Aung Din - Burmese Regime's Parliament - Perspective

8/14/2019 Aung Din - Burmese Regime's Parliament - Perspective

1/141

atmif'ifatmif'ifatmif'ifatmif'ifatmif'if jrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudk teD;Munfhta0;MunfhjrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudk teD;Munfhta0;MunfhjrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudk teD;Munfhta0;MunfhjrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudk teD;Munfhta0;MunfhjrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudk teD;Munfhta0;Munfh

uG,fvGefoGm;MuNyDjzpfaomusaemfhazaz OD;ausmf&SdefESifhtefu,fOD;pdk;odrf; (q&marmif0Ho) . . . odkY


2/141


jrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudkjrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudkjrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudkjrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudkjrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudk

atmif'ifatmif'ifatmif'ifatmif'ifatmif'if

acwfjywdkufpmay

trSwf(138^140? y-xyf(0J)?49 vrf;(txuf)?ykZGefawmifNrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU/

zkef; - 09-730 37727 ? 09-507 9678

teD;Munfhta0;MunfhteD;Munfhta0;MunfhteD;Munfhta0;MunfhteD;Munfhta0;MunfhteD;Munfhta0;Munfh


3/141


r m wd u mr m wd u mr m wd u mr m wd u mr m wd u m

atmif'ifatmif'ifatmif'ifatmif'ifatmif'ifjrefrmEdkifiH\jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudkteD;Munfhta0;Munfh atmif'if/atmif'if/atmif'if/atmif'if/atmif'if/ &efukef? ae&D&Dpmay? 2013/pmrsufESm -278 ? 18 _ 25 pifwDrDwm/(1)jrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudk teD;Munfhta0;MunfhjrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudk teD;Munfhta0;MunfhjrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudk teD;Munfhta0;MunfhjrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudk teD;Munfhta0;MunfhjrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudk teD;Munfhta0;Munfh

808.84

yHkESdyfrSwfw rf;

yxrtBudrfyxrtBudrfyxrtBudrfyxrtBudrfyxrtBudrf(2013? atmufwdkbmv)

tkyfa&tkyfa&tkyfa&tkyfa&tkyfa&

rsufESmzHk;ESifUtwGif;yHkESdyfrsufESmzHk;ESifUtwGif;yHkESdyfrsufESmzHk;ESifUtwGif;yHkESdyfrsufESmzHk;ESifUtwGif;yHkESdyfrsufESmzHk;ESifUtwGif;yHkESdyf

xkwfa0olxkwfa0olxkwfa0olxkwfa0olxkwfa0ol

rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif;rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif;rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif;rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif;rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif;

twGif;'DZdkif;twGif;'DZdkif;twGif;'DZdkif;twGif;'DZdkif;twGif;'DZdkif;

wefzdk;wefzdk;wefzdk;wefzdk;wefzdk;

1000

a':eDeDEkdif(ae&D&Dpmtkyfwkduf)?2^u?

atmif&wemvrf;? vrf;rawmfNrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU/

bdkbdkxGef;

jrrif;pdk;

2500usyf

xkwfa0ol\ trSmpm . ........ . . . . . 5 OD;axG;jrifh\ trSmpm . . . . . ..... . . . . 6 ed'gef; ................ . ....... . . . 111/ tjynfht0 udk,fpm;jyKcGifhr&jcif;? tvGeftuRHudk,fpm;jyKjcif; ..... .. . . . . . . . . 172/ A[dkcsKyfudkifrIBuD;rm;jcif; ..... . . . . . . . . . . 253/ yk'fr 4 ESifhyk'fr 18 zsufodrf;ay;yg . . . . . . . 334/ twdkuftcHr&SdwJhvTwfawmf .. . . . . . . . . . 395/ vTwfawmfESifh&yfuGufaus;&Gm

tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;a&G;cs,fa&;Oya' . . . . . . . . . . .476/ vTwfawmfESifhw&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; . . . . . . . . . . .557/ vTwfawmfESifhvGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&; . . . . . . . 638/ orwvufrSwfrxkd;wJhOya'rsm; . .. . . . . . . . . 739/ 2012 ckESpfjynfolYvTwfawmfESifhtrsdK;om;vTwfawmf qkdif&m Oya'rsm;udkavhvmoHk;oyfjcif; (u). . . . . . 8110/ 2012 ckESpfjynfolYvTwfawmfESifhtrsdK;om;vTwf awmfqkdif&m Oya'rsm;udkavhvmoHk;oyfjcif; (c) . . . . 8711/ 2012 ckESpfjynfolYvTwfawmfESifhtrsdK;om;vTwf awmfqkdif&m Oya'rsm;udkavhvmoHk;oyfjcif; (*) . . . .9312/ 2012 ckESpfjynfolYvTwfawmfESifhtrsdK;om;vTwf awmfqkdif&mOya'rsm;udkavhvmoHk;oyfjcif; (C) .... .10113/ vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkapmifhMunfhavhvmjcif; ....11514/ vTwfawmfESifhNidrf;csrf;a&; (u) .. . . . . . . . ....12315/ vTwfawmfESifhNidrf;csrf;a&; (c) . .. . . . . . . . ..131

OD;vSrdk;? ,m,D(01353)?yef;MumjzLyHkESdyfwdkuftrSwf(108)? vrf;40(atmuf)?

ausmufwHwm;NrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU/


4/141


xkwfa0ol\trSmpmxkwfa0ol\trSmpmxkwfa0ol\trSmpmxkwfa0ol\trSmpmxkwfa0ol\trSmpm

,ckpmtkyfonf]]jrefrmEdkifiH\jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudkteD;Munhfta0;Munhf}} acgif;pOfjzifhjynfolYacwf*sme,fwGifq&matmif'ifa&;om;cJhaom aqmif;yg;rsm;udkpkpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ tydkif; (1) rStydkif; (34) txdyg0ifygonf/ pma&;olonf2008 zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'tm;enf;csufrsm;udka0zefaxmufjyxm;onfhenf;wlvTwfawmfwpf&yf\ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;? jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;\wm0ef? vkyfydkifcGifhESifhusifh0wfrsm; txl;ojzifhtar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGifusifhoHk;aqmif&GufaeyHkrsm;ESifhEIdif;,SOfazmfjyxm;onfudkawGU&rnfjzpfygonf/ 'Drdkua&pDpepfwGift&yfbufvlYtzGJUtpnf;wdkY ta&;ygt&ma&mufykHudkvnf; orwtdkbm;rm;\ t&yfbufvlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;

tm; tdrfjzLawmfodkYzdwfac:aqG;aEG;tBuHPf&,lonfhvkyfaqmifcsufwpf&yfudkOyrmay; azmfjyxm;onfrSmvnf; rSwfom;zG,f&m jzpfygonf/ xkdYjyifvTwfawmfwGifbwf*swf(Budget)cGJa0rI\ ta&;ygyHkudkvnf;aumif;? t&yfbuf-ppfbufqufqHa&;udkvnf;aumif;? Nidrf;csrf;a&; azmfaqmifrIESifhEdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;\ tcef;u@wdkYudkvnf;aumif; tav;xm;azmfjyxm;ygonf/

jrefrmEdkifiH\ EdkifiHa&;tul;tajymif; wpfenf;tm;jzifh'Drdkkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;umvwGifoufwrf;Eke,fNyD; tawGUtBuHKr&ifhusufao;onfhrkqdk;pdkifoifvTwfawmfrsm;? vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;twGuf

rsm;pGm taxmuftuljyKEdkifvdfrhfrnf[k,HkMunfonfhtwGuf,ckuJhodkYpkpnf;xkwfa0vdkufjcif; jzpfygonf/ xkdYtwlEdkifiHa&;pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;?EdkifiHa&;wGifyg0ifaqmif&Gufaeolrsm; zwfoifhaompmtkyfwpftkyfvnf;jzpfygonf/

jynfaoG;EdkifjynfaoG;EdkifjynfaoG;EdkifjynfaoG;EdkifjynfaoG;Edkifacwfjywdkufpmayacwfjywdkufpmayacwfjywdkufpmayacwfjywdkufpmayacwfjywdkufpmay

5

16/ vTwfawmfESifhNidrf;csrf;a&; (*) .. . . . . . . .... .13917/ vTwfawmfESifhNidrf;csrf;a&; (C) . . . . . . .. . . . .14918/ vTwfawmfESifhEdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;.. . . . . . . . ...15719/ vTwfawmfESifhrw&m;aomOya'rsm;zsufodrf;a&; (u)... .16720/ vTwfawmfESifhrw&m;aomOya'rsm; zsufodrf;a&; (c) . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 17521/ vTwfawmfESifhrw&m;aomOya'rsm; zsufodrf;a&; (*) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 18322/ vTwfawmfESifhrw&m;aomOya'rsm; zsufodrf;a&; (C) . . . . . .. .. . . . . ....19123/ vTwfawmfESifhrw&m;aomOya'rsm; zsufodrf;a&; (i) . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 19924/ vTwfawmfESifhrw&m;aomOya'rsm;

zsufodrf;a&; (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...20525/ vTwfawmfESifhtpdk;&,E&m;\aqmif &Gufcsufrsm;udkapmifhMuyfppfaq;cGifhtmPm . . . . . . .21126/ vTwfawmfESifhMum;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJrsm; . . . . . . . .21927/ vTwfawmfESifhjynfolYppf. . . . . . . . . . . .....22728/ vTwfawmf? jynfolYppfESifhbdef;bk&ifrsm; .. . . . . ...23529/ vTwfawmfESifhuav;oli,frsm;tm; tumtuG,fay;jcif; (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . .24330/ vTwfawmfESifhuav;oli,frsm;tm;

tumtuG,fay;jcif; (c) . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 24931/ vTwfawmfESifhuav;oli,frsm;tm; tumtuG,fay;jcif; (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25532/ vTwfawmfESifhtoif;tzGJUrsm;qkdif&m Oya'Murf; . . . .263 aus;Zl;pum; . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...271 pma&;ol\ twKywdtusOf; . . . . . . . . . . . .275


5/141


aeY&uftcsdefumvudkawmh rrSwfrdawmhyg/ usaemfu plygEdkAm (Super Nova) ukrPDwGiftaxGaxGrefae*smtjzpfvkyfudkifaepOfudkarmifarmifac: udkazatmifvif;u vli,fwpfa,mufudkac:vmcJhNyD; rdwfqufay;ygonf/ udkatmif'ifygwJh/ udkatmif'ifu udkarmif

armifESifhtvkyfwGJNyD;vkyfudkifaeolyg/ aemufrSod&onfrSm udkatmif'ifonfOD;ausmf&Sdef\om;jzpfonf[kod&ygawmhonf/

OD;ausmf&Sdefudkrl 1952 ckESpfavmufuwnf;u oduRrf;cJhygonf/ xkdpOfu uRefawmfonfA.v.p (ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m vli,frsm; tpnf;tHk;) \ &efukefcdkiftvkyftrIaqmifwpfOD;jzpfygonf/A.v.p\ &efykHaiGtwGuf ]]*Dwrmvm}} aw;oDcsif;NydKifyGJ jyKvkyf&efpDpOfMuygonf/ xkdpOfu &efukefNrdKUawmfcef;rudkiSm;&rf;NyD; ]]*Dwrmvm}}NydKifyGJudk usif;y&efjzpfygonf/ xkdodkYpDpOfMu&mwGif OD;ausmf&Sdefvnf;yg0ifygonf/ OD;ausmf&SdefrSm xkdpOfu kyf&SifESifhjyZmwftpdk;&XmewGif

vkyfudkifaeoljzpfygonf/ odkYaMumifhxkdXmewGifvkyfazmfudkifzufjzpfoltqdkawmfarvSNrdKifudkac:vmcJhygonf/ *DwNydKifyGJwGif0ifa&mufNydKif&efr[kwfyg/ ]]*Dwrmvm}} NydKifyGJwGiftaysmfwrf; qdkif;0kdif;ESifhoDqdkolrsm;?tqdkawmfrsm;om 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKif&efjzpfygonf/

rSwfrdorQ yg0ifNyD; {nhfcHaw;qkday;olrsm;rSm pE&m;a&Tjynfat;? okyfaqmiftqdkawmfaropfESifharvSNrdKifwdkYjzpfMuygonf/ xkd

]]*Dwrmvm}} NydKifyGJwGifudkwifazac: atmifvif;\ ]]qef;}} wl&d,mtzGJUrS at0rf;ukrPD OD;wifEG,f\ orD;oHk;a,mufwdkYoDqdkMuonfh]]qef;tzGJU\ aw;yefvTm}} Nidrf;csrf;a&;oDcsif;rSm yxr&&SdoGm;cJhygonf/xkdpOfu usaemfwm0ef,l&onfrSm q&ma&Tjynfat;ESihfokyfaqmifaropfwdkYudkoGm;a&mufBudKqdkjcif;? jyefvnfydkYaqmifjcif;wdkYjzpfygonf/

NydKifyGJaeYwGiftqdkawmfarvSNrdKifudk{nhfcH&eftwGufOD;ausmf&Sdefu tcsdK&nfykvif;wpfvHk;xJt&ufxnhfNyD; zefcGufwpfcGufESifhtwlvG,ftdwfxJxnhfum usaemhudkay;xm;ygonf/ odkYaomf usaemfut&ufraomufwwfoljzpf b,ftcsdeft&ufwdkuf&rnfudkrodyg/tqdkawmfarvSNrdKif{nhfcHaw;oDqdkNyD; jyefqif;vmawmhrSusaemfuolYtem;uyfNyD; ]]rrNrdKifusaemhrSm ygvmygw,f}} [kajymvdkuf&m olY&ifbwfykwfNyD; ]]trav; armifav;&,fapmapmuwdkuf&ifaumif;wmayghuG,f}} [k ajymNyD; uRefawmfhxHrS t&ufykvif;ESifhzefcGufudk,lNyD;

armhaomufygawmhonf/ aemufwpfBudrfarvSNrdKif aw;wpfyk'fqufqdk&mwGiftmawGUNyD;qdkonfhoDcsif;rSm ydkrdkaumif;rGefatmifjrifoGm;ygawmhonf/

xkdaeYrSp OD;ausmf&SdefESifhcifrif&if;EDS;cJhygawmhonf/ aemufydkif;wGifOD;ausmf&SdefonfEdkifiHa&;wGifyg0ifvIyf&Sm;onf/ tvHeD[lvnf;ausmfMum;ojzifhtpkd;&XmerStxkwfcH&NyD; tdk;a0owif;pmwdkufwGifowif;axmuftjzpfvkyfudkifonf[kMum;odcJh&ygonf/ OD;ausmf&SdefwGifom;ESpfa,mufESihforD;wpfa,muf&Sdygonf/ om;tBuD;qHk;rSmudkatmif'ifjzpf 'kwd,om;rSm atmifjrifausmfMum;onhfpma&;q&mwm&mrif;a0jzpfygonf/

udkatmif'ifu xkdpOfu R.I.T rSB.E bGJU &cJholjzpfygonf/odkYaomfudkatmif'ifu usaemhudkajymjyonfrSm ]]tefu,fusaemfubGJU&aomfvnf; wu,fawmhtif*sifeD,mynmudktrSefwu,fwwfr[kwfbJwuodkvfrSxGufoGm;&ifNyD;a&mqdkNyD; bGJUay;vdkuf[efwlygw,f}} [kuRefawmfhudkajymjyygonf/ udkatmif'ifESifhaemufwpfBudrf

cifrif&if;EDS;&ygaom udkatmif'ifcifrif&if;EDS;&ygaom udkatmif'ifcifrif&if;EDS;&ygaom udkatmif'ifcifrif&if;EDS;&ygaom udkatmif'ifcifrif&if;EDS;&ygaom udkatmif'if

