Aut Aut Research Journal ISSN NO: 0005-0601 Sustainability ... · Amul and the Cooperative...

Sustainability in Agriculture and Food Security: Situating Corporate

Social Responsibility in reducing Agrarian Crisis.

Authors: Vikram Singh & Sandeep Kumar Moreshetty

Assistant Professors’ Department of Social Work, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya

(A Central University) Koni, Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh) India

Email: [email protected]

Abstract

This paper is an attempt to study the role of corporate social responsibility for

sustainability in agriculture and food security. This paper is a small window opening into

full content its process conceptual and theoretical understanding—food security

associates directly to nutrition and health. Typically food security is thought of as being

related to availability and access of foodstuffs. However, the threat to food security also

lies with urbanisation, income disparity, overpopulation, ecosystem degradation, animal

health, and food wholesomeness. Food wholesomeness is also an important aspect of

nutrition. Wholesomeness is monitored via food safety and food defence programmes,

making them critical components of a food security programme as well. This article

discusses these interrelations and concepts for future scientific and humanitarian

development programmes. The paper considers the practical implications for the effort to

assess effective CSR policies and strategies based on socio-economic sustainability

principles, must foster the sustainability of agriculture and food security sector. Corporate

Social Responsibility (CSR) has been attracting attention recently by the corporate world

worldwide. The corporations discharge their CSR through social development in various

ways in varying degree. Methodological considerations, objectives, findings and conclusion

have also discussed. This study aims to provide a first step towards locating corporate

social responsibility to reduce the agrarian crisis.

Keywords: Food Security, Sustainability, Ecosystem Degradation, Corporate Social

Responsibility, Agrarian Crisis.

Aut Aut Research Journal

Volume XI, Issue IV, April/2020

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Introduction: Sustainable Agriculture goes well beyond “Organic Farming or Organic

Crops which has become progressively more popular over the last 3 to 4 decades, and as

a subject is well documented, financially supported, and typically associated with some

version of CSR. Sustainable Agriculture integrates a wide range of issues such as”:1

Water use; Local communities; Worker conditions; and Other variables

Sustainable agriculture must support the following principle:

It should produce crops with high yield and nutrition quality to meet existing and

future needs keeping resource inputs as low as possible.

It must ensure that any adverse effects on soil fertility, water, and air quality, and

biodiversity from agricultural activities minimized, and positive contributions made

where possible.

It should optimize the use of renewable recourses while minimizing the use of non-

renewable resources.

It should enable local communities to protect and improve their well-being and the

environment.

The goal of sustainable agriculture is to meet society’s food and textile needs in the present

without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Practitioners

of sustainable agriculture seek to integrate three main objectives into their work: a healthy

environment, economic profitability, and social and economic equity. “The Food and

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) State of Food Insecurity for 2010

assesses that nearly 1 billion people are estimated to be undernourished, representing almost

16 per cent of the population of developing countries. It generally recognized that food

security, and therefore food insecurity, is a multidimensional phenomenon. Several indices

measuring hunger and the progress in achieving hunger eradication helped to understand the

issue and monitoring the progress in eliminating hunger as well as providing targets for

national and international political action”.2 The Food Insecurity Multidimensional Index

(FIMI) will synthesise the four dimensions of food security (availability, access,

utilisation and stability of food), thus adopting a multidimensional, comprehensive

approach. “Selected indicators deal with the theoretical challenge to investigate the

narrowest aspect of food insecurity combining its causes and consequences, analysing



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hunger through qualitative and quantitative indicators. However, limited data

availability represents one of the main obstacles to the achievement of the purpose”.3

Background: “The issue of food security came to the fore in the 1970s. At the 1974

World Food Conference in Rome, the first explicit acknowledgement made that this

issue concerned the whole of humankind back in the 1970s the whole problem of food

security was seen as one of supply, stemming from a series of food crises and significant

famine outbreaks that the hoped-for promises of the Green revolution had done little to

avert. “The main focus was on guaranteeing the availability of food as well as attempting

to ensure price stability both nationally and internationally through increased food

production and the use of food surpluses”. 4 Agriculture has changed dramatically,

especially since the end of World War II. Food and fibre productivity soared due to new

technologies, mechanization, increased chemical use, specialization and government

policies that favoured maximizing production. These changes allowed fewer farmers

with reduced labour demands to produce the majority of the food and fibre in the

country. “Although these changes have had many positive effects and reduced many

risks in farming, there have also been high costs. Prominent among these are topsoil

depletion, groundwater contamination, the decline of family farms, continued neglect of

the living and working conditions for farm labourers, increasing costs of production,

and the disintegration of economic and social conditions in rural communities”5

Figure 1.1 Inter Relation Between Food Insecurity, Poverty and Malnutrition.



