Autodesk Sustainability workshop-Building design concepts.docx

8/9/2019 Autodesk Sustainability workshop-Building design concepts.docx

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temper the air temperature and humidity, but surface temperatures and moving air have to be

considered too.

Visual Comfort

aintaining visual comfort meansensuring that people have enough

light for their activities, the light

has the right )uality and balance,

and people have good views.

Why its important

Good lighting helps create a happy and productive environment. *atural light does this muchbetter than electric lighting. &aving good views and sight+lines gives people a sense of control

of their environment and provides a sense of well+being.

Metrics

Good lighting is well+distributed, is not too dim or too strong, and uses minimal energy. ightingis often measured either by the amount of light falling on a surface -illuminance or the amount

of light reflecting off of a surface -luminance. These are ob/ective measures, but how people

e#perience this light is often sub/ective -i.e. are they comfortable0, do they e#perienceglare0. Good visual comfort also generally means that as much of this light is natural light as

possible. &umans are hard+wired to like the suns light and it saves energy.

Design Strategies

1aylighting design strategies like high or clerestory windows, light shelves, and well+placed

skylights can help distribute sunlight inside a space. 2hen you do need to use artificial lights,you can reduce energy use by using efficient fluorescents or $1s, with daylighting dimming

controls, effective fi#tures, and good lighting design. Good controls can automatically balance

natural and artificial lighting. ost lights should have occupancy sensors.

Air Quality


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3n addition to air thats the right

temperature and humidity for

thermal comfort, its important thatair is clean, fresh, and circulated

effectively in the space.

Why its important

3f air is too stale or is polluted, it can make people uncomfortable, unproductive, unhappy, and

sick. 4resh air helps people be alert, productive, healthy, and happy.

Metrics

4resh air re)uires a certain percentage of outside air circulating into spaces. !lean air re)uires

pollutant and pathogen levels to be below certain thresholds.

Design Strategies

(ir can be kept fresh with high ventilation rates, either using natural ventilation such as operablewindows and skylights, or active systems such as &'(! fans and ducts. !lean air can be

achieved by filtering air, by flushing spaces with fresh outside air, and by not contaminating the

air with impurities from the building, such as volatile organic compounds from paints or

materials.

Acoustic Comfort


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(coustic comfort means having the

right level and )uality of noise to

use the space as intended.

Why its important

5eople are more productive and happy when theyre not distracted by noises from outside or

from surrounding spaces and occupants. (coustic comfort is especially important for schools and

office buildings.

Metrics

&ow humans perceive sounds and loudness is a sub/ective measure. &owever, you can create a

comfortable environment by controlling ob/ective measures like decibel level -sound pressure,

reverberation time, and the sound reflection and damping properties of materials.

Design Strategies

!reating barriers and sound breaks between sources of noise is important. 6ou can optimize

room shape and size to reduce echoes and reverberation. (nd you can use acoustic tiles on

ceilings and walls to dampen the sound.

+ %ee more at7 http788sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com8buildings8occupant+comfort9sthash.e*e:r/#e.dpuf

!limate (nalysis

!limate is the most important environmental factor and the first one that architects and engineers

should consider when designing a building. To achieve a net zero energy building, the design

must consider the buildings specific site climate.

The climate can dictate what passive design strategies are most suitable and effective for the

building site. 4or e#ample, strategies that are perfect for a hot dry location may be

counterproductive in a cold humid climate.


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1ifferent climate

zones around the

world

( sites climate is dictated by its latitude, altitude, and terrain. ( site located at :;


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Dive Deeper

Temperature

Temperature varies throughout the day and throughout the year

and is the most obvious metric to consider for passive heating andcooling design.

Reading Temperature Charts

Temperature data can be visualized in a variety of ways. @se the

information here to learn about the basic temperature charts youAll

come acroos in evit and some tips for getting the most out of

them.

umidity

&umidity can be /ust as important as temperature for human

comfort. earn how to use humidity metrics to inform your

design.

Solar !osition

The sun is the primary source of heat and light. 2hen designing

for it, you need to account for how it moves through the day andthrough the year, and when it is obscured by clouds.

Reading Sun !ath Diagrams

%un path diagrams can tell you a lot about how the sun will

impact your site and building throughout the year. %tereographic

sun path diagrams can be used to read the solar azimuth and

altitude for a given location.

S"y Conditions # !recipitation

(s the sun moves, it can encounter sky conditions that can

intensify it or obscure it. 3t is important to understand these

metrics and account for them when designing high performance

buildings.