76


6/141

atmif'ifatmif'ifatmif'ifatmif'ifatmif'if jrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudk teD;Munfhta0;MunfhjrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudk teD;Munfhta0;MunfhjrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudk teD;Munfhta0;MunfhjrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudk teD;Munfhta0;MunfhjrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudk teD;Munfhta0;Munfh 98

awGU&mwGifEdkifiHjcm;odkYxGufNyD; qufvufynmoif&efEdkifiHul;vufrSwfavQmufxm;&mwGify,fcscH&onf[kajymygonf/

uRefawmfu udkatmif'ifudktBuHay;&mwGifqHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&SdonfhvlBuD;xHodkYwdkufdkufpma&;NyD; t,lcH0ifonfhoabm wifjyvQif

vlBuD;jzpfolu cGifhjyKvdku cGifhjyKEdkifonf/ xdkYaMumifhaxmufvSrf;a&;rSL;csKyfjzpfonfhAdkvfcsKyfcifGefYxHpma&;yg/ xkdodkYa&;&mwGifudk,fhudk,fudk,fESdrfhcsa&;&efrvdkyg/ av;pm;pGmjzifh[ka&;vQifvHkavmufygonf[ktBuHay;vdkufygonf/ olu em;axmifNyD; usaemhudkawmhbmrSjyefrajymyg/

ESpf&uf? oHk;&ufcefYtMumwGif udkatmif'ifonf usaemhqDjyefvmNyD; udkarmifarmif\ zcifjzpfol tNidrf;pm; 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD;OD;wifxGef;udkwdkifyif&mwGifvnf; ]]udkaxG;jrifhajymwm taumif;qHk;yJuG}} ]]tJ'gaMumifhtefu,fajymovdkyJAkdvfcsKyfcifGefYqDudkpma&;NyD;ay;ydkYvdkufygonf}} [kajymjyygonf/

7 &ufcefYtMumwGifudkatmif'ifu usaemhqDvmNyD; ]]tef

u,fusaemf EdkifiHul;vufrSwf&NyD}} [kajymjyygonf/ xkdYaemufolEdkifiHjcm;odkYxGufcGmoGm;ygonf/ ol\ BudK;pm;yrf;pm; avhvmrIaMumifhtifrwefwdk;wufaeonfudkod&Sdvm&ygawmhonf/ EdkifiHwuma&;&m?jrefrmEdkifiHa&;&m? pD;yGm;a&;? Oya'a&;? EdkifiHwumqufqHa&; taMumif;t&m trsdK;rsdK;wdkYudkola&;om;azmfjyaeonfwdkYu txift&Sm; oufaocHawGyifjzpfygawmhonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk0g&Sifwef'DpDwGiftajcpdkufNyD; jrefrmEdkifiHawmftwGufvIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufcJhonf/ xifay:ausmfMum; vlBudKufrsm;vSonf/ xkdYaMumifhvnf; xGef;xGef;aygufaygufaqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf/ tar&duefEdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;XmeESifhwuGtar

&duefjynfaxmifpktxufvTwfawmf(qD;edwf)wGifyifwufa&mufaqG;aEG;EdkifonftxdatmifjrifcJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m 0g&Sifwef'DpDtajcpdkufUS Campaign for BurmatzGJUtpnf;wGifvnf; trIaqmifTefMum;a&;rSL;xdatmifudk,fpGrf;udk,fp jyEdkifcJholjzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH'Drdkua&pDta&;twGufxda&mufpGm yhHydk;ulnDEdkifcJhonf/ o l\ xkdodkY

atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEdkifcJhrIwdkYaMumifh EdkifiHwumu jrefrmEdkifiH\'Drdkua&pDta&; vIyf&Sm;rIwdkYtay: tmHkpdkufvmMuonf/

avmavmq,ftm;jzifh jynfolYacwf*sme,fwGiftywfpOfazmfjyaeonhf ]]jrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudk teD;Munhf

ta0;Munhf}} tcef;qufaqmif;yg;udkzwfIjcif;tm;jzihfjrefrmEdkifiH\zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'udkolrnfrQav;av;eufeufavhvmxm;onfudkol\ ydkifydkifEdkifEdkifxdxd&S&Sa&;om;azmfjyxm;jcif;wdkYudkMunhfjcif;jzifhodEdkifygonf/

udkatmif'if\ xkdodkY jrefrmEdkifiH'Drdkua&pDa&;twGufxdxda&mufa&muf aqmif&GufEdkifcJhrIwdkYudkusaemfu 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;ompGm*kPf,lrdygawmhonf/ om;ESpfa,mufarG;xm;cJhNyD; ESpfa,mufpvHk; wpfa,mufwpfrsdK;pDxl;cRefajymifajrmufMuojzifhxdkom;ESpfa,muf\zcifjzpfolvkyfazmfudkifzufrdwfaqGa&mif;&if;BuD; OD;ausmf&Sdefudkyg owd&wrf;wrdygawmhonf/

OD;axG;jriOD;axG;jriOD;axG;jriOD;axG;jriOD;axG;jrifU


7/141


usaemfwdkYBudKufonfjzpfap rBudKufonfjzpfap 2008 ckESpfzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'u jrefrmEdkifiHrSm 2010 a&G;aumufyGJuwpfqifhtouf0if&SifoefaeNyDjzpfygw,f/ 2010 a&G;aumufyGJNyD;wJhaemufzGJUpnf;yHktopft& wnfaxmifzGJUpnf;MuwJh tmPm,E&m;BuD;rsm;vnf; a&GUvsm;armif;ESifaeMuNyDjzpfygw,f/ tpdk;&tzGJU? jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf? w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfpojzifhtJ'DtmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;xJrSm vTwfawmf&JUvIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrIrsm;u 'DwpfESpf? ESpfESpftwGif;rSm trsm;jynfolpdwf0ifpm;p&m? EdkifiHwumu avhvmapmifhMunfholrsm; txl;tmHkpdkufp&mjzpfaeygw,f/ txl;ojzifhtmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;tMum; tjyeftvSefxdef;ausmif;yJhjyifa&; (Check and Balance) qdkwmudkwGifwGif

ajymNyD; vTwfawmfuae tpdk;&tmPmudka&m w&m;pD&ifa&;tmPmudkyg0ifa&mufpGufzufzdkYBudK;pm;wm? zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'ckHkH;&JU qkH;jzwfcsufudkrvdkufemwJhtjyifcHkkH;&JUw&m;olBuD;rsm;udkyg pGyfpGJjypfwifwm? tckaemufqkH; jynfaxmifpkpm&if;ppfcsKyfOya'udkjyifqifa&;qGJNyD; EdkifiHawmforw&JU vufatmufcH0efxrf;wpfa,mufjzpfwJhjynfaxmifpkpm&if;ppf

ed'gef;

1110

"mwfyHk-tifwmeuf

jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf/ 2008 zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'/


8/141


csKyftay:rSm vTwfawmf&JUtmPmoufa&mufzdkY BudK;pm;aewmawGuydkNyD;pdwf0ifpm;p&m jzpfvmygw,f/ wu,fhudkyJjynfolYqE? jynfolYtoHawGudk udk,fpm;jyKwJh vTwfawmfjzpfatmif wnfaqmufaewmvm;?wpfcsdefu wpfzGJUwpfpnf;xJrSm ,leDazmif;twlwl&SdcJh&muae tckrS

tpdk;&jzpfoGm;olawGudktmCmweJYtm;NydKifaewmvm;? 2015 rSm orwjzpfp&m igrSwpfyg; tjcm;r&SdvdkY udk,fhudk,fudk,f yGJxkwfaewmvm;ar;cGef;xkwfp&mawG&Sdvmygw,f/

wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyJvTwfawmfuae tjcm; tmPm,E&m;ESpfckudkyJhjyifxdef;ausmif;zdkYtjyif;txefBudK;pm;aecsdefrSm vTwfawmfwGif;rSmawmhvTwfawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;eJYvlrsm;pkygwD(tmPm&ygwD)udkxdef;ausmif;yJhjyifwJhtwdkuftcHr&Sdatmif zefwD;xm;wmuvnf; pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;vSygw,f/ 'gaMumifhjrefrmEdkifiH&JU vuf&SdjynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf&JU zGJUpnf;vIyf&Sm;yHkawGudkapmifhMunfhavhvma0zefokH;oyfzdkYvdktyfvmygw,f/ tJ'DvdkavhvmokH;oyf&mrSm 'Drdkua&pDpepftajccdkifNyD;om;

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkuGef*&ufvTwfawmf&JU zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufvIyf&Sm;yHkrsm;eJYEdIif;,SOfokH;oyfygr,f/ tar&duef&JUpepfu ydkaumif;w,fvdkYajymwmrsdK; r[kwfyg/ tysHoifp iSufwpfaumiftzdkY aumif;uifrSmrem;wrf;ysHoef;EdkifwJhtjcm;iSufBuD;rsm;qDu oif,lp&mawGtrsm;BuD;&Sdaew,fqdkwm odapcsifvdkYyg?

vTwfawmftcsdefZ,m;eJh vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;&JY tvkyfcsdefvTwfawmftcsdefZ,m;eJh vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;&JY tvkyfcsdefvTwfawmftcsdefZ,m;eJh vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;&JY tvkyfcsdefvTwfawmftcsdefZ,m;eJh vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;&JY tvkyfcsdefvTwfawmftcsdefZ,m;eJh vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;&JY tvkyfcsdeftpOD;qkH;ajymcsifwmuawmhvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;rsm;&JU tcsdef

Z,m; owfrSwfrIygyJ/ 2011ckESpfrSmusif;ywJhyxrtBudrfvTwfawmf

yxrtpnf;ta0;u Zefe0g&D31 &ufaeYuae rwfv 23 &ufaeYtxd(ydwf&ufrsm;ryg) 14 &ufMumcJhNyD; 'kwd,tpnf;ta0;u Mo*kwfv22 &ufaeYuae Edk0ifbmv4 &ufaeYtxd46 &ufusif;ycJhwmrdkY2011ckESpfrSm vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;rsm; 57 &ufusif;ycJhygw,f/ 2012ckESpfrSmawmhwwd,tBudrftpnf;ta0;udkZefe0g&D9 &ufaeYuae

Zefe0g&D12 &ufaeYtxd4 &uf? pwkwtBudrftpnf;ta0;udkZlvdkif4 &ufaeYuae pufwifbm 6 &ufaeYtxd&ufaygif; 40? yr tpnf;ta0;udkatmufwdkbm 18 &ufuae Edk0ifbm 15 &ufaeYtxd13&ufpkpkaygif; 2012 ckESpfrSm vTwfawmftpnf;ta0; 57 &ufusif;ycJh

ygw,f/ qdkawmhwpfESpfudkysrf;rQ &uf60? ESpfvavmufvTwfawmfkH;xdkifw,fvdkY,lq&rSmyg/ kH;ydwf&ufrsm;eJYaygif;&ifwpfESpfudkvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fwpfa,muf[m aejynfawmfrSm 3 vavmufaeNyD;vTwfawmfwuf&ygw,f/ 'gudk wcsdKU vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;uvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;xdkif&wJh&ufawGrsm;vGef;w,fvdkYajymawmhtHhMordygw,f/

tar&duefuGef*&ufvTwfawmf&JU 2011 ckESpfrSm kH;xdkiftvkyfvkyfwJhaeYaygif;u &uf200 &SdNyD; 2010 jynfhESpfrSm &ufaygif; 166 &uf&SdcJhygw,f/ ysrf;rSsjcif;tm;jzifhtar&duefuGef*&ufvTwfawmf[m wpfESpfudk&ufaygif; 180 (6 v)avmuf0g&Sifwef'DpDrSm kH;xdkiftvkyfvkyfygw,f/

usefwJh&ufawGrSmawmh vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG[m oufqdkif&mrJqEe,frsm;udkjyefNyD; rJqE&Sifjynfolrsm;eJYxdawGUqufqHMuygw,f/vdktyf&ifoufqdkif&m uGef*&ufaumfrwDrsm;u wm0efay;&ifjynfyEdkifiHrsm;udkavhvma&;c&D;awGxGufMuygw,f/

t"duem;vnfzdkYu vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;[m EdkifiHawmf&JUvpmeJYtaxmuftyHhawGudkcHpm;aeMuwmrdkYtjcm;tjcm;aom EdkifiHh0efxrf;rsm;vdkyJpae? we*FaEGeJYEdkifiHawmfkH;ydwf&ufrsm;uvGJ&ifusefwJh&ufawGtm;vkH;rSm tvkyfwm0efawG&Sdw,fqdkwmygyJ/ olwdkY&JU tvkyfwm0efawGudkav;ydkif;ydkif;jcm;Edkifygw,f/ vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;awGrSm

wufa&mufNyD; jynfolvlxkudk,fpm; aqG;aEG;NyD; Oya'awGjy|mef;wm?oufqdkif&m vTwfawmfa&;&maumfrwDrsm;&JUwm0efudkxrf;aqmifwm?rJqE&Sif jynfolrsm;eJYxdawGUqufqHNyD; olwdkY&JUjyemawGudkulnDajz&Sif;ay;wmeJYvdktyfwJhOya'awGjy|mef;Edkifa&; Oya'Murf;rsm; jyifqifa&;qGJwmawGyg/ 'Dta&;BuD;wJhwm0efawGudkwpfESpfywfvkH;rSm pepf

1312


9/141


wus xrf;aqmifEdkifzdkYtwGuftar&duefuGef*&ufvTwfawmfu ESpfwpfESpf&JUtprSmyJwpfESpfpmtcsdefZ,m;udkvlrsm;pkygwD? vlenf;pkygwDacgif;aqmifrsm; ndEdIif;aqG;aEG;NyD; xkwfjyefygw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefZ,m;rSm0g&Sifwef'DpDrSm aexdkiftvkyfvkyf&rnfh&ufrsm;? oufqdkif&m rJqEe,f

rSm tvkyfvkyf&rnfh&ufrsm;eJYtem;,lcGifh&wJh&ufrsm;udkrQrQww cGJa0owfrSwfygw,f/ 'gaMumifhvnf; BudKwifxkwfjyefxm;wJh wpfESpfpmtcsdefZ,m;twdkif; tar&duefvTwfawmftrwfrsm;[m olwdkY&JU tvkyfvkyfcsdefudkwdkif;jynftwGuftusdK;&SdatmifpDrHcefYcGJEdkifMuygw,f/

jrefrmEdkifiHrSmawmh zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' yk'fr 126 eJY jynfolYvTwfawmfqdkif&m Oya'yk'fr 34? 35? 36? trsdK;om;vTwfawmfqdkif&mOya'yk'fr 34? 35? 36 rsm;t& vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;udkOu|uwpfESpfudktenf;qkH;wpfBudrfac:,lzdkYeJYwpfBudrfeJYwpfBudrftMum; 12vxufruGmap& qdkwmyJ jy|mef;xm;wmrdkY vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;ac:,la&;[m jynfolYvTwfawmfeJYtrsdK;om;vTwfawmfOu|rsm;&JU pdwf

oabmxm;tay:rSmyJwnfrSDaeygawmhw,f/ tpnf;ta0;&ufrwdkifcif21 &ufBudKNyD;taMumif;Mum;&ifvHkavmufygw,f/