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“Food Security is the ability to assure, on a long term basis, that the system provides the

total population access to a timely, reliable and nutritionally adequate supply of food.

Food security can visualize in four stages”:6

i. Making an adequate quantity of cereals available to all to ensure survival.

ii. Adequate availability of cereals and pulses.

iii. Food security to include cereals, pulses, milk and milk products.

iv. Food security to include cereals, pulses, milk and milk products, vegetables and

fruits, (fish, egg and meat in case of non-vegetarians).

India has now reached a stage where the country is no longer exposed to real famines.

All the same, there still exist pockets within the country where people have to face acute

starvation year after year.

Availability of Food Grains: During 1950-51 annual net imports of cereals

amounted to 4.1 million tonnes. This figure was 10.3 million tons during 1965-66. Since

then there was a decline, and after 1995-96 India became an exporter of cereals. During

the last 50 years, there has been an increase in the per capita availability of cereals to

the extent of 9%. However, the country has failed to increase the production of pulses

consistent with the needs of the growing population. It is significant that since a large

number of vegetarians in the country depend on pulses for their protein requirements.

Tenth Plan data indicate that consumption of milk and meat products, as well as

vegetables and fruits, has increased as a natural outcome of economic development.

Grass Root Innovations: “One of the members of GCMMF, the Banas dairy, has

started a unique initiative called the Internet Sewa Project in their district called

Banaskantha. It is a village-level effort at bridging the Digital Divide by providing

information kiosks at the Village Cooperative level. Each village has one information

kiosk, which is the single point of contact for Internet and other e-governance activities

for the co-op. Official forms, Rural Jobs, Veterinary, Agriculture, and Matrimonial details,

educational applications and local market prices with buy & sell options are provided at

the information kiosk so that people do not have to travel to the district headquarters

for this information”7.



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To address poor connectivity at some sites, the Banas dairy uses a wireless connection

to the Internet. The wireless equipment is cheap since there are only a one-time setup

charge and less recurring charges. To improve the farmer members’ living standards

and to facilitate affordable Internet access services including VOIP Net telephony, the

district union has also become a local Internet Service Provider (ISP) using these Village

Information Kiosks. Today the services are subsidized, but the goal is for the kiosks to

become self-supporting.

Amul and the Cooperative Movement: Amul is not just a food company. It is an IT

company in the food business. It is why Amul has embraced the ideas behind

cooperatives with such enthusiasm. Not only will the TLD enable consumers in India to

recognize an established brand they can trust online, but it will also enable Amul to

begin trading competitively throughout the world, reaching markets which have

hitherto been inaccessible.

In the case of Amul, Information Technology is the most effective tool in communicating

with members and the millions of consumers who purchase Amul products throughout

India every day. Cooperatives, in this way, give a vital business advantage to develop the

Amul brand throughout the world. As a result of this alignment of business purpose and

technology, GCMMF (Amul) was named the winner of the prestigious international CIO

100 Award from IDG’s CIO Magazine (USA) for resourcefulness in the use of technology.

The efforts of the entire cooperative honoured at the CIO 100 symposium and award

ceremony on August 19, 2003, in Colorado Springs.

Long Term Food Security Measures: “Public Distribution System can at best be a

Blood Transfusion exercise. It does not act as a permanent poverty alleviation measure.

While it does provide some immediate relief, it fails to provide enduring food security to

the poor. It would be more appropriate to focus on strategies that reduce poverty and

stabilize the prices of food grains. At one time, we had 300 million people at various

degrees of starvation while there were 64 million tons of food grains rotting in the go-

downs of the Food Corporation of India. The rural poor did not have the purchasing

power to buy food grains even at the PDS prices”8.



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Foodgrains transferred to private mills and traders through collusion on the part of

corrupt civil supplies officers. Only the very inferior grains supplied to the ration

cardholders. The minimum buffer stock now required in India has fixed at around 16-17

million tons of food grains. Therefore it can understand the role of CSR towards the

reduction of the agrarian crisis, which leads to agriculture sustainability. Corporate

social responsibility is an ethical platform which helps to deal with the sustainability of

farming and show the way for food security. India is mainly suffering from poverty and

malnutrition, and these lead to a lack of physical and mental strength which results in

the low work participation rate. There is a need for awareness about the different style

of farming and promote organic farming for better productivity.

