuretics.

4. Pharmacology of Endocrine System :

Introduction to endocrine pharmacology, thyroid and antithyroid agents, hormones of pancreas and

oral hypoglycemics, adrenocorticosteroids and adrenocortical antagonists, pituitary hormones,

gonadal hormones and their inhibitors, oral contraceptives and hormones regulating calcium

homeostasis.

5. Chemotherapy :

Chemotherapy of Microbial Diseases : General principle of chemotherapy, Sulphonamides,

quinolones, pencillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, protein synthesis inhibitors (tetracyclines),

antimalarial drug, drugs for amoebiasis, helminthiasis. Chemotherapy of tuberculosis, leprosy and

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chemotherapy of antiviral agent including drugs for HIV infection, anticancer drugs, multidrug

resistance (MDR).

6. Drugs Acting on Gastrointestinal Tract :

Emetics, antiemetics, prokinetic agents, agents used in the treatment of constipation, diarrhea and

ulcer.

Books Recommended

1. B. G. Katzung, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Lange Medical Publications, 2000.

2. Goodman & Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Ninth edition, Eds. A. G.

Gilman, J. G. Hardman, L. E. Limbird, P. B. Molinoff, R. W. Ruddor, Macmillan Publishing Co.,

Inc., (2001).

3. C. R. Craig and R. E. Stitzel, Modern Pharmacology, Little Brown & Co., (1994).

58 SYLLABUS FOR B.PHARM. (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION

308. PHARMACOLOGY LABORATORY

PAPER : EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY 3 hrs./12 weeks

1. To record few parameters of cardiac function in rats such as ECG, heart rate and blood pressure of

anaesthetized rats.

2. Effect of various agonists on rat fundus, colon, and uterine preparations.

3. To study the ulcer healing properties of drugs in pylorucs ligated rats.

4. To study the effect of antidiarrhoel drugs on gastric motility using charcoal meal test in mice.

5. Preparations of clinical manual for the treatment of cardiovascular, endocrine and microbial diseases

(At least 4 case preparations for each student).

Books Recommended

1. M.N. Ghosh, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology, Scientific Book Agency, Calcutta

(1984).

2. Pharmacological Experiments in Intact Preparations, Edinburgh University Pharmacology Staff,

Livingstone, (1968).

3. S.K. Kulkarni, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi, 3rd Edition,

(1999).

------------------------

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SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. FOURTH YEAR

FOR THE EXAMINATION OF 2011

Instructions for the paper-setter and the Students : [

1. Each paper shall be of 100 marks (90 marks for examination and 10 marks for Internal Assessment).

2. Theory paper shall have 7 questions, 1 question shall be compulsory of objective/short answer type.

3. Total five questions are to be attempted



PAPER I : MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY-II 2 hrs./week

1. Steroids

1.1 Introduction : Nomenclature, stereochemistry, simple reactions of cholesterol, stigmasterol,

ergosterol, diosgenin, solasodine, bile acids; biosynthesis of testosterone, 17 β-estradiol and

aldosterone form cholesterol.

1.2 Estrogens : Synthesis of estradiol from cholesterol and diosgenin, ethinylestradiol from estrone;

nonsteroidal estrogens; synthesis of diethylstilbesterol, SAR among estrogens; progestational agents;

synthesis of progesterone from diosgenin and stigmasterol, ethisterone from

dehydroepiandrosterone, oral contraceptives, SAR of progestins.

1.3 Androgens and Anabolic Agents : Synthesis of testosterone from diosgenin; methyltestosterone from

dehydroepiandrosterone, methandienone from methy1 testosterone, stanozolol from testosterone.

1.4 Aderenocorticoids : Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, modifications in structure of

hydrocortisone, SAR among glucocorticoids.

The chemical naming and uses of compounds official in IP/BP in all the classes will be covered.

The following topics shall be treated covering chemical naming, structure Activity Relationship,

physicochemical and steric aspects, mode of action (wherever applicable) and uses. The emphasis

would be mainly on B.P. and I. P. drugs. Synthesis of only those drugs given in parenthesis under

each topic would be covered.

2. General Anaesthetic Agents

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Introduction, medicinal aspects of anaesthetics, mode of action; gases and volatile liquid

anaesthetics, intravenous anaesthetics or fixed anaesthetics, toxicity of general anaesthetics

(Diviny1 ether, Ethyl chloride, Cyclopropane, Thiopentone Sodium).

3. Local Anaesthetic Agents

Introduction : Structure-activity relationships, benzoic acid derivatives, aminobenzoic acid

derivatives, lidocaine derivatives; miscellaneous; toxicity; mode of action (Benzocaine, Procaine

Hydrochloride, Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Ainchocaine Hydrochloride).

4. Sedatives-Hypnotics

Introdution; classification of sedative-hypnotics; structure-activity relationships; barbiturates;

amides and imides; alcohols and their carbamate derivatives; aldehydes and their derivatives;

mode of action; pharmacological properties and side effects [Barbitone, Phenobarbitone;

Cyclobarbitone; Pentobarbitone Sodium; Thiopentone Sodium); non-barbiturates (Official drugs).