'DawmhjrefrmEdkifiHvTwfawmf&JU tvkyfvkyfcsdef[m wpfESpfrSm &uf60 avmufyJ&SdwmrdkYtar&duefuGef*&uftrwfrsm;&JU wpfESpfwmtvkyfvkyfcsdef(&ufaygif; 180) eJYEdIif;,SOf&iftrsm;BuD;enf;aeygao;w,f/NyD;awmh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm Oya'uif;rJhcJhwJh odkYr[kwf w&m;Oya'utmPm&Sif&JUvufeufjzpfcJhwJhEdkifiHudk'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwpfckjzpfvmatmifwnfaqmufzdkYtwGuf zsufodrf;&rnfh Oya'a[mif;awG trsm;BuD;?jy|mef;&rnfh? jyifqif&rnfhOya'awGtrsm;BuD;&SdaewmrdkY 'DxufydkNyD;

tvkyfvkyfMu&rSmyg/ t"duvdktyfwmu jrefrmvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;taeeJY ESpfwpfESpftwGif;rSm Oya'jyKvkyfief;awGudkxdxda&mufa&mufaqmif&GufEdkifzdkY? vTwfawmfa&;&maumfrwDrsm;&JU txl;jyKwm0efawGudk rSefrSefuefuefaqmif&GufEdkifzdkY? rJqE&Sifjynfolrsm;&JU toHudkpdwf&Snfvuf&Snfem;axmifEdkifzdkYeJYvdktyfwJhOya'Murf;awGvHkvHkavmuf

avmuf jyifqifa&;qGJEdkifzdkY vTwfawmf&JU wpfESpfpm tcsdefZ,m;udkvTwfawmfOu|rsm;u ESpfwpfESpf&JUtprSm pepfwus a&;qGJjy|mef;zdkYygyJ/

pmNyD;&uf- Edk0ifbm 26? 2012jynfolYacwf*sme,f? twGJ(3 )? trSwf(124) ? 'DZifbm(13)? (2012)

(rSwfcsuf/ / 'Daqmif;yg;a&;pOfu jynfolYvTwfawmf&JU 0ufbfqkdufrSm &SmazGawGU&SdwJhtpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;rsm;udktajccHNyD; vTwfawmf&JU wpfESpftwGif; tpnf;ta0;usif;ywJh aeY&ufrsm;[m &uf 60odkYr[kwfESpfvavmufyJ&Sdw,fvdkYa&;cJhygw,f/ 'gayrJhvTwfawmfESpf&yfaygif;jzpfwJhjynfaxmifpkvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;usif;ywJh&ufrsm;udk

awmh&SmazGvdkYr&vdkYxnfhrwGufEdkifcJhyg/ aemufydkif;rSm jynfolYvTwfawmfeJYtrsKd;om;vTwfawmfrsm;u wpfESpfrSm ESpfv (&uf60)avmuftpnf;ta0;usif;yNyD; jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;rsm;u wpfESpfudk&uf30(wpfv)avmufusif;ywm awGU&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifhjrefrmEdkifiHvTwfawmf&JU tvkyfvkyf&uf? tpnf;ta0;usif;y&ufrsm;[m wpfESpfudk&uf90 (oHk;v)0ef;usif&Sdw,fvdkYajym&rSmyg/

Mo*kwf2? 2013/)

1514


10/141


Oya'jyKvTwfawmfESpf&yf&SdwJhEdkifiHawGrSm vTwfawmfwpfcku vlOD;a&tcsdK;tpm;tvdkuf udkf,fpm;jyKa&G;cs,fwifajrmufMuNyD; aemufvTwfawmfwpfckuawmh a'otvdkuf udk,fpm;jyKa&G;cs,fwm 'grSr[kwfEdkifiHtBuD;tuJ cefYtyfwm0efay;wmrsdK; &SdMuygw,f/ jrefrmEdkifiHrSmvnf; 2008 zGJUpnf;yHkt& jynfolYvTwfawmfeJYtrsdK;om;vTwfawmf&,fvdkYay:aygufvmNyD; ESpfckaygif;udkjynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfvdkYac:ygw,f/ tJ'DrSm jynfolYvTwfawmf[m vlOD;a& (odkYr[kwf) NrdKUe,fudktajccHa&G;cs,fwifajrmufxm;wJhudk,fpm;vS,frsm;eJYzGJUpnf;wmjzpfNyD; trsdK;om;vTwfawmfu wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm;eJYjynfe,frsm;u OD;a&wlnDpGm a&G;cs,fwifajrmufxm;wJhudk,fpm;vS,frsm;eJYzGJUpnf;xm;wmjzpfygw,f/ wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu trnfpm&if;wifoGif;wJhwyfrawmfom;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u jynfolYvTwfawmfrSm 110 OD;eJYtrsdK;om;vTwfawmfrSm 56OD; yg0ifMuygw,f/ tJ'Dvdkjy|mef;zGJUpnf;rIaMumifhwef;wlnDrQudk,fpm;jyKjcif; (Equal Representation) qdkwm r&Sdawmhyg/ tjynfht0udk,fpm;jyKcGifhr&jcif; (Under Representation) eJYtvGeftuRHudk,fpm;jyKjcif; (Over

tjynfht0 udk,fpm;jyKcGifhr&jcif;?tjynfht0 udk,fpm;jyKcGifhr&jcif;?tjynfht0 udk,fpm;jyKcGifhr&jcif;?tjynfht0 udk,fpm;jyKcGifhr&jcif;?tjynfht0 udk,fpm;jyKcGifhr&jcif;?tvGeftuRH udk,fpm;jyKjcif;tvGeftuRH udk,fpm;jyKjcif;tvGeftuRH udk,fpm;jyKjcif;tvGeftuRH udk,fpm;jyKjcif;tvGeftuRH udk,fpm;jyKjcif;

1716

AdkvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; rif;atmifvdIif

"mwfyHk-tifwmeuf

vTwfawmfwGif;u wyfrawmfom;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/


11/141


Representation)awGeJYjynfolvlxkudkwef;wlnDrQ udk,fpm;jyKwJhOya'jyKtzGJUtpnf;r[kwfEdkifawmhyg/

rqvtpdk;&vufxufu vTwfawmfwpfckwnf;&SdNyD; tJ'DvTwfawmfu NrdKUe,fudktajccHNyD; rJqEe,frsm;udkowfrSwfygw,f/ NrdKUe,fwpfckudktenf;qHk;vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fwpfa,mufpD&Sdygw,f/ vlOD;a&rsm;jym;wJhNrdKUe,fawGrSm (vlOD;a& wpfodef;xufydk&if) vlOD;a& tcsdK;tpm;tvdkufvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fta&twGufwpfOD;xufydkowfrSwfay;ygw,f/ NrdKUe,f10 NrdKUe,fxufenf;wJh? vlOD;a&vnf; 10 odef;xufenf;wJhjynfe,f? wdkif;rsm;twGufvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& ydkNyD;owfrSwfay;ygw,f/ u&ifjynfe,f? u,m;jynfe,f? csif;jynfe,frsm;[mNrdKUe,f10 NrdKUe,fxufenf;NyD; jynfe,fvlOD;a&pkpkaygif;[mvnf; 10odef;xufenf;wJhtwGufjynfe,frSmyg0ifwJhNrdKUe,fta&twGufxufydkNyD; vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f a&G;cs,fcGifh&cJhygw,f/ 1990 jynfhESpfa&G;aumufyGJudkvnf;tJ'DyHkpHtwdkif;usif;ycJhwmrdkYu&ifjynfe,fubm;tH

NrdKUrSm rJqEe,foHk;ck? vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,foHk;a,muf&SdcJhygw,f/tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrSmvnf; vTwfawmfESpf&yf&SdNyD; atmufvTwf

awmf (House of Representatives) u EdkifiHwpf0ef;u jynfolrsm;udkvlOD;a&tcsdK;tpm;tvdkufwef;wlnDrQudk,fpm;jyKa&G;cs,fwJhvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 435? NrdKUawmf0g&Sifwef'DpDeJYtar&duefjynfaxmifpk&JUtapmifhta&SmufcHypdzdwfork'&mxJu uRef;pka'o 5 ck(tar&duefqmrdk0g? *ltrfuRef;? ajrmufydkif;r&DemuRef;pk? Am*sifuRef;pkrsm;? yltmwdk&Dudk) u oufqdkif&ma'otvdkufwpfa,mufuspDa&G;cs,fwifajrmufwJhrJay;cGifhtjynhft0r&SdwJhudk,fpm;vS,f6 a,muf? pkpkaygif; 441

a,mufeJYzGJUpnf;ygw,f/ tar&duefjynfrBuD;u atmufvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fta&twGufudktwdtus 435 vdkYowfrSwfxm;wmrdkYrJqEaygif; 435 udkEdkifiHwpf0ef;rSm vlOD;a&tcsdK;tpm;tvdkuftnDtrQcGJa0owfrSwfygw,f/ 'gaMumifhvTwfawmfrJqEe,frsm; (CongressionalDistricts)[m jynfe,frsm;? aumifwD(County)rsm; e,fedrdwfowfrSwfcsufeJYtwdtusrwlnDyg/

NrdKUwpfckwnf;rSmwif wpfpdwfwpfydkif;u rJqEe,fwpfckrSmygNyD;usefwJhtpdwftydkif;u tjcm;rJqEe,frSmygaewwfygw,f/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrSm 10 ESpfwpfcg oef;acgifpm&if;aumuf,lNyD; wdk;yGm;vmwJhvlOD;a&tvdkuf? ajymif;vJoGm;wJha'otvdkufpkpnf;aexdkifrItvdkufatmufvTwfawmfrJqEe,frsm;udk jynfe,ftvdkufjyefvnf jyifqifzGJUpnf;ygao;w,f/ t"du&nf&G,fcsufu EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;udktcsdK;ususwef;wlnDrQudk,fpm;jyKEdkifzdkYyg/

jrefrmEdkifiH&JU jynfolYvTwfawmfuawmhzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'yk'fr109 (u) rSm ]]NrdKUe,fudktajccHvnf;aumif;? vlOD;a&udktajccHvnf;aumif;? NrdKUe,f330 xufydkrdkvmygu topfzGJUpnf;onfhNrdKUe,fudkwpfqufwpfpyfwnf;jzpfaom oifhavsmfonfhNrdKUe,fwpfckckESifhyl;aygif;vnf;aumif; Oya'ESifhtnDrJqEe,fowfrSwf a&G;aumufwifajrmufonfh330 OD;xufrydkaom jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;}} ? yk'fr 109(c)rSm ]] wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu Oya'ESifh

tnDtrnf&if;wifoGif;onfh 110 OD;xufrydkaom wyfrawmfom;jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;}} pkpkaygif;udk,fpm;vS,f440 OD;jzifhzGJUpnf;&rnfvdkY jy|mef;xm;ygw,f/ 2010 a&G;aumufyGJrSm NrdKUe,fudktajccHNyD;a&G;aumufwifajrmufcJhygw,f/ NrdKUe,f 330 rjynhfvdkYaejynfawmfwpf0dkufrSm NrdKUe,ftopf awGwdk;csJUzGJUpnf;cJh&ygw,f/'DawmhvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f330 [m NrdKUe,fwpfckpDudkudk,fpm;jyKygw,f/ tJ'DNrdKUe,fawGtm;vHk;rSm vlOD;a& tnDtrQ&SdMuwm r[kwfygbl;/ aejynfawmfwpf0dkufu ta&;ay:zGJUpnf;wJhNrdKUopfawGrSm vlOD;a&aomif;*Pef;om &Sdygw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkYNrdKUe,fwpfckrSm vlOD;a& aomif;

*Pef;yJ&Sd&Sd? wpfodef;ausmf&Sd&Sd? ESpfodef;ausmf&Sd&Sd NrdKUe,ftm;vHk;[mvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fwpfa,mufpD&SdMuwmyg/ 'g[m vlOD;a& tcsdK;tpm;tvdkuftnDtrQ udk,fpm;jyKwmr[kwfyg/ wcsdKU NrdKUe,frsm;rSmudk,fpm;jyKcGifh tjynhft0r&&SdMubJ wcsdKUNrdKUe,frsm;u tvGeftuRHudk,fpm;jyKcGifh &aeygw,f/

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&JU txufvTwfawmf(Senate)udkjynfe,f

1918


12/141


50 u udk,fpm;vS,fESpfa,mufpDeJYtxufvTwfawmftrwf 100 eJYzGJUpnf;xm;wmyg/ jynfe,f50 [m vlOD;a&? tus,ft0ef;awGwlnDMuwmr[kwfyg/ vlOD;a&odef;*Pef;yJ&SdwJhjynfe,fao;ao;av;awG&SdovdkvlOD;a&oef;aygif;rsm;pGm&SdwJh jynfe,ftBuD;BuD;awGvnf;&SdMuayr,fhjynfe,ftm;vHk;udkwef;wl&nfwlowfrSwfygw,f/

jynfe,fao;ao;BuD;BuD; udk,fpm;vS,fESpfa,mufpDtxufvTwfawmfudk a&G;cs,fwifajrmufMuygw,f/ tJ'DrSmvnf; 0g&Sifwef'DpDutar&duefjynfaxmifpk&JU NrdKUawmfjzpfayrJhjynfe,ftqifhowfrSwfrcH&ygbl;/ 'gaMumifhatmufvTwfawmfudkudk,fpm;vS,fwpfa,mufwifajrmufcGifh&SdayrJhtxufvTwfawmfudkawmhudk,fpm;vS,fwifajrmufcGifhr&ygbll;/ 0g&Sifwef'DpD(District of Columbia) jynfolrsm;u olwdkYawGvnf; tjcm;jynfe,frsm;u jynfolrsm;vdkjynfaxmifpktpdk;&udktcGefay;aqmifaeMu&wmrdkYolwdkYa'ouvnf; txufvTwfawmfudkudk,fpm;vS,fapvTwfcGifh&&Sda&; vIyf&Sm;rIawG(Taxation Without Represen-

tation Campaign) jyKvkyfaewm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm MumjrifhcJhygNyD/ atmifjrifrIawmhr&ao;yg/

jrefrmEdkifiH&JU txufvTwfawmfvkYdajym&r,fhtrsdK;om;vTwfawmfrSm zJGUpnf;yHktajccHOya' yk'fr 141 (u) eJY(c) t& ]]wdkif;a'oBuD;odkYr[kwfjynfe,fwpfckpDtwGufudk,fpm;vS,f12 OD;uspDwlnDpGmjzifha&G;aumufwifajrmufonfhtrsdK;om;vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f168 OD;}}eJYwdkif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwfjynfe,fwpfckpDtwGufudk,fpm;vS,f4 OD;uspDjzifhwyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu trnfpm&if;wifoGif;onfhwyfrawmfom;trsdK;om;vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f56 OD;? pkpkaygif;udk,f

pm;vS,f224 OD;eJYzGJUpnf;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'DrSmvnf; wdkif;a'oBuD; 7ck[m ArmvlrsdK;rsm;pka0;aexkdif&m jynfra'orsm;jzpfwmaMumifhjrefrmEdkifiH&JU yifrwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk8 pkrSm ArmvlrsdK;pku trsdK;om;vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f84 OD; udk,fpm;jyKcGifh&NyD; usefwJh&Srf;? ucsif? u&if?u,m;? rGef? &cdkif? csif;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;u vlrsdK;pkwpfpkudktrsdK;om;vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f12 OD;pDom udk,fpm;jyKcGifh&wmrdkYwef;wlnDrQ

udk,fpm;jyK&r,fhtrsdK;om;vTwfawmfvuPm ysufjy,foGm;ygw,f/wpfcg jynfolYvTwfawmfrSmyg0ifwJhwyfrawmfom;udk,fpm;vS,f

110 OD;eJYtrsdK;om;vTwfawmfrSmyg0ifwJhwyfrawmfom;udk,fpm;vS,f56 OD;? pkpkaygif; 166 OD;[m b,folYudkudk,fpm;jyKygovJ/ vuf&dSwyfrawmfrdom;pkvlOD;a& wpfoef;ausmfudkudk,fpm;jyKovm;vdkYqef;ppfMunfhawmhvnf; r[kwfEdkifwmawGU&ygw,f/