Figure 1.2 Potential Costs of Modern Agriculture Techniques.

According to Carroll (1983) “Corporate social responsibility involves the conduct of a

business so that it is economically profitable, law-abiding, ethical and socially

supportive. To be socially responsible then means that profitability and obedience to

the law are foremost conditions when discussing the firm’s ethics and the extent to

which it supports the society in which it exists with contributions of money, time and

talent”9



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This diversity of conception is a testimony to Moon’s (2002) observation that CSR,

similar to other important concepts like democracy and justice, is “essentially

contested”. “Moon (2002) also makes the point that CSR “is only one of several terms in

currency designed to capture the practices and norms of new business-society relations.

There are contending names, concepts or appellations for corporate social

responsibility”.

Cells and Walton (1961) “described social responsibility in their conceptual

foundations of business as follows: When people talk about CSR, they are thinking in

terms of the problems that arise when corporate enterprises caste its shadow on the

social scene and of the ethical principles ought to govern the relationships between the

corporations and society”.

Drucker (1946) in his article ―” The concept of the corporation published in Business

and Society Review has observed that under any circumstance we are moving in the

direction of demanding that our institutions take responsibility beyond their

performance and their contribution. We will demand this as from the University, the

Hospital, the Government agency, the school and even from charitable organizations

and place of worship”.

Indicators of food security: “Following the recommendation of experts gathered in the

Committee on World Food Security (CFS) Round Table on hunger measurement, hosted

at FAO headquarters in September 2011, an initial set of indicators aiming to capture

various aspects of food insecurity presented here. The choice of the indicators has been

informed by expert judgment and the availability of data with sufficient coverage to

enable comparisons across regions and over time. Many of these indicators produced

and published elsewhere by FAO and other international organizations. They are

reported here in a single database to build a comprehensive food security information

system. More indicators will be added to this set as more data will become available.

Indicators are classified along the four dimensions of food security - availability, access,

utilization and stability”10.



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Food Security Framework:

Figure 1.3: Food Security Framework.

“The framework comprises a physical determinant (the first three elements) and a

temporal determinant (the fourth). Food might be available, but that does not

determine access; similarly, access might be viable but does not guarantee utilization

and all three can be disrupted by a lack of stability caused by climate change, conflict,

unemployment, disease or other factors. Stability or the lack of it can affect any or all of

the other three components of the food insecurity framework”11.

Conceptual Frame Work of the Paper: The figure below depicts the

frameworks of the article which is developed with the help of constructs and variables.



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Figure: 1.4: Conceptual Framework of Agriculture Sustainability Food Security

and CSR.

Rationale of the Paper: Development of Agriculture continues to remain critical

for India’s economic growth, poverty reduction and ensuring food security of the

country, as over 58 per cent of the rural households depend on agriculture as their

principal means of livelihood.

Green Revolution which brought food sufficiency to the country was due to combination

of technologies viz., hybrids and wide yielding varieties, fertilizers and improved

agronomic practices and public policy. This revolution was made possible through an

Organized and Committed Agricultural Extension system that ably supported and

supplemented the input-intensive production system.



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Despite significant growth in agriculture, Indian Agriculture continues to face serious

challenges such as declining soil; water and other natural resources; the decreasing size

of farm holding; Input use inefficiency; costly and scarce agriculture labour; drudgery in

farming operations; growing risks in farming; information, knowledge and skill gaps;

poor access to credit and investments; slow diffusion of relevant technologies;

competitiveness of quality and prices in export & domestic markets; inadequate focus

on processing and value addition; Low profitability of agriculture; inadequate rural

infrastructure; poor access to resources and services for Women in agriculture; weak

institutional linkages and convergence; Extreme events of Climate change. The real

challenge remains diffusion of the technologies generated by the research system to the

farmers through an effective extension delivery system to address these challenges.

Thus, the extension is strategic to the growth of agriculture and allied sectors and

enhancing the farmers’ income. Through corporate intervention improvement in the

food, the security system occurs. These step help in decline agriculture crisis because

Agriculture plays a vital role in the Indian economy over 70% rural house household

depends on agriculture and agriculture sector contribute about 15% of national gross

domestic product (GDP).