5. Anticonvulsants

Introduction, epilepsy and its types; structure activity relationships; barbiturates (official products);

hydantoins, Oxazolidinediones, Succinamides; miscellaneous drugs; (Phenytoin Sodium;

Troxidone). 59

60 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH YEAR) EXAMINATION

6. Opioid Analgesics

6.1 Morphine and related drugs, synthetic modifications of morphine, codeine and thebaine.

6.2 Totally synthetic analgesics: Morphinans (N-Methylmorphinan and 3-hydroxy N-methylm-

orphinan); 6, 7-benzomorphans; 4-phenylpiperidines (Pethidine, Methadone and Isomethadone);

endogenous opioid peptides; opioid antagonists (Nalorphine).

7. Antitussives

7.1 Centrally acting antitussives, opium alkaloids and their modifications; synthetic antitussives.

7.2 Peripherally acting antitussives.

7.3 Expectorants.

8. Central Nervous System Stimulants

8.1 CNS stimulants of natural origin.

8.2 Synthetic CNS stimulants (Nikethamide).

8.3 Methylxanthines and modified Methylxanthines (Theophylline).

9. Psychopharmacological Agents

9.1 Antipsychotics, Phenothiazines (Chlorpromazine; Trifluperazine; Butyrophenones, Miscellaneous).

9.2 Antidepressants : Tricyclic antidepressants (Amitripyline); monoamine oxidase inhibitors; atypical

antidepressants.

9.3 Antianxiety drugs : Meprobamate and related drugs; Benzodiazepines (Diazepam).

10. Hallucinogens

Hallucinogenic agents related to indoles, phenethylamines, and Cannabinoids.

11. Diuretics

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11.1 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Acetazolamide and Dichlorphenamide).

11.2 Thiazides and related drugs (Bendrofluazide).

11.3 High-ceiling diuretics.

11.4 Aldoterone antagonists.

11.5 Other postassium – sparing diuretics.

11.6 Osmotic diuretics.

12. Cardiovascular Agents

12.1 Introduction; cardiac glycosides, structure-activity relationship; mechanism of action; toxic effects.

12.2 Antihypertensive agents; introduction; etiology; ganglion blocking agents; antiadrenergic agents,

drugs acting directly on smooth muscles, drugs acting on CNS. (Propranolol).

12.3 Antianginals and vasodilators; introduction; mechanism of smooth muscle vasodilation, esters of

nitrous and nitric acid, side-effects. (Nitroglycerine)

SYLLABUS FOR B.PHARM (FOURTH YEAR) EXAMINATION 61

12.4 Antiarryhthmic and antifibrillytic drugs classification of antiarrhythmic drugs, mechanism of action,

side effects.

12.5 Antilipemic drugs.

Books Recommended

1. M.E. Wolff, Ed., Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, John Wiley and Sons, New

York, (Latest Edition).

2. J.N. Delgado and W.A. Remers, Eds., Wilson and Gisvolds Textbooks of Organic Medicinal and

Pharmaceutical Chemistry, J. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia ( Latest Edition).

3. W.C. Foye, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia (Latest Edition).

4. J.E.F. Reynolds, Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopocia, The Pharmaceutical Press, London ( Latest

Edition).

5. H. Singh and V. K. Kapoor, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi

(Latest Edition).


PAPER II : MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY-III 2 hrs. /week

1. Drug Metabolism

Introduction : general pathways of drug metabolism; Phase I (Functionalization) and Phase II

(Conjugation).

Phase I

Oxidative reactions, cytochrome P-450 and Flavin monoxygenases electron transport systems; the

following oxidation reactions will be discussed giving suitable examples of xenobiotics: Aromatic

hydroxylation, alkene epoxidation, oxidation of carbon adjacent to sp2

centers, oxidation of aliphatic

and alicyclic carbon atoms; oxidation of carbon-nitrogen systems; oxidation of carbon-oxygen

systems, oxidation of carbon-sulphur systems; oxidation of halogenated compounds having α-

hydrogen; (Halothane, Chloroform, Chloramphenicol etc.); Oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes.

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Reductive Reactions; Reduction of Carbonyl function; Nitro group; A20 function. Tertiary amine

oxides, Reductive dehalogenation.

Hydrolytic Reactions.

Phase II

Glucuronic acid conjugation, sulphate conjugation, amino acid conjugation, glutathion conjugation,

acetyl conjugation and methyl conjugation.

2. Metabolite Antagonism

Basic concepts, active site directed irreversible enzyme inhibitors, mechanism based enzyme

inhibitors, dihydrofolate synthetase inhibitors, dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, amino acid

antagonists, antagonists directed against nucleic acides, β-lactamase inhibitors.

3. The following topics shall be treated covering chemical naming, structure activity relationship,

physicochemical and stero aspects, mode of action (whereable applicable) and uses. The emphasis

would be only on B.P. and I.P. compounds. Syntheisis of only those drugs given in parentheses

under each topic would be covered.