NyD;cJhwJh2010 a&G;aumufyGJa&m 2012 Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJrSmygwyfrawmfom;awGeJYolwdkY&JUrdom;pkawG[m a&G;aumufcHudk,fpm;vS,fawGtwGuf oufqdkif&mrJqEe,fawGrSm rJay;Mu&wmyg/ 'gaMumifhwyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu trnfpm&if;wifoGif;wJhwyfrawmfudk,fpm;vS,f166 OD;[m wjcm;b,folYudkrSudk,fpm;rjyKbJwyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfAdkvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;rif;atmifvdIifwpfa,mufwnf;udkyJudk,fpm;jyKw,fqdkwm tHHhMoavmufatmifem;vnf vdkuf&ygw,f/a&SUrSmwifjycJhwJhNrdfKUe,frsm;tMum; rnDrQwJhudk,fpm;jyKrI? ArmvlrsdK;pkeJY

wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;tMum; rnDrQwJhudk,fpm;jyKrIawGxuftrsm;BuD;trsm;BuD; qdk;&Gm;ygw,f/ jrefrmEdkifiH&JU oef;60 ausmfaom jynfolrsm;u jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf&JU 75&mcdkifEIef;udkom udk,fpm;jyKcGihf&NyD;wyfrawmf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf wpfa,mufwnf;u jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf&JU 25 &mcdkifEIef;udkxdef;csKyfqkyfudkifxm;wmyg/

2014 rSm jrefrmEdkifiHwpfEdkifiHvHk;rSm oef;acgifpm&if;aumufr,fvdkYod&ygw,f/ tJ'Duae jrefrmEkdifiH&JU vlOD;a&? a'otvdkuf? NrdKUe,ftvdkufpka0;aexdkifolOD;a&? vlrsdK;pkwpfpkcsif;pD&JU ta&twGuf? bmomw&m;wpfckcsif;pD&JU udk;uG,folta&twGuf? rJqEay;cGifh&dSolta&

twGufpwJhudef;*Pef;awGtwdtus xGufay:vmygvdrfhr,f/ 'Dudef;*Pef;awG? tawGYtMuHKawGukdktajccHNyD; jynfolYvTwfawmfrSm&dSaewJhArmvlrsm;pkeJYwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;tMum; udk,fpm;jyKrIyrmPrnDrrQjzpfaewmudkwef;wlnDrQoGm;atmif? umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfwpfa,mufwnf;u jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf&JU 25 &mcdkifEIef;udkudk,fpm;jyKxm;wmudkzsufodrf;EdkifatmifBudK;pm;EdkifrS2015 a&G;aumufyGJuae jzpfay:

2120


13/141


vmr,fhjynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf[m trSefwu,fjynfolvlxkeJYwdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pkrsm;tm;vHk;udkwef;wlnDrQ udk,fpm;jyKEkdifrSmyg/

pmNyD;&uf- Edk0ifbm 29? 2012jynfolYacwf*sme,f? twGJ(3 )? trSwf(125) ? 'DZifbm(20)? (2012)

2322


14/141


2008 zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' yk'fr 111 eJY143 rsm;t& jynfolYvTwfawmfeJYtrsdK;om;vTwfawmfrSm Ou|eJY'kOu|rsm;udkoufqdkif&m

udk,fpm;vS,frsm;xJu a&G;cs,fwifajrmuf&NyD; tqdkyg Ou|eJY'kOu|rsm;[m oufqdkif&mvTwfawmfOu|rsm;&JU tBuD;tuJjzpfvmygw,f/vTwfawmfoufwrf;wpfavQmufvHk;rSm vTwfawmftBuD;tuJrsm;twGufay;tyfxm;wJh tmPmrsm;u BuD;rm;us,fjyefYvSwmrdkY jrefrmEdkifiH&JUvTwfawmfESpf&yf[m jynfolYudk,fpm;vS,frsm; pkaygif;wm0ef,ljcif;?pkaygif; acgif;aqmifjcif;qdkwJhtoGifraqmifbJOu|rsm;OD;aqmifwJhA[dkOD;pD;pepfeJYarmif;ESifaewmudkawGU&ygw,f/

vTwfawmfOu|rsm;[m olwdkYBudKufESpfoufwJhtcsdefrSm vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;rsm;ac:,lEdkifNyD; olwdkYBudKufESpfoufwJhtcsdefrSm tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk&yfqdkif;Edkifygw,f/ vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;ycsdefrSmvnf; tpnf;ta0;rsm;udkBuD;MuyfuGyfuJygw,f/ vTwfawmf&JUtNrJwrf;aumfrwDav;&yfjzpfwJhOya'Murf;aumfrwD? jynfolYaiGpm&if;aumfrwD? vTwfawmftcGifhta&;aumfrwDeJYtpdk;&\ tmrcHcsufrsm;? uwdrsm;ESifh wm0efcHcsufrsm; pdppfa&;aumfrwDrsm;udkolwdkY pdwfwdkif;usudk,fpm;vS,frsm;eJYzGJUpnf;NyD; oufwrf;owfrSwfay;Edkif? oufwrf;wdk;jrifh

A[dkcsKyfudkifrI BuD;rm;jcif;A[dkcsKyfudkifrI BuD;rm;jcif;A[dkcsKyfudkifrI BuD;rm;jcif;A[dkcsKyfudkifrI BuD;rm;jcif;A[dkcsKyfudkifrI BuD;rm;jcif;

2524

"mwfyHk-tifwmeuf

vTwfawmfOu|rsm;jzpfonfhol&OD;a&Tref;ESifhOD;cifatmifjrifh/


15/141


ay;Edkifygw,f/ tJ'gtjyifvTwfawmfaumfr&Sifrsm;? tzGJUrsm;udkvnf;if;wkYdpdwfwdkif;usudk,fpm;vS,frsm;? vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;r[kwfolrsm;eJYzJGUpnf;NyD; oufwrf;owfrSwfwm0efay;Edkif? vdktyfovdkoufwrf;wdk;jrifhay;Edkifygw,f/ wpfcg tpdk;&tzGJUu wm0ef&Sdyk*dKvfrsm;udkvnf; vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;udkwufa&mufNyD; Xmeqdkif&m aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk&Sif;vif;wifjyzdkYeJYar;cGef;rsm;udkajzMum;zdkYqifhac:Edkifygw,f/

vTwfawmfOu|ESpfOD; (OD;a&Tref;eJY OD;cifatmifjrifh) [m 2008zGJUpnf;yHkt& EdkifiHawmf&JU tjrifhqHk;tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;jzpfwJh]]trsdK;om; umuG,fa&;ESifhvHkNcHKa&;aumifpD}} &JU tzGJU0if11 OD;rSm yg0ifwmrdkYOya'jyKa&;rSm tjrifhqHk;tmPmawG&xm;wJhtjyiftjrifhqHk;tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmawGudkvnf; ydkifqdkifcGifh&SdwmawGU&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkYvTwfawmfOu|rsm;udk2008 zGJUpnf;yHku ay;tyfxm;wJhtmPmawG[m Oya'jyKa&;rSma&m tkyfcsKyfa&;rSmyg rsm;jym;vGef;vSwm awGU&ygw,f/

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkuGef*&ufvTwfawmfrSm atmufvTwfawmf

eJYtxufvTwfawmfOu|wm0efrsm;udkvlrsm;pktE dkif&ygwD&JU acgif;aqmif(Majority Leader) u &&Sdygw,f/ atmufvTwfawmfudkvlrsm;pkygwDacgif;aqmifu Speaker of the House &mxl;eJY OD;aqmifygw,f/txufvTwfawmf&JU w&m;0ifOu|u tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&JU 'kwd,orwjzpfygw,f/ 'kwd,orwu txufvTwfawmfrSm ta&;BuD;wJhOya'rlMurf;awGudkrJcGJ&mrSm axmufcHrJeJYuefYuGufrJnDrQae&iftqHk;tjzwfrJay;EdkifzdkYomjzpfNyD; usefwJhtcsdefawGrSm vlrsm;pkygwDacgif;aqmifu wm0efay;wJhtxufvTwfawmftrwfwpfa,mufu Ou| (Presi-dent Pro Tempore) tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifygw,f/ 'gaMumifhtxufvTwfawmf&JUtBuD;tuJu vlrsm;pkygwDacgif;aqmifjzpfygw,f/ 'gayrJhtar&duefjynfaxmifpk&JU vTwfawmftBuD;tuJrsm;[m jrefrmEdkifiHuvTwfawmfOu|rsm;vdkt


16/141


tar&duefuGef*&ufvTwfawmfESpf&yfaygif;tpnf;ta0; (JointSession of Congress) udkE dkifiHawmforw&JU usrf;opmusdefqdkyGJ (In-auguration) eJYwpfESpfwpfcg EdkifiHawmforw&JU EdkifiHawmf\tajctae(State of the Union) tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;&mrSm? jynfyuxif&Sm;wJhyk*dKvfrsm;udkzdwfMum;*kPfjyK&mrSmyJusif;yavh&Sdygw,f/ jrefrmEdkifiHrSmvdkjynfaxmifpkvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;qdkNyD; rMumcP usif;ywmrsdK;r&Sdyg/Oya'Murf;wpfckudk twnfjyK&mrSm atmufvTwfawmfeJYtxufvTwfawmfrSm oD;jcm;pDrJcGJqHk;jzwfMuNyD; rwlnDrI? uGJjym;rIawG&Sd&ifvTwfawmfESpf&yfu udk,fpm;vS,fta&twGuf twlwlyg0ifwJh yl;wGJaumfrwDwpf&yf(Conference Committee) udkzGJUpnf;NyD; rwlnDrIawGudkndEdIif;ajz&Sif;Muygw,f/ yl;wGJaumfrwD&JU ndEIdif;rIeJYtm;vHk;oabmwlwJhtajctae a&mufNyDqdk&ifvTwfawmfESpf&yfrSm jyifqifxm;wJhOya'rlMurf;wpfckwnf;udk jyefvnfrJcGJNyD; trsm;pkaxmufcHrJ&&ifor wqDay;ydkYygw,f/

vTwfawmfwpfckcsif;&JU tpnf;ta0;awG(Floor Meeting) udkvnf;jrefrmEdkifiHrSmvdkaeYwdkif;ac:,lusif;yaewm r[kwfyg/ vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;&JU t"duwm0efjzpfwJhOya'Murf;rsm;a&;qGJa&;? tpdk;&Xmersm;&JUvkyfief;aqmif&GufrIrsm;udkapmifhMunhfa0zefa&;eJYEdkifiHawmfESpfpOftoHk;p&dwfcGJa0owfrSwfa&;vkyfief;awGudk oufqdkif&ma&;&maumfrwDrsm;rSmyJ pwiftajcjyKaqmif&GufMu&wmyg/ tpdk;&uwifoGif;wJhOya'rlMurf;yJjzpfjzpf? vTwfawmftrwfrsm;u wifoGif;wJhOya'rlMurf;yJjzpfjzpftm;vHk;aom Oya'rlMurf;rsm;udkaumfrwDtqifhrSm pwifaqG;aEG;? jiif;ckHMuwmyg/ aumfrwDtqifhrSmtaustvnfaqG;aEG;NyD;rJcGJvdkYtEdkif&wJhOya'rlMurf;rSyJvTwfawmfwpf&yfvHk;u 0dkif;0ef;aqG;aEG; rJcGJEdkifwJhtqifh(Floor Debate and Voting)udka&mufwmyg/ aumfrwDtqifhrSm ta&;edrfhoGm;wJhOya'rlMurf;rsm;[m vTwfawmfwpfckvHk; rJcGJ&r,ffhtqifhudka&mufrvmawmhyg/

jrefrmEdkifiHrSmawmhvTwfawmfOu|rsm;u tppt&m&m xdef;csKyfxm;wmrdkYvTwfawmfaumfrwDrsm;&JU tcef;u@[m tifrweftm;enf;

ygw,f/ tNrJwrf;aumfrwDrsm;uvnf; zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya't& av;ckomzGJUcGifh&SdNyD; usefwJhaumfrwDrsm;? aumfr&Sifrsm;? tzGJUrsm;[m vTwfawmfOu|rsm;u pdwfwdkif;us oufwrf;owfrSwfNyD; zGJUpnf;cGifh? uefYowfcGihf?zsufodrf;cGifh&SdwJh ,m,DaumfrwDrsm;om jzpfMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifhvJEkwfxGufoGm;wJhEdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m ckHHk;utJ'D,m,DaumfrwDrsm;? aumfr&Sifrsm;? tzGJUrsm;[m jynfaxmifpktqifhtzGJUrsm;r[kwfMubl;vdkYqHk;jzwfcJhwmyg/ aumfrwDrsm;udkpepfwus wm0efcGJray;xm;wmaMumifhrvdktyfbJpHknDtpnf;ta0;awGudkaeYpOfac:,lae&wmwdkif;jynftwGufukefusp&dwfawGBuD;rm;vSygw,f/

'gayrJhvnf; 'DavmufvTwfawmfOu|rsm;udk MoZmtmPmawGtrsm;BuD;ay;xm;NyD;rSuefYowfxm;wmawGvnf;&Sdygw,f/ tJ'guawmhvTwfawmfOu|rsm;[m wyfrawmfom;udk,fpm;vS,fawGtay:rSm vHk;0MoZmoufa&mufrIr&SdwmygyJ/ vTwfawmfOu|rsm;[m zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya't& tNrJwrf;aumfrwDawG? tjcm;aumfrwDawG? aumfr&SifawGudk

olwdkYpdwfwdkif;uszGJUpnf;wm0efay;cGihf&SdayrJhzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'yk'fr115 (c) eJY147 (c) t& umuG,fa&;eJYvHkNcHKa&;&mudprsm;? wyfrawmfqdkif&mudprsm;eJY ywfouf&ifumuG,fa&;ESifh vHkNcHKa&;&maumfrwDudkwyfrawmfom;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifhom zGJUpnf;wm0efay;&rSmyg/ vkyfief;vdktyfcsufrsm;t& wyfrawmfom;r[kwfaom vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkvnf; xnhfoGif;zJGUpnf;EdkifonfvdkYqdkxm;ayrJhvufawGUrSmwyfrawmfom;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u vufcHvdrhfr,frxifyg/ ESpfESpfwmoufwrf;twGif; vTwfawmfESpf&yfrSm zGJUpnf;xm;wJhtNrJwrf;aumfrwDawG?tjcm;aumfrwDawG? aumfr&SifawGudkMunhfawmhvnf; wyfrawmfom;udk,fpm;vS,fwpfa,mufrSryg0ifyg/ vTwfawmfOu|rsm;u wrifwumrxnhfwmvnf; rjzpfEdkifyg/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu oabmrwlvdkYbJjzpfygvdrfhr,f/ 'DawmhvTwfawmfESpf&yfpvHk;rSm wyfrawmfom;udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m b,fa&;&maumfrwDrSmrSrygbJvTwfawmfOu|rsm;xdawGUcGifhr&SdwJhoD;jcm;tiftm;pkrsm;tjzpf&yfwnfaewmtxift&Sm;jzpfygw,f/

2928


17/141


jrefrmEdkifiH&JU vTwfawmfzGJUpnf;yHku vTwfawmfOu|rsm;udktmPmtvGeftrif;ay;xm;NyD; txufuatmufudk(Top-down)pD;qif;wJhA[dkOD;pD;pepf(Centralization) jzpfaeygw,f/ tJ'Dpepfudky,fzsufNyD; vTwfawmfOu|rsm;&JU tmPmudktwdkif;twmwpfckxdavQmhcs? a&;&maumfrwDrsm;udk vkyfydkifcGifhawGydkay;NyD; atmufutxufukd (Bottom-up)jyefvnfpD;qif;aprSyJvTwfawmf[m trSefwu,fudkusef;rmoefpGrf;wJhvlxktusdK;jyK Oya'jyKtzGJUtpnf; jzpfvmygvdfrhfr,f/

pmNyD;&uf- 'DZifbm 1? 2012jynfolYacwf*sme,f? twGJ(3 )? trSwf(126) ? 'DZifbm(27)? (2012)

