Aviation Human Factors Memory

8/8/2019 Aviation Human Factors Memory

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TEAM MEMBERS:

ZENG YANGRohit

Shofiyah

Faidhi



CO NTENTS PAGE Short Term Memory

± Iconic ± Echoic

± Working

Long Term Memory

± Semantic

± Episodic

Attention Types

± Selective

± Divided

± Focused

± Sustained

Amnesia

Situational Awareness

Answering the Problem Statement



Problem Statement

Your tasks today are to advice them and show

how their minds will be able to cope up with

all the information that they will be receiving

during their course of work.



Short Term : Iconic Memory

is the term for when the human brain remembers an image afterbriefly being shown the visual

Lasts less than a second

refers only to the memory of sight.

The word icon means a picture or image, hence the term for this

short-term type of memory.

From iconic memory experiments, scientists learned that a witnessed

image is stored briefly without the brain spending much time

processing.

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-iconic-memory.html Zeng Yang

With a capacity of 5<= 7 =<9



Echoic Memory The auditory version of Sensory Memory

refers to the phenomenon in which there is a brief mental

echo that continues to sound after auditory stimuli has

been heard

Lasts for three or four seconds

EXAMPLE

have a friend recite a list of numbers, and then suddenly

stopping, repeat the last four numbers.

http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Echoic_Memory



Working Memory It is the aspect of memory that we are aware of, or can bring back

very quickly and easily.

It is where you do your thinking and imagining. A decent analogy is

to the working memory (RAM) of a computer.

The aspect of working memory that has been most studied is

nowadays called the phonological loop.

Example

If you read a telephone number in the phone book, you can keep it

in your short-term memory for about 10 to 20 seconds. If you repeat

it over and over, you can hold on to it longer.

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/memory.html ZENG YANG



Long Term Memory

As the name implies, this contains the memories that we

hang on to for a long time - our whole lives, often enough.

It is also enormous in capacity - more room than we will

ever need!

One example between the difference of the Long TermMemory and Shot term memory would be like the

characteristics of the hard drive vs floppy disks.

Zeng Yanghttp://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/memory.html



Types of Long Term Memory Semantic memory

± refers to the memory of meanings, understandings, and otherconcept-based knowledge unrelated to specific experiences.

± includes generalized knowledge that does not involve memory of a specific event.

For instance, you can answer a question like "Are wrenches pets ortools?" without remembering any specific event in which you learnedthat wrenches are tools.

Episodic Memory ± are temporal, like rules, but are amazingly flexible

± can be a matter of remembered personal experiences, ormemorized history lessons, or pure fiction.

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/memory.html Zeng Yang



Retrograde Amnesia is what we call the more sudden loses of memory, whether

temporary or permanent.

The most dramatic examples occur after serious trauma to the

head such as sometimes occur with car accidents or gun shots

to the head.

The usual kind of amnesia is called retrograde amnesia, where

you can't remember past events.

It is usually episodic memory (memories of events in your life,

or even of your identity). We seem to retain things like our

skills, the ability to speak, definitions of words, and so on.

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/memory.html ZENG YANG



Anterograde Amnesia

Anterograde Amnesia is a disorder in which new information cannotbe stored into long term memory (LTM).

Memories involving the retrieval of recently past events (episodic

memory) become impossible for patients with this disorder.

http://www.scottsdalecc.edu/ricker/psy101/readings/section_6/6-2.html



Attention

Attention is the cognitive process of selectivelyconcentrating on one aspect of the environmentwhile ignoring other things.

Attention is influenced by arousal level andstress.

Types of attention:

± Selective

± Divided

± Focused

± Sustained

shofiyah



Selective Attention

When a person is monitoring several sources

of input, with greater attention being given to

one or more sources which appear more

important.

Example:

± cocktail party effect

shofiyah



Divided Attention

Where people are required to do more than

one thing at the same time.

May be referred as time sharing Example:

± Driving a car while talking on the phone.

shofiyah



Focused Attention

Focused attention is merely the skill of

focusing ones attention upon a single source

and avoiding distraction.

Example:

± Eating in a noisy environment

shofiyah



Sustained Attention

Sustained attention as its name implies, refers

to the ability to maintain attention and remain

alert over long periods of time, often on one

task.

Example:

± Examinations

shofiyah



Situational AwarenessWhat is i t?

- involves being

aware of what is

happening around

you to understand

how information,

events, and your own

actions will impact

your goals and

objectives, both nowand in the near

future.

http://www.satechnologies.com/Papers/pdf/HFES98-SAGATvSART.pdf ROHIT



Why is it important?

Lacking SA or having inadequate SA has been

identified as one of the primary factors in

accidents attributed to human error.

SA has been recognized as a critical, yet often

elusive, foundation for successful decision-

making across a broad range of complex and

dynamic systems

www.iom.edu/.../Jun-10-11-2009-Commissioned -Paper -C reat ing-Situational

- Awareness

-A-Syst ems-A ppr oach. pdf ROHIT



Air traffic controller

Short-term

Call sign

Needs to perform other

tasks

Long-term

Procedures

Ability to already

picture aircrafts

position in relation

to landmarks on

the radars screen

Faidhi



Communication between tower & pilot is crucial.

Therefore both pilot and control tower need to multitask,Divided Attention.

(observing instruments like altimeter whilecommunicating)

Visual aids help the ATC to know where the

aircraft is and to provide information to the

pilot and pilot to ATC.

Faidhi



Semantic memory

Episodic memory Situation awareness

Peter and Liza need to have this so they couldspot and react as quickly as possible. Theperception, comprehension and projection of thing.

Attention and Perception

Decision Making, Memory, and MotorProgrammes

Physical Access and Claustrophobia

Faidhi

Aviation Human Factors Memory

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