3.1 Sulphonamides; development nomenculature and classification, antimicrobial spectrum, drug

resistance, synergism with dihydrofolate reductaste inhibitors, toxicity and side effects, reduction of

crystal uria, physicochemical properties and biological activity, protein binding and distribution,

metabolism, sulphamides and trimethoprim combination (Sulphanilamide, Sulphacetamide,

Sulphadiazine, Sulphadimethoxine, Sulphamethazole and Sulphamethoxazole)

3.2 Antibiotics : Classification, cycloserine, chloramphenicol, penicillins, cephalosporins,

aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, polypeptides (Chloramphenicol).

3.3 Antimycobacterial agents : Introduction to mycobacterium, development of antimycobacterium

agents and their use in therapeutics (dapsone Sulfoxone Sodium and Solapsone; Isonicotinic acid

hydrazide, para Aminosalicylic acid, Pyrazinamide and Ethionamide).

3.4 Antimalarials quinoline and analogues, 8-amino quinolines, 9-amino acridines, 4-amino quinolines,

diamino pyrimidine, and biguanides (Primaquin, Mepacrine, Chloroquin and Pyrimethamine).

3.5 Antiamoebic agents; emetine hydrochloride, quinoline derivatives, metal free substances; diloxanide

furoate, metronidazole, organometallic compounds, acetarsol (Diodohydro-xyquinoline, Diloxanide

Furoate, Metronidazole and Acetarsol).

3.6 Drugs used for trypanosomiasis and other protozoal diseases.

3.7 Anthelmintics drugs used in cestode infections; drugs used in trematode infections, drugs used for

intestinal nematode infections; antifilarial agents (Niclosamide, Hexylresorcinol,

Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Thiabendazole).

3.8 Antifungal agents; antibiotics, griseofulvin, amphotericin, candicidine, Nystatin, Synthetic

antifungal agents, salicyclic acid, miconazole Elconazole, Tolanflate, Flucotosine, Dithranol and

Chlorphenesin.

3.9 Urinary antiseptics quinolones, Nalidixic acid, Nitrofurantion (Nalidixic acid, Nitrofurantan).

3.10 Disinfectants and antiseptics

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3.11 Antineoplastic agent : Introduction, characteristic of cancer cell, cell growth cycle, causes of cancer,

antimetabolites; 6-thioguanine, methotraxate, 6-mercaptopurine, cytarabine, 5-flurouracil and

dacarbazine, alkylating agents, mechlorethamine, melphalan, busulphan mitomycin, cisplatin,

thiotepa (chlorambucil Carmustine, Lomustine, Cyclophosphamide), DNA intercalating agents

Doxorubicin, Daunorubicin, Mitoxantrone, Antibiotics, Daitionmycin, bleomycin, mithramycin and

anthramycin, Antimitotic agents, vineustine and vinblastin; miscellaneous agents, procarbazine,

asparazinase, interferones and hydroxyurea (Hydroxyurea).

3.12 Antiviral agents : Introduction to DNA, RNA and retroviruses, viral application, amantidine

hydrochloride, interferones, acyclovir, idoxuridine, trifluorothymidine, vidarabine, cytarabine,

ribavirin, methisazone, zidovdine and 2, 3-dideoxycitidine.

4. Diagnostic agents

5. Surface active agents

Books Recommended

1. M.E. Wolff, Ed., Burger's Medicinal Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York (Latest Edition).

2. J. N. Delgado and W. A. Remers, Eds., Wilson and Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medicinal and

Pharmaceutical Chemsitry, J. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia (Latest Edition).

3. W. C. Foye, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia (Latest Edition).

SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH YEAR) EXAMINATION 63

4. J. E. F. Reynolds, Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, The Pharmaceutical Press, London (Latest

Edition).

5. H. Singh and V.K. Kapoor Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi

(Latest Edition).


PAPER III : PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS III 2 hrs./week

1. Electromagnetic Radiations

Nature of electromagnetic radiations, the interaction between energy and matter, applications of

quantum mechanic theory, the absorption of energy by atoms and molecules, the emission of radiant

energy by atoms and molecules; refraction and diffraction.

2. Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometry

Electronic excitation, quantitative laws, deviations from Beer's law, graphical presentation of data,

chromophores, photometric error, instrumentation (light sources, prism and grating

monochromators, photoemissive and photomultiplier tubes), single and double beam instruments,

Steps in spectrophotometric measurements (sample handling; amplifications and radiation of

detectors, selection of wavelength and band width), concentration and optimum absorbance value,

applications (direct and indirect methods, analysis of mixture).

3. Fluorometric Analysis

Theory, quantitative description, experimental factors affecting fluorescence intensity, factors

affecting Io and F directly, relationship of fluorescence to molecular structure, instrumentation

(cells, light sources, wavelength selection, detectors), correction of spectra, pharmaceutical

applications.

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4. Infrared Spectrophotometry

Theory, characteristic absorption bands of organic functional groups, interpretation of infrared

absorption Spectra; Frequency range, bandwidth and scan speed, concentration range and aborbance

value, preparation of sample, sample cell, IR instrumentation, (light sources, monochromator

detectors), qualitative and quantitative applications in pharmaceutical analysis, analytical

shortcomings.