3130


18/141


2011 ckESpf'DZifbm 2 &ufaeYrSm EdkifiHawmforwHk;uae ]]Nidrf;csrf;

pGmpka0;cGifhESifhNidrf;csrf;pGmpDwef;vSnhfvnfcGifhqdkif&m Oya'}} udk2011ckESpfjynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfOya'trSwf15 tjzpfeJYtwnfjyKxkwfjyefcJhygw,f/ tJ'DvdkEdkifiHom;rsm;udk Nidrf;csrf;pGmpDwef;vSnhfvnfcGifhjyKwmudkEdkifiHwum tpdk;&rsm;u tifrwefBuD;rm;wJhwdk;wufajymif;vJrIBuD;wpf&yftjzpfBudKqdkcJhMuygw,f/ orwOD;odef;pdefuvnf; pufwifbmvtwGif; ukvor*taxGaxGnDvmcHrSmrdefYcGef;ajymMum;&mrSm 'DtcsufudkxnfhoGif;NyD; *kPf,l0ifh


19/141


jy|mef;xm;ygw,f/ wpfcsdefuta&;ay: pDrHcsuftufOya'yk'fr 5 (n)qdkwm EdkifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;olrsm;udktenf;qHk; axmif7 ESpfzrf;qD;axmifcswJhOya'jzpfNyD; EdkifiHwpf0ef;trnfqdk;eJYausmfMum;cJhygw,f/ tckvnf;tJ'DOya'qufvufwnf&Sdaewkef;ygyJ/ 'gayrJh EdkifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;olrsm;tMum; ydkNyD;trnfqdk;eJYausmfMum;vmNyD; 'DaeYtmPmydkifrsm;&JU vlxkvIyf&Sm;rINzdKcGif;a&;vufeufuawmhyk'fr (18) jzpfvmygw,f/

tckvwfwavmrSmudkyJvufyHawmif;awmifoydwfpcef;awGudktMurf;zufNzdKcGJwmudkrauseyfvdkYEdkifiHwpf0ef;rSm Nidrf;csrf;pGmqEjyMuolawG[m tmPmydkifawGu yk'fr 18 eJYzrf;qD;ta&;,lwmcHae&ygNyD/'Dyk'frudk rzsufodrf;oa&GU 'DOya'udkrjyifqifoa&GU EdkifiHom;rsm;&JUtajccHvlYtcGifhta&;jzpfwJhNidrf;csrf;pGmpka0;cGifh? pDwef;vSnhfvnfcGifhawG[m qufvufuefYowfcHae&rSmyg/

Nidrf;csrf;pGmpka0;cGifhESifhNidrf;csrf;pGmpDwef;vSnhfvnfcGifhqdkif&m Oya'rSmygwJhuefYowfcsufawGu 'Dvdkyg/ yk'fr 4 rSm Nidrf;csrf;pGmpka0;cGifhESifh

Nidrf;csrf;pGmpDwef;vSnhfvnfvdkwJhEdkifiHom;rsm;? tzGJUtpnf;rsm;[m oufqdkif&m NrdKUe,f&JwyfzGJUrSL;xH tenf;qHk;ig;&ufBudKwifNyD;&nf&G,fcsuf?ae&m? aeY&uf? tcsdeftydkif;tjcm;? a[majymrnfhtaMumif;t&m? a


20/141


r,fhpka0;rIrsdK;twGufom oufqdkif&mtmPmydkifrsm;qDu BudKwifcGifhjyKcsufawmif;&ygw,f/ usefwJhpDwef;vSnhfvnfrIrsm;? pka0;rIrsm;twGufcGifhjyKcsufawmif;cHp&mrvdkyg/ cGifhjyKcsufrygbJNidrf;csrf;pGmqEjyvdkYvnf;ta&;,lrcH&yg/ tzrf;rcH&yg/ tJ'Dvdkzrf;qD;ta&;,lvdkY&wJhOya'rsdK;vnf;r&Sdyg/

cufwmu jrefrmEdkifiHu Oya'awGrSm EdkifiHom;rsm;udkvGwfvyfcGifhawGay;xm;ayrJhtJ'DvGwfvyfcGifhawGu trSefwu,frvGwfvyfwmygyJ/ 2008 zGJUpnf;yHkudkMunhfyg/ yk'fr 354 rSm ]]Ed kifiHom;wdkif;onf]]Ed kifiHom;wdkif;onf]]Ed kifiHom;wdkif;onf]]Ed kifiHom;wdkif;onf]]Ed kifiHom;wdkif;onfEdkifiHawmfvHkNcHKa&;? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;? &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;EdkifiHawmfvHkNcHKa&;? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;? &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;EdkifiHawmfvHkNcHKa&;? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;? &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;EdkifiHawmfvHkNcHKa&;? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;? &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;EdkifiHawmfvHkNcHKa&;? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;? &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;odkYr[kwf jynfolwdkY\ udk,fusifhw&m;tusdK;iSm jy|mef;xm;onfhOya'odkYr[kwf jynfolwdkY\ udk,fusifhw&m;tusdK;iSm jy|mef;xm;onfhOya'odkYr[kwf jynfolwdkY\ udk,fusifhw&m;tusdK;iSm jy|mef;xm;onfhOya'odkYr[kwf jynfolwdkY\ udk,fusifhw&m;tusdK;iSm jy|mef;xm;onfhOya'odkYr[kwf jynfolwdkY\ udk,fusifhw&m;tusdK;iSm jy|mef;xm;onfhOya'rsm;ESifh rqefYusifvQif atmufygtc Gifhta&;rsm;ukdvGwfvyfpGmoHk;pGJrsm;ESifh rqefYusifvQif atmufygtcGifhta&;rsm;ukdvGwfvyfpGmoHk;pGJrsm;ESifh rqefYusifvQif atmufygtc Gifhta&;rsm;ukdvGwfvyfpGmoHk;pGJrsm;ESifh rqefYusifvQif atmufygtcGifhta&;rsm;ukdvGwfvyfpGmoHk;pGJrsm;ESifh rqefYusifvQif atmufygtc Gifhta&;rsm;ukdvGwfvyfpGmoHk;pGJaqmif&GufcGif h&S donf}}aqmif&GufcGif h&S donf}}aqmif&GufcGif h&S donf}}aqmif&GufcGif h&S donf}}aqmif&GufcGif h&S donf}} vdkY jy|mef;xm;NyD; tcGifhta&;rsm;xJrSm (c)vufeufrygbJNidrf;csrf;pGmpka0;cGifh? pDwef;vSnhfvnfcGifhvnf; tygt0ifyg/ 'gayrJhvnf; ]]Ed kifiHawmfvHkNcHKa&;? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;? &yf&Gm]]EdkifiHawmfvHkNcHKa&;? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;? &yf&Gm]]Ed kifiHawmfvHkNcHKa&;? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;? &yf&Gm]]EdkifiHawmfvHkNcHKa&;? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;? &yf&Gm]]EdkifiHawmfvHkNcHKa&;? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;? &yf&Gm

at;csrf;oma&; odkYr[kwfjynfolwdkY\ udk,fhusifhw&m;tusdK;iSm jy|mef;at;csrf;oma&; odkYr[kwfjynfolwdkY\ udk,fhusifhw&m;tusdK;iSm jy|mef;at;csrf;oma&; odkYr[kwfjynfolwdkY\ udk,fhusifhw&m;tusdK;iSm jy|mef;at;csrf;oma&; odkYr[kwfjynfolwdkY\ udk,fhusifhw&m;tusdK;iSm jy|mef;at;csrf;oma&; odkYr[kwfjynfolwdkY\ udk,fhusifhw&m;tusdK;iSm jy|mef;xm;onhfOya'rsm;ESifh rqefYusifvQif}}xm;onhfOya'rsm;ESifh rqefYusifvQif}}xm;onhfOya'rsm;ESifh rqefYusifvQif}}xm;onhfOya'rsm;ESifh rqefYusifvQif}}xm;onhfOya'rsm;ESifh rqefYusifvQif}} qdkwJhpum;pku ]]vGwfvyfpGm}}qdkwJhBud,m0daooeudkzsufqD;ypfvdkufygw,f]]Nidrf;csrf;pGmpka0;cGifhESifhNidrf;csrf;pGm pDwef;vSnhfvnfcGifhqdkif&m Oya'}} &JU yk'fr 4 t& pDwef;vSnhfvnfrItm;vHk;[m BudKwifcGifhjyKcsufawmif;cHzdkYvdktyfNyD; yk'fr 5t& oufqdkif&mNrdKUe,f&JwyfzGJUrSL;u jiif;y,fcGifh&Sdygw,f/ cGifhjyKcsufr&bJqEjy&ifjzifhyk'fr 18 t& axmif'PfwpfESpf'grSr[kwfaiG'PfusyfoHk;aomif; 'grSr[kwfaxmif'PfeJYaiG'Pfyl;wGJcHpm;&rSmyg/

orwOD;odef;pdeftygt0ifvuf&Sdtpdk;&acgif;aqmifrsm;? vTwfawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;u pme,fZif;rsm; (Media)eJYvlxktajcjyKtzGJUtpnf;rsm; (Civil Society) udkEdkifiHawmf&JU pwkweJYyrr@dKifrsm;vdkYtodtrSwfjyKwm Mum;zl;ygw,f/ tkyfcsKyfa&;? Oya'jyKa&;? w&m;pD&ifa&;rsm;vdkbmtmPmrSr&SdwJhtJ'Dr@dKifrsm;twGufvGwfvyfpGma&;om;xkwfa0cGifheJYvGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifh? pDwef;vSnhfvnfcGifh? qEjycGifhrsm;uvlxkqEudkazmfxkwfjyoEdkifwJhtenf;qHk;tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfMuygw,f/

'Drdkua&pDpepfudk taumiftxnfazmfaeygw,fvdkY a


21/141


jrefrmEdkifiH&JU jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfrSm aemufxyfajymp&m&Sdwm

u twkduftcHr&SdatmifzefwD;xm;wmyg/ wu,fu ygwDpHktaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJvdkYqdkwJhtwdkif; a&G;aumufyGJrSm EdkifiHa&;ygwDaygif;pHkuudk,fpm;vS,faygif;pHkyg0if,SOfNydKifMuNyD; vTwfawmfxJudkvnf; EdkifiHa&;ygwDaygif;pHkudkudk,fpm;jyKNyD; a&muf&SdvmMuwmyg/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSmrwlnDwJhEdkifiHa&;0g'awG? vkyfief;pOfawG? &nf&G,fcsufawG&SdMuNyD; olwdkYudk,fpm;jyKwJhrJqE&Sifrsm;&JUtusdK;pD;yGm; aqmif&Guf&mrSmvnf; olwdkYoufqdkif&mygwD&JU rl0g'? &yfwnfcsufrsm;? uwdu0wfrsm;twdkif;aqmif&GufMurSmyg/ xHk;pHtwdkif; vTwfawmfrSm udk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;pka&G;cs,fcH&wJhEdkifiHa&;ygwD(Majority Party) u vTwfawmf&JU OD;aqmifrIae&mudk&&SdrSmjzpfayrJh vlenf;pkygwD (Minority Party) odkYr[kwfvlenf;pkygwDrsm;&JUtcef;u@udk ypfy,fvdkYr&yg/

EdkifiHwumvTwfawmfrsm;rSmawmhvlenf;pkygwD(odkY) ygwDrsm;[mtwdkuftcHtiftm;pk (Opposition Force) jzpfvmNyD; vTwfawmfwGif;vlrsm;pkygwD&JU aqmif&GufrIrsm;udkapmifhMunhfa0zefum olwdkYoufqdkif&mygwDrsm;&JU &yfwnfcsufrsm;udkvnf; tcGifh&ovdkwifjy azmfxkwfMu

twdkuftcHr&SdwJU vTwfawmftwdkuftcHr&SdwJU vTwfawmftwdkuftcHr&SdwJU vTwfawmftwdkuftcHr&SdwJU vTwfawmftwdkuftcHr&SdwJU vTwfawmf

3938

tvkyform;ygwDeJhpifumyljynfolYygwDaygif;NyD;trwfae&m 9 ae&m(vTwfawmfwpfckvHk;&JY9 &mcdkifEIef;rQ)eJYtwdkuftcHtvkyfudkausauseyfeyfwm0efausaus

aqmif&GufMuygw,f/olwdkh&JYyg;pyfawGudkydwfzdkhtmPm&ygwDuurf;vSrf;wJU&mxl;rsm;?tcGifUta&;rsm;udkvufrcHMuyg/


22/141


ygw,f/ tkyfcsKyfrItmPm? Oya'jyKtmPm? w&m;pD&ifa&;tmPmqdkwJhEdkifiHawmftmPmoHk;&yftMum; tjyeftvSefxdef;ausmif;jyKjyifzdkY(Checkand Balance) vdktyfovdkOya'jyKtzGJUtpnf;twGif;rSmvnf; vlrsm;pkygwDudkxdef;ausmif;jyKjyifzdkYvdktyfygw,f/ wu,fawmhtwdkuftcHtiftm;pkqdkwm vlrsm;pkygwDu xif&mpdkif;NyD; tmPmtvGJoHk;wJhtqifhra&mufatmifvTwfawmfwGif; teD;uyfapmifhMuyfxdef;uGyfr,fhtiftm;pkjzpfwmrdkYtifrwefvdktyfwmyg/ tJ'Dvdktyfcsufu jrefrmEdkifiHvTwfawmfrSmawmhxl;qef;pGmaysmufqHk;aeygw,f/

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkuGef*&ufvTwfawmfrSm t"du EkdifiHa&;ygwDBuD;ESpfckjzpfwJh&DywfbvDuefygwD(Republican Party) ESifh'Drdku&ufwpfygwD(Democratic Party)wdkYu vTrf;rdk;xm;ygw,f/ 'Dawmha&G;aumufyGJwpfcktNyD; tar&duefatmufvTwfawmfeJYtxufvTwfawmfudkMunhfr,fqdk&if&DywfbvDuefygwDtrwfrsm;? 'Drdku&ufwpfygwDtrwfrsm;eJYwpfoD;yk*vtrwfrsm;qdkNyD; awGU&rSmyg/ tck2012 ckESpfEdk0ifbm

a&G;aumufyGJtNyD;rSm atmufvTwfawmfrSm &DywfbvDuefygwDu 235ae&meJYvlrsm;pkygwDjzpfNyD; 'Drdku&ufwpfygwDu ae&m 200 eJYvlenf;pkygwDjzpfygw,f/ wpfoD;yk*vtrwfr&Sdyg/ txufvTwfawmfrSmawmh'Drdku&ufwpfygwDu 53 ae&meJYvlrsm;pkygwDjzpfNyD; &DywfbvDuefygwDu 43 ae&meJYvlenf;pkygwDjzpfygw,f/ wpfoD;yk*vtrwf 2a,muf&SdNyD; tJ'DESpfa,mufpvHk;u 'Drdku&ufwpfygwDeJYvufwGJwmrdkY'Drdku&ufwpfygwDu pkpkaygif; 55 ae&m&Sdygw,f/ b,favmufyJtrwfta&twGufydkomom vlrsm;pkygwDqdkNyD; xif&mpdkif;vdkYr&yg/vlenf;pkygwDudktEdkifusifhvdkYr&yg/ 'Drdkua&pDpepf&JU usifhpOfrsm;twdkif;vlrsm;pkygwDu rJcGJ&iftEdkif&wwfayrJhvlenf;pkygwD&JU qEudkvnf;todtrSwfjyKav;pm;&ygw,f/

wpfcgwpf&H vlenf;pkygwDu wifoGif;wJh Oya'rlMurf;awGudkvlrsm;pkygwDxJu trwfawGuyg axmufcHrJay;MuvdkYtEdkif&wm&Sdovdkvlrsm;pkygwDuwifoGif;wJh Oya'rlMurf;jzpfayrJhvlrsm;pkygwD trwftcsdKUu vlenf;pkygwDtrwfrsm;eJYtwluefYuGufrJay;MuvdkYta&;edrfh