Objectives of the Paper:

Understand the business model (corporate social responsibility) that not only creates economic value but also contribute to a healthy ecosystem and strong communities.

Understand the role of corporate social responsibility for agriculture sustainability.

Study different CSR activities that lead to sustainable agriculture.

Know about the benefits of agriculture sector integration with corporate social

responsibility.

Operational Definitions:

Food Security: “Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social

and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary

needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life”. 12



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Sustainable Agriculture: Sustainable agriculture is the production of food, fibre, or

other plant or animal product using the farming techniques that protect the

environment, public health, human communities, animal welfare. This form of

agriculture enables us to produce healthful food without compromising future

generation's ability to do the same.

Agriculture Crisis: Agriculture is undergoing a structural change leading to a crisis.

The rate of growth of agricultural output is gradually declining is considered as

agriculture crisis.

Corporate Social Responsibility: Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a business

approach that contributes to sustainable development by delivering economic, social,

and environmental benefits for all stakeholders.

Corporate social responsibility, often abbreviated "CSR," is a corporation's initiatives to

assess and take responsibility for the company's effects on environmental

and social wellbeing. The term generally applies to efforts that go beyond what may be

required by regulators or environmental protection groups. The evolution of the

relationship between corporates and society has been one of the slow transformations

from hardcore business to a philanthropic and from philanthropic to stakeholder

participation. Agriculture cannot be seen in isolation. CSR may be looked in terms of

"Creating Shared Value" wherein, a business can help the progress of agriculture and

agriculture sector can help a business to improve and flourish.

Research Methodology: “The Research design means the conceptual structure

within which research conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection,

measurement and analysis of data. Research design is needed because it facilitates

smooth sailing of the various research operations, thereby doing research as efficient as

possible yielding maximal information with minimal expenditure of effort, time and

money”13 Hence this paper employs the empirical research design though conclusion

needs to draw on the based upon needs and evidence gathered from respondents real-



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life experience through interviews and observation. Furthermore, it used to identify,

select, process, and analyse information about the selected issue for this paper.

Universe and Sample of the Paper:

“Universe is the aggregate of all elements possessing certain specified characteristics

which need to be studied and defined prior the sample population”14. The total

population of Janjgir city, according to the Census of India 2011, was 40,561 thousand.

The universe of the paper was Lachhanpur and Basantpur community. The total

population in Lachhanpur community is 2981 and Basantpur community is 1981.

The targeted sample for paper is Lachhanpur and Basantpur community within the

Marwa Tendubhata power plant that operates in Janjgir Champa and is socially

responsible. The target respondents comprised of beneficiaries of CSR activities within

the Marwa Tendubhata power plant in the study. It includes the local community

population of both the communities.

Sample Size:

“An optimum sample is one which fulfils the requirements of efficiency, representatives,

reliability and flexibility. The choosing of sample size depends on non-statistical

considerations and statistical considerations”15. The non-statistical considerations may

include the availability of resources, workforce, budget, ethics and sampling frame. The

statistical considerations will include the desired precision of the estimate of the

prevalence. The sample size for the study consisted of 40 respondents that have drawn

from Lchhanpur and Basantpur community.

Sampling Technique:

In selecting the samples for the paper, purposive sampling technique (non-probability

sampling) used to select respondents purposefully to achieve the objectives. “Purposive

sampling is known as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling. This type of

sampling can be very useful in situations when you need to reach a targeted sample

quickly, and where sampling for proportionality is not the main concern”16



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Sources of Data:

Generally we can collect data from two sources, primary source and secondary source.

Data collected from primary source known as primary data and data collected from

secondary source called secondary data. he study is based on both primary and

secondary sources of data.

Primary data:-

The data is collected from the sample of 40 members of Lachhanpur and Basantpur

community of Janjgir –Champa district in Chhattisgarh with the help of a structured

interview schedule.

Secondary data: - Secondary data is obtained from various publications of the central

govt., journals, books and magazine, and newspaper, reports prepared by research

scholars, universities websites.

Tools for Data Collection:

Interview schedule: - Interview schedule prepared, which containing relevant

questions, the researcher interviewed respondents with these schedules. Data is

collected by filling up the schedule based on replies given by respondents.