5. X-Ray Spectroscopy

An introduction to the theory of x-ray spectroscopy (Miller indices, Space lattice and unit cell,

Bravais lattices). Interplanar spacing in crystal system. Diffraction of x-ray by brystals, Bragg's

equation, powder method, x-ray diffraction pattern of cubic system (NaCl), applications in

pharmaceutical analysis.

6. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

An introduction to the theory of NMR, magnetic properties of the nuclei, nuclear magnetic moments,

absorption of energy, chemical shift, shielding and deshielding, spin-spin coupling, NMR

instrumentation, typical spectra, analytical application in pharmaceutical analysis.


7. Mass Spectrometry

Instrumentation, Basic principle determination of the molecular formula, recognition of the molecular

ion peak, fragmentation, mass spectra of simple compounds (saturated hydrocarbons).

8. Flame Photometry

Origin of spectra, atomization and ionization, instrumentation (nebuliser, mirrors, burners, slits,

monochromator, detector, background emission, interferences, qualitative and quantitative

applications in pharmaceutical analysis).

9. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Theory of absorption of radiant energy by atoms, equipment, analytical applications.

10. Polarimetry, its Principles and Applications

Plane of Polarization, types of molecules analysed, optical rotation, optical rotatory dispersion,

circular dichroism, the effect of concentration, wavelength, solvent, temperature on optical rotation,

the polarimeter, light sources, sample cells, determination of optically active substances,

determination of an optically active impurity in an optically active drug.

Books Recommended

1. L.G. Chatten, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. 1 and 2, Marcel Dekker, NY (Latest Edition).

2. A. H. Beckett and J. B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry,Vol. 1 and 2, Athlone Press of

the University of London (Latest Edition).

3. H. Willard, L.L., Marriott; Jr., J. A. Dean, Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Van Nostrand

Reinhold, N.Y. (Latest Edition).

4. J. W. Robinson, Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis, Marcel and Dekker Inc., NY, 1970 (Latest

Edition).

5. V. M. Parikh, Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Molecules, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.,

London, 1974 (Latest Edition).

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6. D. A. Skoog, E. J. Holler and T. A. Nieman, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Saunders Golden

Sunburst Series, Saunders College Publishing Harcourt Brace College Philadelphia, Fort Worth,

Chicago (Latest Edition).


PAPER I : MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 3 hrs./week

1. Synthesis of selective drugs involving more than two steps.

2. Establishing the Pharmacopoeial standards of the drugs synthesised (selected examples).

3. Experimentation on drug metabolism.

4. Workshop on spectral interpretation and stereo model use of some selected drugs.


PAPER II : PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS-III 3 hrs./week

1. Determination of number and percentage of hydroxyl groups in the given sample of polyhydric

alcohols or phenols.

2. Determination of percentage and number of amino groups in the samples.

3. Determination of percentage of the carboxylic acid by iodometric titration.

4. Determination of aldehyde and ketones by hydroxylamine hydrochloride, pyridine procedure.

5. Estimation of amino acids in the given sample. SYLLABUS FOR B.PHARM. (FOURTH YEAR) EXAMINATION 65

6. Estimation of nitrogen in organic compounds by Kjeldahl method.

7. To find out the λmax and E (1%,1cm) of potassium nitrate.

8. Find out the amount of methyldopa in the given sample of methyldopa tablets.

9. Find out the λmax and E (1%, 1cm )of paracetamol.

10. Estimate the content of sulphonamides by colorimetric methods.

11. Determine the content of diazepam in the given sample.

12. Estimate the content of paracetamol in the given sample.

13. Estimate the content of choramphenicol in the given sample.

14. Estimate the amount of riboflavin and thiamine in the given sample by fluorometric method.

15. Perform the assay of chlorpromazine hydrochloride and promethazine hydrochloride by official

methods.

16. Identify the compound by I.R. spectrophotometry.

17. Find out the concentration of sodium ions in the given sample by flame photometry.

18. Find out the concentration of potassium ions in the given sample by flame photometry.

Books Recommended

1. L.G. Chatten, ATextbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol.1 and 2, Marcel Dekker, NY (Latest

Edition).

2. A.H. Beckett and J.B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. 1 and 2, The Athlone

Press of the University of London (Latest Edition).

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3. H.H. Willard, L.L. Marriott, Jr. J. A. Dean, Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Van Nostrand

Reinhold, N.Y. (Latest Edition).

4. J.W. Robinson, Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis, Marcel and Dekker Inc., N.Y. (Latest

Edition).

5. V.M. Parikh, Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Molecules, Addison – Wesley Publishing Co.,

London (Latest Edition).

403. PHARMACEUTICS :

PAPER I : PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS (2 hours/ week)

1. Introduction to pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics including history and their role in related

disciplines.

Pharmacokinetics

Compartment models

Modeling, basics of compartmental modeling including numeric applications (wherever possible)

of :

One compartment open body model, pharmacokinetics of single dose administration following

intravenous (rapid), oral and intravenous transfusion administration, Wagner Nelson method and

method of residuals as applied to plasma concentration profiles following oral intake, multiple dose

kinetics following intravenous (rapid) and oral administration, superposition principle, steady state

kinetics.