&wmvnf; &Sdygw,f/ wpfcgwpf&HygwDBuD;ESpfckpvHk;u axmufcHwJhudpjzpfvdkYESpfzufygwDudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u yl;wGJwifoGif;wJhOya'rlMurf;udkygwDESpfckpvHk;u wpfcJeufaxmufcHtwnfjyKMuwmvnf; &Sdygw,f/xif&Sm;wJhOyrmuawmh jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDvIyf&Sm;rIBuD;udkaxmufcHwJhOya'awG? jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmifa':atmifqef;pkMunfudktar&duefuGef*&ufvTwfawmf&JU tjrifhqHk;*kPfjyKqkwHqdyf(CongressionalGold Medal) csD;jrifhwJhOya'pwmawGygyJ/

uGef*&ufvTwfawmfvlrsm;pkacgif;aqmif[m vlenf;pkacgif;aqmifeJYndEIdif;NyD;uGef*&uf&JU wpfESpfwmtvkyfvkyfcsdefowfrSwf&ygw,f/ aumfrwDrsm;rSmyg0ifr,fhtzGJU0ifta&twGufudkowfrSwfMuygw,f/ vlrsm;pkacgif;aqmifu aumfrwDOu|rsm;udkwm0efay;cefYtyfNyD; vlenf;pkacgif;aqmifu vlenf;pkygwDudkudk,fpm;jyKr,fhacgif;aqmifudka&G;cs,fcefYtyfygw,f/ aumfrwDwdkif;rSm vlrsm;pkygwDu ta&twGufrsm;ayrJhvlenf;pkygwDtrwfrsm;rSmvnf; ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdygw,f/ aumfrwD

tpnf;ta0;rsm;? Mum;emyGJrsm;? Oya'Murf;rsm;rJcGJwm? pHkprf;ppfaq;rIrsm;udkaumfrwDOu|u vlenf;pkygwDtrwfrsm;&JUacgif;aqmif(Rank-ing Member) eJYwdkifyiftaumiftxnfazmf&ygw,f/

twdkuftcHrsm; (odkYr[kwf) vlenf;pkygwDudktxl;tcGifhta&;ay;xm;wmu txufvTwfawmfrSmyg/ txufvTwfawmfrSm Oya'Murf;awGudkrJcGJ&mrSmtqihfESpfqifh&Sdygw,f/ Oya'rlMurf;awGudkrJcGJwJhtqifhra&mufcifESpfzufygwDu vTwfawmftrwfrsm; oufqdkif&m Oya'rlMurf;udktjyeftvSefjiif;cHkaqG;aEG;Mu? jznhfpGufMu? jyifqifMuygw,f/ tJ'DvdkaqG;aEG;jiif;ckHEdkifzdkYvHkavmufwJhtcsdefumvudkvlrsm;pkygwDacgif;aqmifu vlenf;pkygwDacgif;aqmifeJYndEIdif;owfrSwf&ygw,f/ tJ'DrSm txufvTwfawmf&JUvkyfief;pOf(Parliamentary Procedure) wpfckjzpfwJh Fili-busterqdkwmu vlenf;pkygwDudk'DOya'rlMurf;udkrJcGJwJhtqifhra&mufatmif[efYwm;EdkifwJhtcGifhta&;ay;ygw,f//

Filibuster qdkwmu vlrsm;pkygwDbufu wifjyxm;wJhOya'rlMurf;udkqufvufaqG;aEG;p&mrvdkawmhwJhtaMumif; (To end the debate) rJ

4140


23/141


cGJqHk;jzwfzdkYvlenf;pkacgif;aqmifu tqdkjyKwmyg/ twdkuftcH&JUpdefac:rIudkausmfvTm;EdkifzdkYvlrsm;pkygwDu trwf100 &SdwJhtxufvTwfawmfrSm ]]aqG;aEG;rIrsm; tqHk;owfa&;tqdkudkuefYuGufNyD; qufvufaqG;aEG;NyD; rJcGJzdkYoabmwlwJh}} tenf;qHk; axmufcHrJ60 vdktyfygw,f/ 'DtqifhudkausmfvTm;EdkifzdkYvdktyfwJhrJ60 rjynhfrcsif; vlrsm;pkygwDtrwfrsm;[m olwdkYtwnfjyKcsifwJhOya'rlMurf;udkvlrsm;pkrJeJYrJcGJqHk;jzwftwnfjyKEdkifwJhtqifhudkra&mufawmhygbll;/ Filibuster [m tar&duefygwDBuD;ESpfckpvHk;u twdkuftcHae&ma&mufwJhtcsdefrSm wpfvSnhfpDtoHk;csMuwJhvTwfawmfa&;&m vufeufwpfckjzpfygw,f/ 'Dawmhtck'Drdku&ufwpfygwDu txufvTwfawmfrSm 55 rJ&SdayrJh&DywfbvDuefygwDbufu tenf;qHk; 5 rJrSr&&ifrJ60 rjynhfvdkYFilibuster udkrausmfvTm;EdkifbJolwdkYwifcsifwJhOya'udkrJcGJvdkYr&Edkifyg/ 'Dtqifhudkjzwfoef;EdkifrSrJcGJwJhtqifhudka&mufNyD; tJ'DrSmawmhSimple Majority vdkYac:wJh51 rJ&&ifOya'udktwnfjyKEdkifygw,f/ Filibuster u vlrsm;pkygwDu vlenf;pk

ygwDtay: w&m;vGeftEdkifhusifhvdkYr&atmifzefwD;xm;wmyg/txufvTwfawmfrSmyJ&Sdygw,f/ atmufvTwfawmfrSm r&Sdyg/

jrefrmEdkifiH&JUvTwfawmfrSmawmhtwkduftcH&JUtcef;u@vHk;0rawGU&yg/ vTwfawmf&JU tmPmt&yf&yf[m Ou|ESpfa,muf&JU vufxJrSmyJ&SdNyD; twdkuftcHacgif;aqmif (odkY) vlenf;pkygwDacgif;aqmifae&mudkvHk;0zefwD;rxm;yg/ 2010 a&G;aumufyGJeJY2012 Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJ&v'frsm;t& vTwfawmfESpf&yfpvHk;rSm BuhHcdkifa&;ygwDu 55 &mcdkifEIef;&xm;NyD; tjcm;ygwDrsm;tm;vHk;aygif;&if20 &mcdkifEIef;avmuf&xm;ygw,f/ wyfrawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u 25 &mckdifEIef; ae&m,lxm;ygw,f/BuhHcdkifa&;ygwDu Super Majority vdkYac:wJhtjywftowftm;aumif;aewmrdkYaumfrwDOu|tm;vHk;eD;yg;eJYaumfrwD0iftrsm;pku BuhHcdkifa&;ygwDuyJjzpfwm thHMop&mr[kwfayrJhvTwfawmfESpf&yfvHk;rSma&m aumfrwDrsm;tm;vHk;rSmyg vlrsm;pkygwDu xif&mrpdkif;atmiftmPm tvGJoHk;pm;rvkyfatmifxdef;nday;&r,fhtwdkuftcH&JUtcef;u@vHk;0r&SdbJvTwfawmfwGif;ygwDrsm;tm;vHk;[m tmPm&ygwDeJYolY&JU r[mrdwfrsm;

jzpfaewm 0rf;enf;pGm awGU&Sd&ygw,f/wu,fawmhvnf; twdkuftcH&JUtcef;u@qdkwm zGJUpnf;yHktajccH

Oya'rSmjy|mef;xm;rS? vlrsm;pkygwDu todtrSwfjyKrSr[kwfyg/ vTwfawmfxJrSm tawmftweftm;aumif;rSr[kwfyg/ vlenf;pka&G;cs,fcH&wJhygwDawGpkaygif;NyD; twdkuftcHae&mudkausauseyfeyf,lNyD; vlrsm;pkygwDudkapmifhMunhfa0zef&ifjzifhvTwfawmf[m usef;rmoefpGrf;wJhOya'jyKtzGJUtpnf; jzpfvmrSmyg/ 'Dae&mrSm pifumylEdkifiHu twdkuftcHtrwfrsm;udk Oyrmjycsifygw,f/ pifumylEdkifiHrSm Oya'jyKvTwfawmfwpf&yfyJ&Sdygw,f/ tJ'DvTwfawmfrSm ta&G;cs,fcHtrwf87 a,mufeJYcefYtyfwJhtrwf12 a,mufpkpkaygif; 99 a,muf&SdNyD; jynfolYvIyf&Sm;rIygwD(People's Action Party) uyJESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vTwfawmf&JU 90&mcdkifEIef;udkxdef;csKyfxm;wmyg/ 2011 ckESpfrSm usif;ywJha&G;aumufyGJrSm vuf&SdtmPm& jynfolYvIyf&Sm;rIygwDu 81 a,mufa&G;cs,fcH&NyD;tvkyform;ygwD(Worker's Party) u 8 ae&meJYpifumyljynfolYygwD

(Singapore People's Party) u wpfae&m a&G;cs,fcH&ygw,f/ tvkyform;ygwDeJYpifumyljynfolYygwDaygif;NyD; trwfae&m 9 ae&m (vTwfawmfwpfckvHk;&JU 9 &mcdkifEIef;rQ) eJYtwdkuftcHtvkyfudkausauseyfeyfwm0efausausaqmif&GufMuygw,f/ olwdkY&JUyg;pyfawGudkydwfzdkYtmPm&ygwDu urf;vSrf;wJh&mxl;rsm;? tcGifhta&;rsm;udkvufrcHMuyg/ vTwfawmfxJrSm tiftm;b,favmufenf;enf; pifumyltwdkuftcHtrwfawG[m olwdkYudk,fpm;jyKwJhygwD? olwkdYudk,fpm;jyKwJhrJqE&Sifrsm;udk,fpm;tmPm&ygwDeJYtmPm&tpdk;&&JUrSm;,Gif;rI? vGJacsmfrI? rw&m;rIawGudka0zefuefYuGufaeMuwm tifrwefav;pm;p&maumif;vSygw,f/

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkzGJUpnf;yHkrSmvnf; uGef*&ufvTwfawmfrSmtwdkuftcHygwD&JU tcef;u@tjyifEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;&JU tcef;u@udkxnfhoGif;jy|mef;xm;wm rawGU&yg/ tawGUtBuHKawGudktajcjyKNyD; uGef*&ufvTwfawmfu Oya'rsm;xyfrHjy|mef;um vTwfawmfudktrSefwu,fvlxkudkudk,fpm;jyKatmif? vlenf;pk&JUtcGifhta&;udkav;pm;&ma&mufatmif? vlrsm;pkygwDu tmPmtvGJoHk;pm; rvkyfEdkifatmifjyKjyifzefwD;

4342


24/141


Muwmyg/ jrefrmEdkifiHvTwfawmfrSmvnf; vmr,fh2015 a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifrD jyifoifhwmawGudk Oya'jy|mef; jyifqifEdkifMur,fqdk&ifodyfaumif;rSmyg/

a&SUvmr,fha&G;aumufyGJawGrSm 2012 Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJvdkyJoefY&Sif;rQwr,fqdk&ifEdkifiHa&;ygwDwpfckwnf;u tjywftowftEdkif&wmrsdK; (Landslide Victory) rjzpfEdkifawmhyg/ 'Drdkua&pDpepfBuhHcdkifoefpGrf;vmwmeJYtrQ tm;aumif;wJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmNyD;jynfolvlxkuvnf; tawGUtBuHK&ifhusufrIeJYtwl rSefuefwJhudk,fpm;vS,fawGudka&G;cs,fEdkifMurSmyg/ tJ'DtcgrSm EdkifiHa&;ygwDtrsm;tjym;[m vTwfawmfESpf&yfpvHk;rSm tawmftoifhtm;aumif;wJhta&twGufeJYudk,fpm;jyK yg0ifEdkifMurSmyg/ 'DaeYvlrsm;pkygwD[m aemufwpfcsdefrSmvlenf;pkygwDjzpfoGm;Edkifygw,f/ a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udkjzwfoef;&if; vlrsm;pkygwDjzpfvdkuf? vlenf;pkygwDjzpfvdkufeJYjynfolvlxk&JU tqHk;tjzwfudkcH,lNyD; jynfoleJYEdkifiHudktusdK;jyKMu&rSmyg/ tckupvdkYvTwfawmfrSm

tifrwefta&;BuD;wJhtwdkuftcHygwD&JU tcef;u@? vlenf;pkygwDrsm;&JU tcGifhta&;udkowfrSwfjy|mef;Edkifr,fqdk&ifjrefrmEdkifiH&JU Oya'jyK,E&m;BuD;[m ydkNyD;usef;rmvmrSmyg/

pmNyD;&uf- 'DZifbm 9 ? 2012jynfolYacwf*sme,f? twGJ(3 )? trSwf(129) ? Zefe0g&D(17)? (2013)

4544


25/141


2012 ckESpfazazmf0g&Dv 24&ufaeYrSm EkdifiHawmforwu jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfutwnfjyKNyD;om;jzpfwJh]]&yfuGufodkYr[kwfaus;&Gm

tkyfpktkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'}} udk2012ckESpf? jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmftrSwf1 tjzpfeJYvufrSwfa&;xdk;xkwfjyefvkdufygw,f/ jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xmeu ZlvkdifvrSm enf;Oya' qufvufxkwfjyefcJhygw,f/ 'DOya'&JU tESpfom&uawmhwkdif;jynfzGJUpnf;rI&JUtajccHtusqHk;tpktzGJUjzpfwJh&yfuGufrsm;? aus;&Gmtkyfpkrsm;rSm tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0ef,lrnhfoludka&G;cs,fcefYxm;yHkpepfeJY&yfuGuf? aus;&Gmtkyfpkrsm;rSm tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;&JU wm0efeJYvkyfykdifcGihfrsm;ukd jy|mef;xm;wmyg/ tckqkd&if jrefrmEkdifiHwpfEkdifiHvHk;rSm&yfuGuf? aus;&GmtkyfpktkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;a&G;cs,fyGJrsm;usif;yaeNyD; vlxk&JUrauseyfoHawG? wkdifwef;oHawGudkvnf; Mum;ae&ygNyD/ &yfuGuf? aus;&GmtkyfpktkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;ukdrqvtpkd;&vufxufwpfavQmufvHk;rSma&me0w? etzppftpdk;&rsm; vufxufrSmyg vlxku a&G;cs,fwifajrmufcGihfr&SdbJtpkd;&rsm;u wkdufkdufcefYtyfcJhwmyg/ tckvkdvlxku a&G;cs,fwifajrmufcGihf&csdefrSm bmaMumihf rauseyfoHawG xGufvm&ovJ?'D&mxl;wm0efrsm;ua&m b,favmufta&;BuD;ovJqkdwm qef;ppfavhvmzdkYvdkygw,f/

vTwfawmfESifh &yfuGuf aus;&GmvTwfawmfESifh &yfuGuf aus;&GmvTwfawmfESifh &yfuGuf aus;&GmvTwfawmfESifh &yfuGuf aus;&GmvTwfawmfESifh &yfuGuf aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;a&G;cs,fa&; Oya'tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;a&G;cs,fa&; Oya'tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;a&G;cs,fa&; Oya'tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;a&G;cs,fa&; Oya'tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;a&G;cs,fa&; Oya'

4746

"mwfyHk-tifwmeuf

"mwfyHk-pdk;BuD;(aejynfawmf)