Observation: - This method implies the collection of information by way of

investigators own observation. "Participant observation is a method of collecting

information about the operation of, and attitudes existing in, a community through a

researcher living in the area for an extended period"17. In this paper, participant

observation is used. The observation method is one of the several methods of data

collection. Only the collection of data without the actual observation leads to a research

gap. Therefore, the paper adopted the participant observation method for data

collection.



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Characteristic of Variables:

The interview Schedule was constructed in four sections comprising.

Section I: Demographic information of the respondent.

Section II: Status of social infrastructure in the village

Section III: The extent to which the local community has benefited from CSR practices

by the Marwa Tendubatha Thermal Power Plant.

Section IV: Village Infrastructure/Assets.

Section I: Demographic Information of Respondent

This section planned to obtain social status, work status of the community people.

Besides, several questions structured regarding gender, home town, drinking water

status and monthly income, education, occupation, type of drainage to know about the

essential detail of the respondent.

Section II: Status of Social Infrastructure in Your Village

This section was planned to obtain the details related status of social infrastructure in a

community which includes Anganwadi, Mini Anganwadi, Health Sub – Centre, Primary

School, Upper Primary School, ASHA worker the major focus of these part is to know

about the level of improvement in the quality of life of community people through CSR

activities of Marwa Tendubhata power plant.

Section III: The Extent to Which the Local Community Has Benefited From CSR

Practices by the Marwa Tendubatha Thermal Power Plant.

This section was planned to obtain the details related to community people view about

the CSR activities performed by Marwa Tendubhata power plant and gather details

related to the extent to which local community has benefited from the CSR practices by

the Marwa Tendubatha Thermal Power Plant.

Section IV: Village Infrastructure/Assets. This section planned to obtain the details of

community people perception on CSR activities, i.e. rural infrastructure, motivate public

relation, initiating activities based on preserving the environment like pollution

prevention programs, awareness program in the community, The CSR activities have



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provided significant employment to the local community and production of goods and

services. "Infrastructure assets such as rural roads, tracks, bridges, irrigation schemes,

water supplies, schools, health centres and markets are needed in rural areas for the

local population to fulfil their basic needs and live a social and economic productive

life"18.

Figure 1.5: Map of the selected Community (Source: www.mapindia.com)

Lachhanpur

Community

Basantpur

Community



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Community Profile:19

I. About Community –Lachhanpur

Name of the Community Lachhanpur

Block Baloda

Tehsil Janjgir

District Janjgir-Champa

Type of community Rural Community

Nature of community Heterogeneous

Special feature The 2*500 MW Marwa

Tendubhata Thermal

Power Plant (MTTPP)

Total area 212.9 Hectare

The area under Non- Agriculture Uses 1.75 Hectare

Total Unirrigated Land Area 35.78 Hectare

Main Language Hindi and

Chhattisgarhi

Total no. of Households 648

II. Resource Persons:

Name of Sarpanch Mr. Teras Ram Yadav

III. Demographic Profile:

Total Population 2981

Male 1558

Female 1423

Total SC Population 418

Total SC Male Population 226

Total SC Female Population 192

Total ST population 170

Total ST Male Population 89

Total ST Female Population 81

Total child(0-6) Population 450



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Total child(0-6) Male Population 221

Total child (0-6) Female Population 229

IV. Educational Status:

Total No. of Senior Secondary School 0

Total No. of Middle School 0

Total No. of Primary School 0

Total No. of Teacher in Higher Secondary School 00

Total No. of Teachers in Middle School 00

Total No. of Teachers in Primary School 0

Total Private Primary School 1

Total Private Middle School 1

V. Literacy Rate:

Total Literate People 73.13%

Male 83.47%

Female 61.56%

VI. Basic Amenities:

Total No. of Hand Pump 32

Total No. of Tub Well 17

Total No. of Water Tanks 02

VII. Basic Health Facilities:

Total no. of CHC 0

Total no. of PHC 0

VIII. Basic Infrastructure Facilities:

Post Office 0

Sub Post Office 0

Telephone (landline) Available

Common Service Centre 0



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National Highway Road Available

State Highway Road Not Available

Pukka Road Available

Water Bounded Macadam Not Available

ATM Status Not Available

Commercial Bank Not Available

Cooperative Bank Not Available

Agricultural Credit Societies Not Available

Self - Help Group (SHG) 02

Public Distribution System (PDS) Shop Not Available

Tap Water-Treated Not Available

Covered Well Not Available

Uncovered Well Available

Hand Pump Available

Tube Wells Available

Closed Drainage Not Available

Open Drainage Available

River/Canal Available

Community Toilet Complex (including Bath) for

General Public

Not Available

IX. Basic Facilities

The total length of Drainage System 267 mtr.