2.1.2 Urinary excretion, merits and shortcomings, Sigma- minus plot, method of residuals as applied to

cumulative and rate of excretion curves.

2.1.3 Two compartment open body model, pharmacokinetics of single dose administration as applied to

intravenous (rapid), oral and intravenous transfusion administration, method of residuals as applied

to plasma concentration profiles following intravenous (rapid) administration.

3. Biopharmaceutics

3.1 Physicochemical factors affecting biopharmaceutical performance of drugs, with special emphasis

on pH- partition hypothesis, adsorption of ionic drugs in light of unstirred water layer, dissolution

rate, drug stability in gut, adsorption, complexation, etc.

3.2 Physiological considerations affecting biopharmaceutical performance of drugs including membrane

and G.I. physiology, effects of food, gastric emptying, G.I. motility etc.

3.3 Bioavailability and equivalence concepts, significance, methods of determination of bioavailability

using blood level and urinary excretion data, protocol, federal requirements.

4. Recent trends in pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics, pharmacokinetic basis of sustained release

formulations.

Books Recommended :

1. W.A. Ritschel, Handbook of Basic Pharmacokinetics, Drug Intelligence, 4th

Ed., Hamilton III, 1992.

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2. J.G. Wanger, Fundamentals of Chemical Pharmacokinetics, Drug Intelligence, Hamilton, 1975.

3. A. Gennaro (ed.), Remington : The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Company,

Pennsylvania, 2005.

4. Shargel, L. and Yu, A., Applied Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Appleton and Large,

Norwalk, (CT, 1993).

5. M. Gibaldi, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 4th

Ed., Lea & Febiger, 1990 M.

Gibaldi and D. Perrier, Pharmacokinetics, J. Swarbrick ed., Marcel Dekker, NY.

403. PHARMACEUTICS

PAPER II : CLINICAL PHARMACY (2 hours/week)

1. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, dosage regimens and utilization of drug therapy

1.1 Basic pharmacokinetics: An introduction to clinical pharmacokinetics,

definition, basic considerations and its applications. Drug concentration versus time

profile, introduction to the concept of volume of distribution, half life and clearance and

their importance in clinical pharmacokinetics.

1.2 Elimination:- Concept of clearance, hepatic clearance, renal clearance, dependence of

elimination kinetics on clearance and distribution.

1.3 Dosage regimens :

1.3.1 An introduction to dosage regimens and the concept of response and concentration

1.3.2 Multiple dose regimens:- Drug accumulation, relationship between initial and

maintenance doses, maintenance of the drug in the therapeutic range, practical

aspects of multiple dose administration, design of dosage regimens from plasma

concentrations.


1.4 Individualization of therapy

1.4.1 Variability- Reasons for variability, Accounting for variability

1.4.2 Influence of Age and Weight

1.4.3 Disease State- Drug therapy in Hepatic and Renal disease

1.4.4 Concentration monitoring - Target concentration strategy, target concentration, pertinent

information, evaluation procedures, dosing scenario

1.4.5 Therapeutic drug monitoring

1.5 Clinical laboratory tests for Liver function and Kidney function.

1.6 Drug Interactions

1.6.1 Factors- Drug determinants, Host determinants, Multiple drug therapy

1.6.2 Methods of investigating drug interactions

1.6.3 Clinical investigation of specific drug interactions

1.6.4 Pharmacokinetic aspects of drug interaction- Drug elimination, distribution and absorption

1.6.5 Prevention of drug interactions in general practice

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2. Drug information services, documentation and counselling of patients

2.1 Ambulatory patient care: Pharmacist's responsibility, proper use of medication, patient

counselling, drug utilization review, medication profiles, non-prescription drug usage, health

education, new and expanded dimensions, health care delivery systems.

2.2 Patient compliance-Non compliance, factors associated with non compliance, improving

compliance.

3. Procurement and distribution of drugs in an Institution (Hospital Pharmacy)

Hospital - Definition of hospital pharmacy, organization, facilities provided, pharmacist's

responsibility - technical responsibilities (procurement, storage, dispensing, control, stock and

inventory control, manufacturing sterile products, investigational drugs, I.V. admixtures,

radiopharmaceuticals, assay and quality control, bioavailability), administrative and academic

responsibilities.

4. Intravenous admixtures

Intravenous fluids-packaging systems, administrative sets, administration procedures including

volume control method, piggyback method, patient controlled analgesia, final-filter devices,

intravenous admixtures—additives, parenteral incompatibility, total parenteral nutrition.

Books Recommended

1. M. Rowland and T.N. Tozer, Clinical Pharmacokinetics: Concepts and Applications, Lea and

Febiger, Philadelphia, 2nd

edition, 1989.

2. M.C. Allwood and J.T. Fell, Textbook of Hospital Pharmacy, Blackwell Scientific Publications,

Oxford, London, 1980.

3. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th

edition, 1995, Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A.


4. E.V. Klejin and J.R. Jonders, Clinical Pharmacy, Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, NY,

1977.