NLD vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;/


26/141


tajccHtusqHk; EkdifiHtzGJ Ytpnf;tajccHtusqHk; EkdifiHtzGJ Ytpnf;tajccHtusqHk; EkdifiHtzGJ Ytpnf;tajccHtusqHk; EkdifiHtzGJ Ytpnf;tajccHtusqHk; EkdifiHtzGJ Ytpnf;wu,fawmh&yfuGufrsm;? aus;&Gmrsm;[m EkdifiHwpfck&JU zGJYpnf;wnf

aqmufyHkrSmtao;qHk;eJYtajccHtusqHk; vlYtzGJYtpnf;rsm;jzpfygw,f/2008 zGJYpnf;yHktajccHOya' yk'fr 51rSm EkdifiHawmfukdpkpnf;wnfaqmuf&mrSm ]] (u) aus;&Gmrsm;udkaus;&Gmtkyfpktjzpfpkpnf;onf? (c) &yfuGufrsm;ukd NrdKU odkYr[kwf NrdKUe,ftjzpf pkpnf;onf? (*) aus;&GmtkyfpkESihf&yfuGufrsm; odkYr[kwfNrdKUrsm;ukdNrdKUe,ftjzpfpkpnf;onf}} vdkYazmfjyxm;ygw,f/ EkdifiHom;wkdif;[m &yfuGufwpfck? aus;&GmtkyfpkwpfckrSm aexkdifMuNyD; tJ'D&yfuGuf? aus;&GmtkyfpkawGaygif;NyD; NrdKUe,fjzpfvm? NrdKUe,fawGaygif;pkNyD; ckdifjzpfvm? ckdifawGaygif;pkNyD; jynfe,f? wkdif;a'oBuD;awGjzpfvmNyD; jynfe,f? wkdif;a'oBuD;awGaygif;pkNyD; jrefrmEkdifiHjzpfvmwmyg/'ghaMumihf&yfuGufrsm;? aus;&Gmrsm;[m EkdifiHwpfck&JU t"duuswJhtajccHtaqmufttHkjzpfNyD;&yfuGuf? aus;&GmtkyfpktkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;[mvnf;a'oE&tkyfcsKyfa&; (Domestic Administration)&JU tajccHtusqHk;?

vlxkeJY xdawGUrIt&SdqHk; tmPmydkifyk*dKvfrsm; jzpfMuygw,f/ tpdk;&tqufqufuvnf; acwftqufqufrSm 'Dyk*dKvfawGudktoHk;csNyD;vlxkudktkyfcsKyfcJhMuwmyg/ jrefrmbk&ifawGacwfrSmqdk&iftcGefaumufwmutp vrf;jyifwmtv,fppfom;pkaqmif;ay;&wJhtxdwm0ef,lcJhMu&ygw,f/ tmPm&Siftpkd;&awGvufxufrSmawmh'DtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;awG[m qufaMu;aumufwm? t"rvkyftm;ay;ckdif;apzdkYvlpkay;&wm?NrdKUe,fudktvnfvmwJht&m&SdBuD;udkazsmfajzzdkYwm0ef,l&wm? EkdifiHa&;orm;awG&JU owif;axmufvSrf;ay;&wm? wuf


27/141


&yf aus;tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;udka&G;cs,fwifajrmufMuwmyg/ 'ghaMumihfvnf;EkdifiHwpf0ef;rSm vlxk&JUrauseyfoHawGnHnHpDpDxGufay:aewmygyJ/'gayrJholwkdY&JUtoHawG[m vufyHawmif;awmifaMu;eDpDrHudef;qEjyyGJrsm;? ucsifjynfe,frSmjzpfaewJhppfyGJrsm;avmufjrefrmhEkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;&JUpdwf0ifpm;rI? tav;ay;rIr&Mu&Smyg/

'DOya'&JU tcef; (4)? yk'fr (7) t& BuD;Muyfa&;tzGJUu &yfuGufodkYr[kwfaus;&GmtkyfpktwGif; tdrfajcpm&if;tvkdufq,ftdrfpktpktzGJUrsm; pkzGJU&r,fvkdYqkdygw,f/ tJ'Dq,ftdrfpkrSmygwJhtdrfaxmifpktoD;oD;u tdrfaxmifOD;pD; odkYr[kwftouf 18 ESpf jynhfNyD;aomtdrfaxmifpkudk,fpm;vS,fwpfa,mufpDukdpkpnf;NyD; olwkdY10 a,mufxJu wpfa,mufukdq,ftdrfacgif;tjzpfvQdKU0SufqErJeJYa&G;cs,f&ygw,f/ vlxk&JUa&G;cs,fcGihfu 'gygyJ/ vlxkqdkwmawmifrSrdom;pkwpfpkutouf18ESpfjynhfNyD;oltm;vHk;r[kwfyg/ wpftdrfaxmifrSwpfa,mufom rdom;pkudk,fpm;vS,f10 a,mufxJu q,ftdrfacgif;jzpfr,fhvl

wpfa,mufudka&G;cs,fcGifh&wmyg/ 'DtqihfNyD;&ifta&G;cH&wJhq,ftdrfacgif;rsm;u if;wkdYtxJu wpfa,mufodkYr[kwfwpfa,mufESihftxufukd tqkdjyK? tqdkjyKcH&olrsm;u owfrSwfxm;wJh t&nftcsif;awGeJYudkufnD&ifq,ftdrfacgif;rsm;u vQdKU0SufqErJay;NyD; &yf aus; tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;udka&G;cs,fwifajrmuf&rSmyg/ vlxkrSm rdrdwkdYaexkdif&m&yfuGuf?aus;&GmudktkyfcsKyfrnhftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;udkudk,fwkdifudk,fus wkdufkdufa&G;cs,fcGifh r&Mu&Smyg/

rawmfrw&m;udprsm;rawmfrw&m;udprsm;rawmfrw&m;udprsm;rawmfrw&m;udprsm;rawmfrw&m;udprsm;'DZifbm 28&ufaeYu wufvmwJhe&&m owif;Xme&JU owif;ydkY

csuft& &ckdifjynfe,fwpf0ef; NrdKUe,frsm;rS&yf aus; tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;a&G;cs,fa&;eJYywfoufNyD; rormrIawG jzpfay:aew,fvkdY Mum;od&ygw,f/ tJ'DrormrIawGxJrSm NrdKUe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;u BuD;Muyfa&;aumfrwDukdvlxkrMunfndKwJhyk*dKvfrsm;eJYzGJUpnf;wm? BuD;Muyfa&;aumfrwDu q,ftdrfacgif;rsm;ukdrdom;pkudk,fpm;vS,frsm;&JUqEeJYr[kwfbJif;wkdY

pdwfwkdif;usa&G;cs,fwm? q,ftdrfacgif;rsm;xJu &yf aus;tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;a&G;cs,f&mrSmvnf; rJvdrfrIawG&Sdaewm? tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;jzpfcsifolrsm;uBuD;Muyfa&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;ukdvmbfay;w,fqdkwJhpGyfpGJwmawGMum;odae&ygw,f/ 'g&ckdifjynfe,fwpfckwnf;rSm jzpfaewmr[kwfyg/ wpfEkdifiHvHk;tESHYjzpfaewmyg/ 'DZifbm 28 &ufaeY? oQrf;oHawmfqihfowif;t& &Srf;jynfe,frSmvnf; rormrIawGjzpfaeygw,f/ &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;emqkdif;aus;&GmtkyfpkrSm BuD;Muyfa&;aumfrwDukdNrdKUe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;uzGJUpnf;ay;&r,fhtpm; vuf&Sdaus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; OD;jrihfvdIifu olYpdwfBudKufvlrsm;eJYzGJYpnf;NyD; tJ'DBuD;Muyfa&;aumfrwDu OD;jrifhvdIifudkyJtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;tjzpfjyefvnfwifajrmufygowJh/ 'DZifbm 26 &ufaeYxkwf{&m0wDowif;Xme&JU aqmif;yg;t& BuHhckdifa&;ygwD0ifrsm;jzpfMuwJhvuf&SdtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm; jyefvnfa&G;cs,fcH&a&;twGuftmPm&ygwDu ae&mtESHYrSm 0ifa&mufpGufzufaew,fqdkwJhowif;awGvnf;Mum;&ygw,f/ 'DZifbm 23 &ufaeYu AGDtkdat (VOA) owif;Xme&JU

owif;t& &efukefwkdif;a'oBuD;twGif;u arSmfbDNrdKUe,f trSwf4&yfuGufrSm vuf&SdtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;u olY&mxl;jyef&a&;twGuftMurf;zufrIawGjyKvkyfcJhw,fvdkYvnf; Mum;od&ygw,f/

pepfa[mif;&JY t


28/141


{nhfonftjzpfvma&mufwnf;cdkwJhtcg? jynfvnfxGufcGmoGm;wJhtcg}}&yf aus;tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;xHowfrSwfcsufrsm;eJYtnDwkdifMum;&rSmjzpfNyD;wkdifMum;zkdYysufuGuf&if jypf'PfcHpm;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ 'ghaMumihfvnf;rw&m; wJhOya'rsm;? trdefY'D*&Drsm;udkkyfodrf;? zsufodrf;zkdYusaemfwkdYawmif;qkd&mrSm 'DOya'ESpfckvnf; yg0ifygw,f/ 'D]]&yfuGufodkYr[kwf

aus;&Gm tkyfpktkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'}} udk jy|mef;awmhatmufqHk;u yk'fr37 rSm ]]NrdKUrsm;tufOya'ESihf aus;&GmtufOya'wkdYukd Oya'jzihfkyfodrf;vkdufonf/}} vkdYazmfjyyg&Sdawmh]]aMomf? igwkdYvTwfawmftrwfawGrqdk;vSygvm;}} vkdYauseyfvkdufrdygao;w,f/ 'gayrJh'DOya'udktaotcsmzwfMunhfrSyJNrdKUrsm;tufOya'eJYaus;&GmtufOya'rSmygwJhvlxktay: uefYowfcsufawGudk Oya'opfrSm jyefvnfxnfhoGif;xm;wmawGU&ygw,f/

'D&yf^aus;tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'&JU yk'fr 17 t& &yfuGuf aus;&GmtwGif;aexkdifolrsm;[m rdrdaetdrfrSm rdrd&JUtdrfaxmifpkpm&if;rSm ryg0if

olwpfa,mufa,mufvmwnf;cdk&if&yf aus;tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;xHtoday; wkdifMum;&rSmyg/ {nhfonfjyefvnfxGufcGmoGm;&ifvnf; owif;ydkY&OD;rSmyg/ yk'fr 27 t& tJ'Dvdkowif;ydkYwkdifMum;zkdYysufuGuf&ifusyfig;axmifxufrydkaom 'PfaiGay;aqmif&rSmjzpfNyD; 'PfaiGraqmifEkdifygu ckepf&ufxufrydkaom axmif'PfuscH&rSm jzpfygw,f/ yk'fr13(q)t& &yf aus;tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rSm {nhfpm&if;wkdifMum;jcif;udkvufcHjcif;? cGifhjyKjcif;tjyif{nhfpm&if;ppfaq;jcif;? {nhfpm&if;wkdifMum;&efysufuGufvQifta&;,ljcif;jyKEkdifwJhtmPm&Sdygw,f/

EkdifiHom;wpfa,muf&JU arG;&myg vlYtcGifhta&;jzpfwJhvGwfvyfpGma&TUajymif;aexkdifcGifhudkuefYowfwm[m urmhvlYtcGihfta&; aMunm

pmwrf;udk csdK;azmufwmjzpfovdk rMumao;cifurS jrefrmEkdifiH yg0ifvufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhwJhtmqD,HvlYtcGifhta&; aMunmpmwrf;udkyg csdK;azmufwm jzpfygw,f/ ukvor*vlYtcGifhta&;aMunmpmwrf;&JU yk'fr(13) (1) rSm ]]vlwkdif;vlwkdif;onfEkdifiHwpfck\ e,fedrdwfrsm;twGif;vGwfvyfpGm a&TUajymif;aexkdifcGifh? tajccscGihf&Sdonf/}} (Everyone has

the right to freedom of movement and residence within the

borders of each state.) vdkYqdkxm;ygw,f/ 2012 ckESpfEdk0ifbm 19&ufaeYu uarm'D;,m;EkdifiHzEGrf;yifNrdKUrSm jrefrmorw OD;odef;pdefyg0ifvufrSwfxkd; twnfjyKcJhwJhtmqD,HvlYtcGihfta&; aMunmpmwrf;(ASEAN Human Rights Declaration) yk'fr 15 rSmvnf; tvm;wl

jy|mef;xm;ygw,f/ (Every person has the right to freedom ofmovement and residence within the borders of each state.)

arQmfvifhrdjcif;arQmfvifhrdjcif;arQmfvifhrdjcif;arQmfvifhrdjcif;arQmfvifhrdjcif;]]&yfuGufodkYr[kwfaus;&GmtkyfpktkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'}} udkvTwfawmf

rSm aqG;aEG;twnfjyKpOfu trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf vTwfawmftrwfrsm; vTwfawmfxJra&mufao;yg/ vTwfawmf[mvnf; tckavmufyGifhvif;wuf


29/141


'Drdkua&pDpepfrSm tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPm? Oya'jyKtmPm? w&m;pD&if

a&;tmPmqdkwJhtcsKyftjcmtmPmoHk;&yfukd cGJa0usihfoHk;Mu&mrSmtmPmoHk;&yftMum; tjyeftvSefxdef;ausmif;yJhjyifzkdY (Check andBalance) vdktyfovdktmPmoHk;&yf[efcsufnDnDyl;aygif;aqmif&GufzkdYvnf;vdktyfygw,f/ txl;ojzihfRule of Law vdkYac:wJhw&m;Oya'pdk;rkd;a&;rSmyg/ Oya'jyKvTwfawmfu rSefuefaumif;rGefNyD; trsm;jynfoltwGuf trSefwu,ftusdK;&SdwJh Oya'awGukdjy|mef;? tpdk;&tzGJUutJ'DOya'awG touf0ifvmatmif? vlxku av;pm;vkdufematmiftaumiftxnfazmf(Law Enforcement)? w&m;olBuD;rsm;u olwdkYa&SUarSmufa&mufvmwJhtrItcif;awGudk Oya'eJYtnD trSeftwkdif;rQrQww pD&ifqHk;jzwfygrSw&m;Oya'pdk;rkd;NyD;wnfNidrfat;csrf;wJhvlYtzGJU

tpnf;wpfckjzpfvmrSmyg/ 'gaMumifhrdkYvdkYw&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;zkdYw&m;pD&ifa&;pepfwpfckwnf;rSm wm0efr&SdbJvTwfawmfrSma&m tpkd;&tzGJUrSmyg tnDtrQ wm0ef&Sdaewmyg/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSm 2010aemufydkif; tajymif;tvJwkd;wufrIawGtkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;rSm? Oya'jyKa&;rSmawGUjrifae&ayrJhw&m;pD&ifa&;[m ajymif;vJ

vTwfawmfESifU w&m;Oya'pdk;rd k;a&;vTwfawmfESifU w&m;Oya'pdk;rd k;a&;vTwfawmfESifU w&m;Oya'pdk;rd k;a&;vTwfawmfESifU w&m;Oya'pdk;rd k;a&;vTwfawmfESifU w&m;Oya'pdk;rd k;a&;

5554

w&m;pD&ifa&;ESihfOya'a&;&maumfrwDacgif;aqmifol&OD;atmifudk/

"mwfyHk-pdk;BuD;(aejynfawmf)"mwfyHk-pdk;BuD;(aejynfawmf)"mwfyHk-pdk;BuD;(aejynfawmf)"mwfyHk-pdk;BuD;(aejynfawmf)"mwfyHk-pdk;BuD;(aejynfawmf)


30/141


wkd;wufrIr&SdbJt&ifacwfa[mif;uvdktkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;&JU pGufzufrI?vmbfay;vmbf,leJY tusihfysufcspm;rI? aiGrsm;w&m;EkdifrIawGeJYjynhfESufaeqJyg/ 'gaMumihfvJw&m;pD&ifa&;pepfukdjyKjyifajymif;vJzkdYvlxk&JUawmif;qdkoH? pme,fZif;rsm;&JUa0zefoHawGus,favmifaeovdkvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;awGrSmvnf; 'Dudpukd tav;teufaqG;aEG;Mu? jyKjyif

ajymif;vJzkdYBudK;pm;aeMuwm awGU&ygw,f/ jynfolYvTwfawmfrSmqdk&ifw&m;pD&ifa&;eJYywfoufwJh aumfrwDESpfckawmifzGJUxm;ygw,f/ ol&OD;atmifudkOD;aqmifwJh ]]w&m;pD&ifa&;ESihfOya'a&;&maumfrwD}} eJYa':atmifqef;pkMunfOD;aqmifwJh ]]w&m;Oya'pdk;rkd;a&;ESihfwnfNidrfat;csrf;a&;aumfrwD}} wdkYyg/

jynfolYvTwfawmfuyJzGJUpnf;xm;wJh]]Oya'a&;&mESihftxl;udprsm;pHkprf;avhvma&;aumfr&Sif}}qdkwmvnf;&Sdygao;w,f/ tJ'DvTwfawmftzGJUtpnf;rsm;&JUaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;uawmhw&m;pD&ifa&;qkdif&m w&m;olBuD;rsm;? a&SUaersm;? &Jt&m&Sdrsm;eJYawGUqHkaqG;aEG;jcif;? w&m;Hk;rsm;udk