The total length of Pipeline 623 mtr.

Total no. of Electricity poles 49

The total length of Road 212 mtr.

Total no. of Society 02

Total no. of Anganwadi Centre 03

X.Poverty Alleviation Programmes/Schemes:

Total No. of APL card holders 1,235

Total No. of BPL card holders 231

Total No. of AYY card holders 79



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XI. Social Welfare Schemes Implemented:

- National SwasthyaBimaYojna

- Indira Gandhi National Disabled

Pension Scheme

- Indira Gandhi Widow PensionScheme

- Social Security Pension Scheme

- Sukhad Sahara Pension Scheme

- Indira Gandhi Family Benefit Scheme

XII. Main Source Of Income:

- Agriculture

- Unorganized Labour

- Industrial Labour

- Public/Govt. Services

XIII. Main Source Of Fuel:

- Gas Cylinder

- Fuel Wood and Dung Cake

- Heater

Basic Profile of the CommunityBasantpur:



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I. About Community-Basantpur:

Name of the Community Basantpur

Block Baloda

Tehsil Janjgir

District Janjgir-Champa

Type of community Rural community

Nature of community Heterogeneous

Special feature The 2*500 MW Marwa

Tendubhata Thermal Power

Plant (MTTPP)

Total area 230.32 hectare

The area under Non- Agriculture Uses 1.41 hectare

Total Un-irrigated Land Area 153.43 hectare

Main Language Hindi and Chhattisgarhi

Total no. of Households 461

II. Resource Persons:

Name of Sarpanch Mr. Laxmi Narayan Sahu

Source

www.censusindia.gov.in

III.Demographic Profile:

Total Population 1981

Male 979

Female 1002

Total SC Population 47

Total SC Male Population 26

Total SC Female Population 21

Total ST population 66

Total ST Male Population 38

Total ST Female Population 28

Total child(0-6) Population 431



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Total child(0-6) Male Population 178

Total child (0-6) Female Population 163

:

IV. Educational Status:

Total No. of Senior Secondary School 1

Total No. of Middle School 1

Total No. of Primary School 1

Total No. of Teacher in Higher Secondary School 11

Total No. of Teachers in Middle School 05

Total No. of Teachers in Primary School 08

V.Literacy Rate:

Total Literate People 82.56%

Male 93.13%

Female 72.47%

VI. Basic Amenities:

Total No. of Hand Pump 32

Total No. of Tub Well 17

Total No. of Water Tanks 02

VII. Basic Health Facilities:

Total no. of CHC 0

Total no. of PHC 0

VIII. Basic Infrastructure Facilities:

Post Office 1

Sub Post Office 1

Telephone (landline) 0

Common Service Centre 0

National Highway Road 0

State Highway Road 0

Pukka Road Available



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Water Bounded Macadam Not Available

ATM Status Not Available

Commercial Bank Not Available

Cooperative Bank Not Available

Agricultural Credit Societies Not Available

Self - Help Group (SHG) 02

Public Distribution System (PDS) Shop Not Available

Tap Water-Treated Not Available

Covered Well Not Available

Uncovered Well Available

Hand Pump Available

Tube Wells Available

Closed Drainage Not Available

Open Drainage Available

Community Toilet Complex (including bath) for

GeneralPublic

Not Available

IX. Basic Facilities:

The total length of Drainage System 245 mtr.

The total length of Pipeline 575 mtr.

Total no. of Electricity poles 37

The total length of Road 164 mtr.

Total no. of Society 02

Total no. of Anganwadi Centre 03

X. Poverty Alleviation Programmes/Schemes:

Total No. of APL card holders 1,235

Total No. of BPL card holders 231

Total No. of AYY card holders 79



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XI. Social Welfare Schemes Implemented:

- National SwasthyaBimaYojna

- Indira Gandhi National DisabledPension

Scheme

- Indira Gandhi Widow PensionScheme

- Social Security PensionScheme

- Sukhad Sahara PensionScheme

- Indira Gandhi Family BenefitScheme

XII. Main Source Of Income:

- Agriculture

Agricultural Commodities

FIRST –Paddy

SECOND – Tivra

THIRD– Linseed

- Unorganized Labour

- Industrial Labour

- Public/Govt. Services

XIII. Main Source Of Fuel:

- Gas Cylinder

- Fuel Wood and Dung Cake

- Heater



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The Basic Profile of Respondent:

Total No. of the Respondents 40

1. Sex-ratio of the Respondents:

a) Male 20

b) Female 20

2. Age of the Respondents:

Age-Group Number

a) 18-25 years 04

b) 26-35 years 18

c) 36- 45 years 17

d) Over 56 years 01

3. Educational Status of the Respondents:

Level of Education Received Number

a) Under Secondary School 06

b) Secondary School 26

c) High School 08

d) Higher than High School 00

4. Occupation of the

Respondents:

a) Student 0

b) Factory Worker 02

c) Farmer 18

d) Self-employed 08

e) Other 12

5. Monthly Income of the

Respondents:

a) Under 5 Thousand 16

b) 5,000-10.000 14



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c) 10,001-15,000 08

d) Over 15,000 02

6. Housing Status of the Respondents:

a) Rented Pucca House 10

b) Rented Kuccha House 02

c) Own Kucha House 19

d) Own Pukka House 09

7.Agriculture land owned by

respondent:

a) 0-1 hectare 10

b) 1-2 hectare 13

c) 2-4 hectare 10

d) 4 hectare and above 07

8. The main source of drinking

water

a) Pipe water 00

b) Tanker 00

c) River and pond 24

d) Well 16

9. Toilet facility available to the Respondents:

a) Own-Toilet 30

b) Public Toilet 00

c) Open

d) Space/Field

10

00



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Data Representation & Analysis:

Data Representation used in this paper is the result of interviews conducted by the

author among 40 people with the help of students placed under his supervision in the

Janjgir Champa region, Chhattisgarh.

S. No. Responses Number of

Frequency

Percentag

e

%

1. Solar 00 0%

2. Wind 00 0%

3. Bio gas 00 0%

4. Other 40 100%

Table 1.1: Main Source of Irrigation

The Duration of Food Insecurity:



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Chronic Food Insecurity Transitory Food Insecurity

Is… Long-term or persistent. Short-term and temporary.

Occurs

when….

People are unable to meet their

minimum food requirements over a

sustained period of time.

There is a sudden drop in the

ability to produce or access

enough food to maintain a good

nutritional status.

Results

from...

Extended periods of poverty, lack of

assets and inadequate access to

productive or financial resources.

Short-term shocks and

fluctuations in food availability

and food access, including year-

to-year variations in domestic

food production, food prices and

household incomes.

Canbe

overcome

with...

Typical long term development

measures also used to address poverty,

such as education or access to

productive resources, such as credit.

They may also need more direct access

to food to enable them to raise their

productive capacity.

Transitory food insecurity is

relatively unpredictable and can

emerge suddenly. This makes

planning and programming more

difficult and requires different

capacities and types of

intervention, including early

warning capacity and safety net

programmes

Table1.2: Food Insecurity.



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S. No. Responses Number of

Frequency

Percentage

%

1. Infrastructure 04 10%

2. Health and Sanitation 11 27%

3. Agriculture

Development

10 25%

4. Education 07 17%

5. Women Empowerment 07 18%

6. Child Development 01 3%

Table 1.4: Emphasis on Sector

The above chart represents the community view about the sector in which there is a

need for emphasis. The above data shows there is need to emphasis more on health and

sanitation sector 27% is a response to the emphasis on health and sanitation sector and

25% are response to the agriculture development sector and only 3% response to the

child development sector.



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Conclusion: “The "food system" extends far beyond the farm and involves the

interaction of individuals and institutions with contrasting and often competing goals

including farmers, researchers, input suppliers, farm-workers, unions, farm advisors,

processors, retailers, consumers, and policymakers. Relationships among these actors

shift over time as new technologies spawn economic, social and political changes”20. "A

wide diversity of strategies and approaches are necessary to create a more sustainable

food system. These will range from specific and concentrated efforts to alter specific

policies or practices, to the longer-term tasks of reforming key institutions, rethinking

economic priorities, and challenging widely-held social values"21.