5. E.T. Herfindal, D.R. Gourley and L.L. Hart, Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Williams and

Wilkins, 4th

edition, London, 1988.

6. D. Lawson and R.M.E. Richards, Clinical Pharmacy and Hospital Drug Management, Chapmann

and Hall, London, 1982.

7. L.E. Cluff and J.C. Petrie, Clinical Aspects of Interaction between Drugs, American Elsevier

Publishing Co., NY, 1974.

8. R.J. Greene and N.D. Harris, Pathology and Therapeutics for Pharmacists, The Pharmaceutical

Press, 1st edition, 1988.

403. PHARMACEUTICS

PAPER III: PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY-II (2 hours/week)

1. Preformulation studies

Goals of preformulation studies, Designing of preformulation evaluation principle areas

of preformulation research, Bulk characterization – crystallinity, polymorphism, hygroscopicity,

fine particle characterization, bulk density, fine powder flow properties; Solubility Analysis – pKa,

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solubility and solubilization, thermal effects, partition coefficient dissolution; Stability – Stability in

formulations, solution stability, solid state stability and compatibility studies.

2. Various forms of tablets

Coated and compressed layer tablets, effervescent, sublingual, buccal and chewable tablets,

medicated lozenges, sustained release tablets.

3. Tablet formulations

Properties of compressed tablets, systematic approach to tablet product design, components and

additives of tablets, production of tablets, methods of manufacture of tablets. Problems in tablet

manufacture.

4. Evaluation of tablets

Tablet Diameter and thickness, Hardness, Uniformity of weight test, Friability, Disintegration Test,

Dissolution Test, Potency and Content uniformity.

5. Tablet Coating

Sugar coating, processing steps, equipments; film coating, film formers, methods of evaluating film

coating, film coating defects; compression coating; and particle coating techniques.

6. Compression and consolidation

Properties of tablets influenced by compression, measurement of transmission and distribution of

forces in a compressed tablet, effect of pressure on relative volume, lubrication, adhesion and

cohesion of particles, strength of granules, factors affecting strength of tablets.

7. Pharmaceutical tablet compression tooling

Terminology, tablet design, specification and information required, use and care of the tooling,

problem solving.


8. Quality Assurance

Quality assurance system, Raw material quality assurance monographs, Container, Before start

checking – Environmental control and Sanitation, Manufacturing working formula procedures, raw

materials, Manufacturing equipment, statistical quality control, Sampling procedures (Single

sampling plan, Double sampling plan, Multiple sampling plans), After start checking, Finished

product testing, quality assurance during packaging, Auditing.

9. Pilot plant scale-up techniques

Introduction, factors to be considered during development, types of organizational structures

responsible for pilot operations, educational backgrounds of pilot plant personnel, pilot plant design

for tablets.

10. cGMP

Organization and personnel, general facilities, environmental factors, pharmaceutical manufacturing

facilities.

11. Sustained release drug delivery system

Sustained release drug therapy, advantages, drug properties relevant to sustained release,

Introduction to sustained release oral dosage forms; parenteral dosage forms; implants; ocular

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inserts; transdermal systems. Delivery systems like nanoparticles, microspheres, liposomes niosomes

and nanoemulsions.

12. Pharmaceutical Packaging (excluding parenterals)

Definition, regulatory requirements in pharmaceutical packaging, primary and secondary packaging,

packaging materials, containers and closures; and tamper-evident packaging.

Books Recommended :

1. Herbert, A., Lieberman and Leon Lachman, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Tablets, Vol. I, II, III,

Marcel Dekker Inc., NY (Latest Edition).

2. L. Lachman, H.A. Liebermann and J.L. Kanig, The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Lea

and Febiger, Philadelphia (Latest edition).

3. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Company, Easton,

Pennsylvania (Latest Edition).

4. A.N. Martin, J. Swarbrick and A. Cammarati, Physical Pharmacy, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia

(Latest edition).

5. H.S. Ansel and N.G. Popovich, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (Latest

edition).

6. R.L. Juliano, Drug Delivery Systems, Oxford University Press, Oxford (Latest edition).

7. V.R. Sinha, R. Kumria and O.P. Katare, Pharmaceutical Packaging in Pharmaceutical Products

Development, Ed. by N.K. Jain, 2006. LBS, New Delhi.


PAPER I : PHARMACOKINETICS, BIOPHARMACEUTICS AND CLINICAL PHARMACY

(3 hours/week)

Experiments illustrative of theory papers I (Pharmacokinetic & Biopharmaceutics) and II (Clinical

Pharmacy) such as study of absorption mechanisms by everted sac technique, blood Saliva level profiles in

man/rabbits and pharmacokinetic analysis, sulfonamide levels in rats, in vitro drug interactions, study

problems and case studies .


PAPER II: PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY (3 hours/week)

Diagram and working of single punch tablet machine, Rotary tablet press and other equipments;

manufacturing of compressed tablets by direct compression and by dry and effervescent and/or soluble

tablets and their evaluation parameters; tablet coating processes—sugar coating and film coating tablet

processes and preparation of microcapsules and their release rate studies.