0ifa&mufppfaq;jcif;? ppfaq;awGU&Sdcsufrsm;udkvTwfawmfodkYtpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;jcif; pwmawGygyJ/ w&m;Hk;rSm trIppfaq;wJhtcg w&m;vdk?w&m;cHeJYoufaorsm;wifrubJtrIukdMum;emr,fhw&m;olBuD;rsm;ygusrf;usdef&r,fvdkYOay'Murf;wifoGif;zkdYjyifqifaewmvnf; &Sdygw,f/

rSefaomaqmif&GufrI [kwf r[kwfrSefaomaqmif&GufrI [kwf r[kwfrSefaomaqmif&GufrI [kwf r[kwfrSefaomaqmif&GufrI [kwf r[kwfrSefaomaqmif&GufrI [kwf r[kwfw&m;Oya'pdk;rkd;a&;twGufvTwfawmfutckvdkxJxJ0if0ifvIyf&Sm;

aqmif&Gufaewmaumif;ayrJhvuf&Sdaqmif&GufcsufawG[m wu,fvdktyfrI &Sd? r&Sd? oihf? roihf uRefawmfwdkY qef;ppfMunhfzkdYvdkygw,f/jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf[m tcsKyftjcmtmPmoHk;&yfxJu Oya'jyK

tmPmudkudkifwG,fusifhoHk;wJhtzGJYtpnf;jzpfNyD; tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmudkudkifwG,fwJhtpkd;&tzGJY? w&m;pD&ifa&;tmPmudk ukd,fwG,fwJh jynfaxmifpkw&m;olBuD;csKyfOD;aqmifwJhjynfaxmifpkw&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfwkdYeJYtqihfwltzGJUtpnf;jzpfygw,f/ tqihfwltmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;tMum;tjyeftvSefyJhjyifxdef;ausmif;rI[m r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfovdktjyeft

vSefyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIeJYtjyeftvSefav;pm;rIrsm;[mvnf; r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfcsufrsm;yJjzpfygw,f/ usaemfhtjrifrSmawmhvTwfawmfu w&m;olBuD;rsm;udk zdwfac:Mo0g'ay;wm? w&m;Hk;rsm;udk0ifa&mufppfaq;wmawG[m tjyeftvSefyJhjyifxdef;ausmif;rIr[kwfbJtay:pD;uae0ifa&mufpGufzufwmyJjzpfygw,f/

vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;pepfvGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;pepfvGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;pepfvGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;pepfvGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;pepfw&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;twGufta&;tBuD;qHk; vdktyfcsufwpf&yfu

vGwfvyfwJhw&m;pD&ifa&;pepf(Independent Judiciary System) wnfaqmufzkdYyg/ w&m;olBuD;awG[m rdrdwkdY&mxl;wnfNrJa&;twGufb,folYudkrSrDScdkrae&zkdY? b,folYrsufESmudkrSiJhMunhfrae&zkdYvdkygw,f/ olY&JU&mxl;wnfNrJa&;[m oludkifwG,fajz&Sif;&wJhtrItcif;awGudkolrSefrSefuefuefqHk;jzwfjcif;&Sd? r&SdqdkwJhtay:rSmyJwnfrSD&ygr,f/

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrSm w&m;olBuD;awGukdjynfaxmifpktqifh

w&m;olBuD;rsm;eJYjynfe,ftqifhw&m;olBuD;rsm;vkdYESpfydkif;cGJjcm;xm;ygw,f/ jynfaxmifpktqihfw&m;olBuD;rsm;udkorwu a&G;cs,ftqdkjyKNyD; txufvTwfawmfuppfaq;twnfjyKay;&ygw,f/ orwu w&m;olBuD;wpfa,mufudkcefYtyfzkdYtqdkrjyKciftcsdeftawmf,lNyD; t&nftcsif;jynhf0wJhyk*dKvf? jypfcsuftemtqmr&SdwJhyk*dKvfrsdK;udkxyfcgxyfcgppfaq;&SmazG&ygw,f/ txufvTwfawmfu orwtrnfpm&if;wifoGif;wJhyk*dKvf&JU twdwforkdif;wpfavQmufvHk;u aqmif&GufcsufawGudkEdIufEdIufcRwfcRwf avhvmoHk;oyfMuwmyg/ t"duuawmh 'Dyk*dKvf&JUJudiciary Philosophy vdkYac:wJhOya'qkdif&mtawG;tac:udktav;teufxm;MunhfMuygw,f/ ao'Pftay: b,fvdkoabmxm;ovJ?

trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;tay: b,fvdkoabmxm;ovJpojzihf'Dyk*dKvfqHk;jzwfcJhwJhtrIa[mif;awG? a&;cJhwJhOya'pmwrf;awG? aqmif;yg;awG?tifwmAsL;awGudkvnf; avhvmtjypf&SmMuygw,f/ vlxktajcjyKtzGJYtpnf;rsm;uwifoGif;MuwJhaxmufcHrI? uefYuGufrIpwJhvlxktjrif(PublicOpinion)awGudkvnf; xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;ygw,f/ txufvTwfawmfw&m;

5756


31/141


pD&ifa&;aumfrwD(Senate Committee on Judiciary) u trsm;jynfolwufa&mufcGifh&SdwJhMum;emyGJ (Confirmation Hearing) usif;yNyD;'DtqdkjyKcH&wJhyk*dKvfudkar;cGef;awGar;Mu? a0zefMuygw,f/ tJ'DaemufaumfrwDtqifhrSmrJcGJ? aumfrwDtqifhrSmtEkdif&rStxufvTwfawmfwpfckvHk;u rJcGJqHk;jzwfMuwmyg/ 'gaMumihforwtqkdjyKwJhyk*dKvfwkdif; w&m;

olBuD;jzpfvmwmr[kwfyg/ 'gayrJhtJ'DtqihfawGukd jzwfoef;atmifjrifNyD; w&m;olBuD;tjzpftwnfjyKcefYtyfcH&NyD;wJhtcgrSmawmh&moufyefcefYtyfjcif;cH&wm (Lifetime Appointment) rdkYtJ'Dw&m;olBuD;[molY&JU&mxl;wnfNrJa&;twGufolYudka&G;cs,ftqdkjyKwJhorwudka&m olYukdtwnfjyKay;wJhtxufvTwfawmfudkyg rDScdkp&mrvdkawmhyg/ vGwfvyfpGm w&m;pD&ifEkdifygNyD/ olrSm;,Gif;NyD;? tusihfysufNyD;vGJrSm;wJhw&m;pD&ifrIrsdK;csrdrSyJolY&mxl;twGuftE&m,f&Sdygvdrhfr,f/ olY&JU w&m;pD&ifqHk;jzwfcsufawGudkvnf; w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfukdapmihfMuyfa0zefaewJhvlxktajcjyK tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? owif;rD'D,mrsm;u rjywfapmihfMunhfaeMu

wmrdkYolrSm;&ifrSm;ovdk jyemawGUrSmyg/ 'Dawmhtar&duef jynfaxmifpk&JU w&m;olBuD;a&G;cs,fyHkudktusOf;csKyfajym&&iforwuvnf;taumif;qHk;? toefY&Sif;qHk;vludka&G;cs,ftqdkjyKw,f/ txufvTwfawmfuvnf; taumif;qHk;? toefY&Sif;qHk;jzpfrStwnfjyKay;w,f/ NyD;&ifw&m;olBuD;awG[m &moufyefwm0efxrf;aqmifcGihf&SdwmrdkYtJ'Dw&m;olBuD;ukdorwua&m vTwfawmfuyg xkwfy,fcGifhr&Sd? olY&JUw&m;pD&ifrIrSm 0ifa&mufpGufzufcGihfr&Sd? w&m;olBuD;uvnf; orweJYvTwfawmfudkaMumufaezkdYrvdk/ 'gayrJholY&JUw&m;pD&ifrIukdapmihfMuyfMunfhIa0zefaer,fhvlxktzGJUtpnf;rsm;? owif;rD'D,mrsm;u olrSm;&ifrSm;ovkdIwfcszkdYtqifoihf&SdaeMu? 'DvdkeJYvGwfvyfwJh? oefY&Sif;wJhw&m;pD&ifa&;pepfudkwnfaqmufMu&ygw,f/

jrefrmEdkifiHu w&m;olBuD;a&G;cs,fyHkjrefrmEdkifiHu w&m;olBuD;a&G;cs,fyHkjrefrmEdkifiHu w&m;olBuD;a&G;cs,fyHkjrefrmEdkifiHu w&m;olBuD;a&G;cs,fyHkjrefrmEdkifiHu w&m;olBuD;a&G;cs,fyHkjrefrmEkdifiHrSmawmh2008 zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' yk'fr 299eJY308

t& EkdifiHawmforwu jynfaxmifpktqihfw&m;olBuD;rsm;udkomru

wkdif;a'oBuD;eJY jynfe,ftqifhw&m;olBuD;rsm;udkyg cefYtyfydkifcGifh&Sdygw,f/ orwu olcefYtyfwm0efay;csifwJhw&m;olBuD;avmif;rsm;&JUtrnfpm&if;udk jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudk wifoGif;&rSmjzpfayrJh if;yk*dKvfrsm;[m owfrSwfxm;wJht&nftcsif;rsm;eJYrjynhfpHkaMumif; txift&Sm;rjyEkdifygu jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfu orwtqdkjyKoludkjiif;y,f

cGihfr&Sdyg/ 'DjzpfpOfrSmvlxku yg0ifywfoufcGifh? tBuHjyKcGifh? uefYuGufcGifhvnf; r&Sdyg/ wpfcg a&G;cs,fcefYtyfvkdufwJh w&m;olBuD;rsm;[mjynfaxmifpktqihfqdk&iftouf70 txd? wkdif;a'oBuD;eJYjynfe,ftqifhqdk&iftouf65ESpftxdyJtrIxrf;cGifh&Sdygw,f/ 'DvdkeJYw&m;olBuD;rsm;[m vGwfvyfpGmw&m;pD&ifEkdifwJhtaetxm;rSmr&SdbJorwudkopmcH&wJhorw&JUvufatmufcH0efxrf;rsm;ozG,fjzpfvmygw,f/jrefrmEdkifiH&JUw&m;pD&ifa&;pepfuvnf; tkyfcsKyfa&;? Oya'jyKa&;tmPmrsm;eJYwef;wl&nfwltmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;jzpf&r,fhtpm; tpdk;&tzGJU&JUvufatmufcH,E&m;wpfcktjzpf NyD;cJhwJh ppftpdk;&rsm;vufxufu

twkdif; qufjzpfaeygw,f/

vTwfawmfudkyg xyfaMumufae&NyDvTwfawmfudkyg xyfaMumufae&NyDvTwfawmfudkyg xyfaMumufae&NyDvTwfawmfudkyg xyfaMumufae&NyDvTwfawmfudkyg xyfaMumufae&NyDtJ'DvdkorwvufatmufcHjzpfaewJhw&m;olBuD;awG[m tckawmh

vTwfawmfudkyg aMumufae&jyefygNyD/ b,ftcsdefrSm igwdkYudkzdwfMum;NyD;Mo0g'awGa>crvJ? b,ftcsdefrSm ighw&m;Hk;udka&Smifwcifppfaq;rvJpojzifhrvGwfvyfwJhw&m;pD&ifa&;pepfxJu rvGwfvyfwJhw&m;olBuD;awGjzpfaeMuygNyD/ 'DyHkeJYawmhw&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qdkwm a0;oxufa0;aeygOD;r,f/

w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;zkd Yqdk&ifw&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;zkd Yqdk&ifw&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;zkd Yqdk&ifw&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;zkd Yqdk&ifw&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;zkd Yqdk&ifw&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;zkdYtwGufta&;tBuD;qHk;u ckdifrmtm;aumif;wJh

vGwfvyfoefY&Sif;wJhw&m;pD&ifa&;pepfudkwnfaqmufzkdYjzpfygw,f/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPm udkifwG,fwJhtpdk;&eJYOya'jyKtmPmukdifwG,fwJhvTwfawmfwkdYu w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkwm if;wkdYtmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;eJY

5958


32/141


wef;wltzGJUtpnf;qdkwm vufcHzkdY? todtrSwfjyKzdkYvdkygw,f/ NyD;awmhtJ'Dw&m;pD&ifa&;pepfukdvGwfvyfapzkdYvdkygw,f/ w&m;olBuD;rsm;utpdk;&udka&m? vTwfawmfudkyg aMumufrae&atmifzefwD;ay;zdkYvdkygw,f/orwuvnf; w&m;olBuD;avmif;rsm;udka&G;cs,f&mrSm taumif;qHk;?toefY&Sif;qHk;awGudka&G;cs,fzkdYvdkygw,f/ vTwfawmfuvnf;taumif;qHk;?

toefY&Sif;qHk;r[kwf&if jiif;y,fEkdifwJhtmPm&Sd&ygr,f/ vlxkuvnf;w&m; olBuD;avmif;tay: olwkdY&JUoabmxm;tjrifudkwifjycGifh&Sd&ygr,f/ 'DtqihfawGukdjzwfausmfNyD; cefYtyfcH&wJhw&m;olBuD;[m olY&mxl;wnfNrJa&;twGuforwudka&m vTwfawmfudkvnf; rrSDcdkae&oihfygbl;/vlxkeJYvlYtcGifhta&;a&SUaetzGJUawG? owif;rD'D,mawGudkvnf; w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf? w&m;pD&ifrIawGudk rsufjcnfrjywf avhvmoHk;oyfaezkdYtm;ay;oifhygw,f/ 'DvdkrSyJuRefawmfwdkYEkdifiH[m w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;eJYeD;vmrSmyg/

pmNyD;&uf- Zefe0g&D4 ? 2013jynfolYacwf*sme,f? twGJ(3 )? trSwf(131) ? Zefe0g&D(31)? (2013)

6160


33/141


jrefrmEkdifiH&JU w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf[mrqvtpdk;&vufxufupvdkYppftpdk;&tqufqufwkdifatmiftkyfcsKyfa&; ,E&m;&JUvufatmufcHt

zGJYtpnf;wpfckvdk? tmPm&Siftpdk;&&JU zdESdyfa&;vufeufwpfckvdk&yfwnfcJh&wmyg/ w&m;olBuD;trsm;pk[m rdrd&JUqifjcifoHk;oyfrIeJYOya'eJYtnDpD&ifcsufcs&JwJhowdawGenf;yg;cJhNyD; axmufvSrf;a&;u TefMum;wJhqHk;jzwfcsufudkom toHxGufzwfjycJhMu&wmyg/ tmPmykdifawGeJYqufoG,faygufa&mufwJhcsrf;om


34/141


w&m;Oya'pdk;rkd;a&;rSm tenf;qHk; (1)EkdifiHtwGif; w&m;0ifwnf&Sdaeaom Oya'rsm;? (2) Oya'udktm;jznhfaom &J? tpkd;&a&SUae? axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? (3) w&m;Hk;rsm;ESihfw&m;olBuD;rsm;\ t&nftcsif;? vpmESifhtcGifhta&;rsm;? (4) w&m;cHbufrS&

Aung Din - Burmese Regime's Parliament - Perspective

Documents

Transcript of Aung Din - Burmese Regime's Parliament - Perspective