CSR means much more than extending the commitment to all the stakeholders,

including the society that it is an integrated approach towards operating in an

economically, socially and environmentally sustainable manner. The focus is more of an

inclusive approach taking care of the interests of employees, business partners,

customers, local communities, the environment and society at large. The evolution of

the relationship between corporate and society has been one of the slow

transformations from hardcore business to a philanthropic and from philanthropic to

stakeholder participation. However, the data shows that a very meagre amount of CSR

fund has been spent in the agricultural sector by the companies though there is

enormous potential for investment in the sector.

Because of Chhattisgarh agriculture profile and small landholding pattern among

farmers creates hindrance in sustainability in agriculture in the present scenario of the

developmental paradigm. However, synchronized agricultural development efforts to

reduce agrarian crisis with the help of CSR intervention is a tool in addressing the issue

of food security. It can be achieved by making CSR units more accountable with a

mandatory expenditure on agriculture sustainability and pooling of CSR funds to build

and operate larger projects in the supply chain to reduce the agrarian crisis. It would

help in the growing agriculture sector and improve the livelihood of farmers.

The CSR Policy should be ‘equipped’ in instruments to ensure both food security and

Suitability in agriculture which reduce the agrarian crisis. Farmers should be facilitated

expertly in order to meet the affirmed contemporary challenges – this might be



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achieved by greater participation and direction of State machinery, urging Public Sector

Units to implement the CSR policy standards. The CSR concept should increase open

concepts of mechanized agriculture in the Indian context since critical aspects of

Corporate Social Responsibility are common to the models of multifunctional and

sustainable development.

Accomplishing role of CSR in agriculture in compliance with the Corporate Social

Responsibility Policy framework, painstaking as a means in sustainable development,

could fetch a number of the profit expected by the Chhattisgarh Government. These are

as follows: food security for villages whose agricultural land has been acquired via the

safeguarding of food potential on a sustainable basis throughout the rural areas of

Chhattisgarh vis-à-vis India. In Chhattisgarh where PSUs have acquired agriculture land

has to facilitate the farmers to increase the production of Crops while preserving the

natural resources on which agricultural yield depend. It can only be accomplished by a

competent and viable intervention of CSR in the agricultural sector for working inside

an accurate functioning of CSR actors, which also adds to the safeguarding of a

prosperous rural economy and livelihood.



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Notes and References:

1http://asi.ucdavis.edu/programs/sarep/about/what-is-sustainable-agriculture retrieved on 06/05/2018 at 20:32hrs 2http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/ess-fadata/en/#.WvgcQoiFPIU retrieved on 13/05/2018 at 06:03hrs

3https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18930/ retrieved on 13/05/2018 at 04:34hrs 4https://www.cairn-int.info/abstract-E_RIDE_258_0063--food-security-and-corporate-social.htm,retrieved on 13/05/2018 at 15:47hrs

5Sustainable Agriculture, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) & The Private Sector of the Financial Services Industry retrieved on 04/05/2018 at 03:48hrs. 6http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/foods/food-security-in-india-definition-availability-of-food-grains-and-other-details/32148 retrieved on 12/05/2018 at 04:36hrs.

7 http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/foods/food-security-in-india-definition-availability-of-food-grains-and-other-details/32148 retrieved on 12/05/2018 at 04:36hrs. 8Food Security in India: Definition, Availability of Food, available at http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/foods/food-security-in-india-definition-availability-of-food-grains-and-other-details/32148 retrieved on 12/05/2018 at 05:43hrs

9 REVISITING CARROLL’S CSR PYRAMID - Wayne Visser available at http://www.waynevisser.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/chapter_wvisser_africa_csr_pyramid.pdf retrieved on 06/05/2018 at 09:00hrs. 10 ESS Website ESS: Food security indicators. http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/ess-fadata/en/ retrieved on 21/04/2018 at 05:39 hrs. 11 Effect of diversification of agriculture and income available at http://www.homesciencejournal.com/archives/2019/vol5issue2/PartC/5-2-19-466.pdf retrieved on 12/05/2018 at 05:43hrs

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13 OEP 309 / 509: INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH available at https://japhetmasatu.blogspot.com/2013/12/oep-309-introduction-to-educational.html, retrieved on 08/03/2018 at 08:42 hrs. 14 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – Shodhganga available at http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/87171/11/11_chapter3.pdf, retrieved on 06/05/2018 at 06:29hrs

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https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2013/jul/18/hunger-csr-malnutrition-charity

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2013/jul/18/hunger-csr-malnutrition-charity

https://asi.ucdavis.edu/programs/ucsarep/about/what-is-sustainable-agriculture



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