405. PHARMACOGNOSY

PAPER : PHARMACOGNOSY-V 2 hrs./week

1. Procurement of raw material, its authentication and standardization. Extraction procedures and

operations involved in the isolation of phytopharmaceuticals.

2. Worldwide trade in plant and plant derived products with special reference to Dioscorea

(Diosgenin), Digitalis, Tropane alkaloid containing plants, Rauwolfia, Cinchona (Quinine and

quinidine), Ipecac (Emetine). Glycyrrhiza, Ginseng, Plants containing laxatives and Valerian.

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3. Scope and development of phytochemical industry in India. Industrial utilization of medicinal plants

and production of phytoconstituents.

3.1 Poppy, Cinchona, Catharanthus, Ipecac and Colchicine.

3.2 Aloes, Senna, Rutin, Catechin and Isabgol.

3.3 Utilization of plants as source of raw material for the production of steroids.

3.4 Photosensitizing agents including furanocoumarins from plants.

3.5 Utilization of aromatic plants and plant derived products with special reference to the following:

Menthol, Sandalwood oil, Vetiver oil, Rose oil, Eucalyptus oil, Pine oil and Cedar wood oil.

3.5.1 Essential oil production by different methods.

3.5.2 Utilization of waste of essential oil industry.

3.6. Natural colourants, plant bitters and plant sweeteners.

4. Recent developments in medicinal agents from plants.

406. PHARMACOGNOSY LABORATORY-IV 3 hrs./week

1. Isolation of some selected phytoconstituents studied in theory viz., quinine, caffeine, piperine, rutin,

diosgenin and menthol.

2. Extraction of volatile oils and its chromatographic studies.

3. Authentication and standardization of curde drugs.

4. Project report.

Books Recommended

1. C.K. Atal and B.M. Kapur, Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants, CSIR, India, 1982.

2. C.K. Atal and B.M. Kapur, Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants, CSIR, India, 1982.


3. W.C. Evans, Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy (15th

Ed.), W.B. Saunders Limited, 2002.

4. Natural Colourants and Dyestuffs, FAO, Rome, 1995.

5. Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials, WHO, Geneva, 1998 or revisions thereafter.

6. European Medicines Evaluation Agency guidelines on Quality of Herbal Medicinal Products issued

from time to time and available at http://www.emea.eu.int

7. Trade and Production of Herbal Medicines and Natural Health Products, K. Vasisht and V. Kumar,

ICS-UNIDO, Trieste, 2002.

8. Intensely Sweet Compounds of Natural Origin, A.D. Kinghorn and D.D. Soejarto, Medicinal

Research Reviews, vol 9 (1), p 91-115, 1989.

407. PHARMACOLOGY-III

PAPER I : BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2hrs./week

1. Bioassays

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Basic principles of bioassays, radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassays, official bioassays of

oxytocin, vasopressin, insulin and digitalis and statistics employed in biological experiments.

2. Biochemical Pharmacology

2.1 Subcellular structures and biological membranes, receptor occupancy and cellular signalling

systems, (cyclic nucleotides, calcium, calmodulin, phosphatidyl inositol, EDRF and arachidonic acid

metabolites) apoptosis.

2.2 Cardiac injury and myocardial enzyme leakage, carnitine, oxygen free radical, its scavengers and

role in cardiovascular and other disorders.

2.3 Biochemical aspects of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, anxiety, neurosis, mental

depression and Alzheimer's disease, drug addiction.

2.4 Autocoids and arachidonic acid metabolites (Prostaglandins, thromboxane, leukotrienes, lipoxins

and platelet activating factor).

3. Toxicology

3.1 Concept, development and scope of toxicology, behavioural and neurotoxicity, teratology,

endotoxin, pesticides, cardiac, hepatic, renal and pulmonary toxicity. Industrial, environmental and

forensic toxicology.

3.2 Clinical Toxicology

Principles and management of different types of poisoning and toxicity reactions.

Books Recommended

1. P.K. Gupta, Modern Toxicity, Vol. 1-3, Metropolitan, New Delhi, 1985.

2. J. Doull, C.D. Klaasen and M.A. Amdur, Casarett and Doul's Toxicology, 2nd

Edition, McMillan

Publishing Co., Inc, 1980.

3. B. Ballantyne, T. Marrs. P. Turner, General and Applied Toxicology, Macmillan Press Ltd., 1995.


407. PHARMACOLOGY III

PAPER II : CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 2 hrs./week

1. Clinical Pharmacology : Definition, concept and scope of clinical pharmacology.

2. Drug development process: Definition, scope and preclinical evaluation of drugs, safety evaluation,

clinical trials and post marketing surveillance of new drugs. Contract Research Organization, its

concept and scope.

3. Basic principles of drug therapy monitoring in paediatric and geriatric patients. Drug therapy in

pregnancy and lactation.