Temperature
http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/temperaturehttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/reading-temperature-chartshttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/humidityhttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/solar-positionhttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/reading-sun-path-diagramshttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/sky-conditions-precipitationhttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/temperaturehttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/reading-temperature-chartshttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/humidityhttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/solar-positionhttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/reading-sun-path-diagramshttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/sky-conditions-precipitation


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Temperature varies throughout the day and throughout the year and is the most obvious metric to

consider for passive heating and cooling design.

Two basic aspects of temperature are dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature. 4rom thesemetrics you can learn about both the air temperature and thehumidity.

Temperaturedata given

as a monthly

average andas a daily

average

(Graphs

from Revit)

Dry $ul% Temperature

1ry bulb temperatureis simply the temperature of the air. 3t does not consider moisture. 3t ismeasured in degrees !elsius, degrees 4ahrenheit, or >elvin and can be measured with a

thermometer e#posed to the air. 3t is commonly referred to as the air temperature and is reported

in basic weather reports.

Wet $ul% Temperature
http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/humidityhttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/humidityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_bulb_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_bulb_temperaturehttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/humidityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_bulb_temperature


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2et bulb temperatureis the air temperature that takes into account the cooling potential of

evaporation. 3t is measured by e#posing

a moistened thermometer bulb to airflow -wrapping a thermometer bulb in

wet cloth and swinging it in the air.

The evaporation of the moisturedepends on the humidity of the air

-think about how slowly it takes wet

hair to dry on a humid day. %imilar tothe dry bulb temperature, wet bulb

temperature can be measured in

degrees !elsius, degrees 4ahrenheit, or

>elvin. Together, dry bulb and wet bulbtemperatures can describehumidity.

Degree Days

To get a sense for the heating and

cooling re)uirements for your buildingsite, a comfortable temperature range

needs to be set. This range, often

referred to as the Ccomfort zone,D canthen be compared to the building sites

actual temperatures over time. 2hen the sites temperature is outside of the comfort zone, it is

measured in heating or cooling Cdegree days.D

For example

3f the weather is an average of one degree warmer than comfortable for one day, we say

the building needs one &degree day' (orth of coolingto stay comfortable.

3f the weather is an average of ten degrees warmer for one day, or is one degree warmer

for ten days, then the building needs ten cooling degree days.

3f the weather is ten degrees below the comfortable minimum for a day, then the building

needs ten heating degree days.

1egree days are not /ust useful to estimate heating and cooling needsE they also help make

comparisons between buildings more fair. ( building in a mild climate like %an 4rancisco willneed less heating and cooling energy than a building in a cold climate like oscow, even if the

oscow building is much better built. !omparing the energy intensities of different buildingswith the heating and cooling degree days at each site helps make these comparisons more

accurate representations of how efficiently the buildings are designed.

Degree days are temperature past a threshold,

multiplied y time
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_bulb_temperaturehttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/humidityhttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/humidityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_bulb_temperaturehttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/humidityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_day


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This graph from !ontreal showsthat in "anuary there are almost

#$$ heating degree days to stay

comfortale

(Graph from %cotect)

eading Temperature !harts

Temperature data can be represented in a variety ways. 4ully utilizing temperature

charts will help inform your design decisions and make sure you are considering all

the data.

Tabular temperature data can be clearly represented in a variety of

different charts.

Monthly Design Temperatures

"f course, temperatures are not always consistent at the same time of day or year. 1esigns thatalways achieve occupant comfort must consider e#treme circumstances as well as average

conditions.


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!onthly temperature design data graph

(from&utodes' Revit)

The graph above shows not only monthly temperatures averaged from historical climate data,

but also two levels of uncommon e#tremes.

The green bo#es show the historical averages of monthly highest and lowest dry bulb

temperaturesE your site is virtually guaranteed to e#perience these temperatures in these months,so they must be designed for.

The e#tensions of the bo#es show e#treme temperatures only recorded F of the time in

historical data. 6our site is not likely to e#perience these often, but for a robust design, you

should consider them.

ou can see that this site has significantly less variation than the

previous graph *n &pril, a pea' temperature of +- F has occurred,
http://help.autodesk.com/view/RVT/2015/ENU/?guid=GUID-7B1718F7-9900-4663-8510-2ACCCD4A1F1Ehttp://help.autodesk.com/view/RVT/2015/ENU/?guid=GUID-7B1718F7-9900-4663-8510-2ACCCD4A1F1E


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ut generally the temperature range will e etween #- and ./- F

for the month

Diurnal Weather A)erages

1iurnal temperature data shows daily cycles of temperature and radiation on the site. The data

typically includes dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, direct solar radiation, and diffusesolar radiation as a daily average for each month. 4rom this data you can study the difference

between dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures -relative humidity indicator, the difference between

nighttime temperatures and daytime temperatures -known as the diurnal swing, and solarradiation patterns in addition to much more.

This

diurn

alweath

er

chartfrom

Reviti

s from

0ashville,

T0

Annual Temperature $ins

4or some sites, heating will dominate your design re)uirements most of the yearE for other sites

cooling will dominate. 6ou can )uickly see what temperatures are e#perienced at your site most

often by looking at a histogram of temperature throughout the year. This is referred to astemperature bins.
http://help.autodesk.com/view/RVT/2015/ENU/?guid=GUID-CD2301AB-39F1-4798-8321-615DD794BDBFhttp://help.autodesk.com/view/RVT/2015/ENU/?guid=GUID-CD2301AB-39F1-4798-8321-615DD794BDBFhttp://help.autodesk.com/view/RVT/2015/ENU/?guid=GUID-4101924F-3246-44AA-BFF6-B120304C7A0Bhttp://help.autodesk.com/view/RVT/2015/ENU/?guid=GUID-4101924F-3246-44AA-BFF6-B120304C7A0Bhttp://help.autodesk.com/view/RVT/2015/ENU/?guid=GUID-CD2301AB-39F1-4798-8321-615DD794BDBFhttp://help.autodesk.com/view/RVT/2015/ENU/?guid=GUID-4101924F-3246-44AA-BFF6-B120304C7A0B


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&nnual temperature ins for a colder site, mostly re1uiring heating

for comfort The graph also displays the fre1uency of wet ul anddry ul temperatures, suggesting the climate does not have humid

summers

(Graph from &utodes' Revit)

umidity

&umidity can be /ust as important as temperature for human comfort. Too much humidity can

amplify the heat and make it feel CmuggyD, while not enough humidity can be uncomfortably

dry.

2arm air can hold more moisture than cold air can, but people donAt perceive the absolutenumber of water molecules in the air -asolute humiditywhich is measured as density, they

perceive relative humiditywhich is represented as a percentage of water vapor in the air.

This graph of

temperature

bins compareswet bulb and

dry bulb

temperaturesand helps

understand

humidity.

The larger thedifference

between the

dry and wetbulb

temperatures,

the drier the air
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidityhttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/temperaturehttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/temperaturehttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidityhttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/temperaturehttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/temperaturehttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/temperature


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and the lower

the relative

humidity is.

6ou can see

that!openhagen is

relativelyhumid because

the

temperaturebins are

roughly the

same size and

distribution forwet and dry

bulbtemperature.

5eople generally consider *+, to --, relati)e humidity to %e comforta%le. Below H; will

feel dry, above II will feel muggy and wet -unless the temperature is cold.

&umidity also affects what passive heating or cooling strategies will be most effective. 4orinstance, evaporative coolingis much more effective in dry climates.

!ontrolling humidityis also an important function of active &'(! systems. There is a lot oflatent heat in water, and de+humidifying the air re)uires cooling that water which can re)uire a

lot of cooling energy. %ee more onheat energy flows in buildings.

&umidity can be determined by comparing wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. (t F;;

humidity the air is completely saturated and the dry %ul% and (et %ul% temperatures (ill %ethe same. 3n all other scenarios, the wet bulb temperature will always be less than the dry bulb

temperature due to evaporative cooling. The larger the difference %et(een the dry and (et

%ul% temperatures. the drier the airand the lower the relative humidity is.

&umidity data is often displayed in a psychrometric chart. To learn how to read these charts, see

the 5sychrometricspage.

ike temperature, humidity varies throughout the day and year, and robust design re)uiresdesigning for a range of humidities. 6ou cangraph humidity variation to help set your design

re)uirements.
http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/air-coolinghttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/air-coolinghttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/humidity-controlhttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/heat-energy-flows-buildingshttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/temperaturehttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/psychrometric-chartshttp://help.autodesk.com/view/RVT/2015/ENU/?guid=GUID-9FD44DA9-041F-46FF-931B-73DE986236A6http://help.autodesk.com/view/RVT/2015/ENU/?guid=GUID-9FD44DA9-041F-46FF-931B-73DE986236A6http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/air-coolinghttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/humidity-controlhttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/heat-energy-flows-buildingshttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/temperaturehttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/psychrometric-chartshttp://help.autodesk.com/view/RVT/2015/ENU/?guid=GUID-9FD44DA9-041F-46FF-931B-73DE986236A6


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Autodesk Sustainability workshop-Building design concepts.docx

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