4. Adverse drug reactions (incidence, importance and surveillance) their monitoring, drug interactions.

5. Rational use of drugs, Essential medicine list and national drug policy.

6. Epidemiology of drug use and organization of drug information services/center.

7. Drug therapy of specific disorders with special consideration to pathophysiology and drug treatment

(a) infectious diseases (b) cardiovascular and renal disorders (c) psychiatric disorders (d) endocrine

disorders (e) GI tract disorders (f) AIDS.

8. Immunopharmacology : Definition, scope and application of Immunopharmacology,

Immunomodulators and Immunosuppressants.

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Books Recommended

1. T.M. Speight, N. H. G. Holford, Aveery's Drug Treatment, 4th

edition, Adis International.

2. R. Walker and C. Edwards, Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Churchill Livingstone, London,

1999.

3. D. G. Grahaems Smith and J. K. Aronson, Oxford Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug

Therapy, Oxford University Press, 1984.

4. B. G. Katzung, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Lange Medical Publications, 8th

Ed. (2000).

5. E. Braunwald, K. J. Isselbucher, J.B. Martin, A. S. Faue, J. D. Wilson Harrisons, D.L. Kasper,

Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th

edition, McGraw Hill International Book Co., 1994.

6. Drug, Facts and Comparisons, Facts and Comparisons, St. Louis, USA, 1995.

7. D.R. Laurence, Clinical Pharmacology, 5th

edition, Churchill Livingstone, 1985.

408. PHARMACOLOGY LABORATORY

PAPER : EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY 3 hrs./week

1. Bioassays

Bioassays designs using various isolated preparations (frog rectus abdominis, rat colon, fundus,

uterus, anococcygeus, vas deferens).

2. Experimental Toxicology

Calculation of LD 50 values and therapeutic index (statistical approach).

3. Clinical Pharmacology

Study and analysis of clinical problems including case history and drug therapy. Critical appraisal of

drug advertisements. Exercises on effective pharmacist- patient communication.

Books Recommended

1. Fundamentals of Experiment Pharmacology, M. N. Ghosh, Scientific Book Agency, Calcutta, 1984.


2. Pharmacological Experiments in Intact Preparations, Edinburgh University Pharmacology Staff,

Livingstone, 1968.

3. Pharmacological Experiments on Isolated Preparations, Edinburgh University Pharmacology Staff,

Livingstone, 1968.

4. S.K. Kulkarni, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi, 3rd edition,

1999.

409. (A) INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT

(B) COMPUTER AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES . 2 hrs./week

(Equal number of questions may be set from each part)

A. INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT

1. Introductory, Philosophy and nature of management. Importance of management. Limitations of the

science of management.

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2. Production, planning and control : Types of production, scheduling and control of production.

3. Inventory control : Objectives, inventory classification, ABC analysis, EOQ models, inventory

control procedures.

4. Plant layout and line balancing : Concept and factors governing plant layout, process layout and

product layout, methods of plant layout, storage space requirement, line balancing, linear

programming methods.

5. Work-study : Need for work study, objectives, method study procedure, flow process charts, design

of work place, time study, performance appraisal.

6. Programming and Budgeting : Programming, zero based budgets, types and uses of budgets,

preparation of budget, forecasting techniques.

7. Principles of quality management : Benchmarking and re-engineering principles.

8. Marketing management, marketing planning and organization, marketing research and its

applications in Pharmacy, new product development and launch, sale and distribution management.

B. COMPUTERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

1. Introduction

Introduction of computers, hardware and software, different components (various input/output

devices), brief history (Alken, ENIAC, UNIVAC etc.), classification by generations, various areas of

applications particularly in pharmaceutical sciences.

2. Fundamentals

2.1 Types of computer memories, RAM and ROM (Auxillary storage and primary storage), concept of

BITS and Bytes, binary number systems, character codes (EBCDIC and ASCII).

2.2 Data processing : Computer network, elements of various network, topologies for LAN and WAN.


2.3 Software concept : Types of computer software, operating system software, control software and

application software with reference to word-processor, DEMS, proper care, computer viruses, basics

of MS-office software package.

2.4 Problem solving : Procedure for problem solving.

3. Fortran Language

3.1 DATA types, variables and constants (Numeric, character), type specification statement, implicit

statements, undeclared variables.

3.2 Arithmatic expressions and FORTRAN equivalents. Arithmatic operations, relational expressions,

precedence of relational and logical operations, Truth tables.

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3.3 Input/output statements : Read/write statements, stop statement, end statement. List directed

input/output statements. FORMAT statement, I, E, F, T, A, H, slash (1) and Apostrophe Format’

specifications.

3.4 Control statement : IF statement (Logical IF, Block IF, Arithmetic IF, nested block IF) computed go

to statement.

3.5 Do Loop (Do Statement, Do Loop body, Terminal statement of Do Loop) Rules for Do Loop,

Nested Do Loops.

3.6 Subscripted Variables : Subscript notations, Arrays (Two dimensional), input/output of arrays using

Array name, using Do Loop, Parameter statement.

3.7 Brief introduction to subroutines and functions. Simple exercises illustrating the use of various

FORTRAN statements.

-------------------------

Published by : Prof. S. S. Bari, Registrar, Panjab University, Chandigarh.

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