Aula 8 21032013 sii-vfinal

Sistemas de Informação para Indústria© António Grilo 2013Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica e Industrial

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Class 8

Business Process ModellingAno 2013

Sistemas de Informaçãopara a Indústria

António Grilo, Izunildo CabralProf. Auxiliar FCT-UNL,


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Content

• What is Business Process?• Examples of Business Process• Why modelling Business Process?• Business Process Modelling Standards (Approaches)• Business Process Modelling Notation (BPMN)• BPMN core elements• Description of BPMN core elements• BPMN: types of models/diagrams• Business Process Diagram (example)• Some considerations• References


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What is Business Process

Process is defined in the dictionary as “a series of actions, changes, or functions bringing a result” (Mili et al., 2010). There are so many other definitions but in essence all are the same: processes are relationships between inputs and outputs, where inputs are transformed into outputs using a series of activities, which add value to the inputs (Aguilar-Savén, R. S., 2004).

Business process is is “a set of one or more linked procedures or activities which collectively realize a business objective or policy goal, normally within the context of an organizational structure defining functional roles and relationships (Workflow Management Coalition, 1999).

Business process modelling (BPM) is a group of techniques that allow to model the business aspects necessaries for a correct performance and comprehension of the business process applications (Fernández et al., 2010). BPM is a flowchart of a business process, representing the flows or progression of activities and how they are linked toward some business goal.


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Examples of Business Process

There are several types of business process depending on the business area which can be classified in marketing, customer service, quality control, logistic, product design, tourism, etc: Make order Check inventory Prepare invoice Send invoice Select supplier Define production plan Request transportation Generate report Reserve Hotel Cancel Reserve


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Why modelling Business Process?

Business process modelling is important due to the following reasons:

Enable the capturing of existing processes by structurally representing their activities and inter-related elements.

Facilitate the compression and understanding of organisational or cross-organisational processes.

Improve process efficiency (cost and time) and quality by improving the business process (business process reengineering).

Allow the description of who performs each task or function, and where in the organisation (functionally or physically).

Provides sequencing and control information about process (main data/information associated to each process/activity).

Identify the systems requirements before their development (alignment of the systems with the underlying business processes).

Enable the identification of the cross-functional/organisational interfaces (interoperability issues).


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Business Process Modeling standards/approaches

Data Flow Diagram (DFD) System Flowcharts Resource-event-agent (REA) modelling IDEF0/IDEF3 models Extended Event-driven Process Chain Diagrams (EPC) Unified Modelling Language (UML) activity diagrams Business Process Diagram (Business Process Modelling Notation

– BPMN) Role Activity Diagrams (RADs)

For more detail, see: Carnaghan, Carla (2006). Business process modeling approaches in the context of process level audit risk assessment: An analysis and comparison , International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, Vol. 7.


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Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN)

The BPMN is a standard notation for capturing and designing business processes in the phases of systems design or systems redesign, especially at the level of domain analysis.

The first goal of BPMN is to provide a standard notation that is easily understandable by business analysts and users (its primary goal is human understanding).

Provides a set of standard notations (BPMN) elements for modelling business process.

Focuses on the dynamic aspects of business process. Allows the creation of end-to-end business process in the form of

Business Process Diagram (BPD).


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BPMN core elements

Source: Rodriguez et al., 2007


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BPMN core elements

Source: http://www.bpmn.org/Samples/Elements/Core_BPMN_Elements.htm - 28-02-2011

http://www.bpmn.org/Samples/Elements/Core_BPMN_Elements.htm%20-%2028-02-2011




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Description of the BPMN core elements

Event – something that “happens” during the execution of a business process and starts, ends, delays, or interrupts the flow. Start (starting point of a BPD) – in a supplier-customer relationship, the

process can start with the customer contact. Intermediate (occur between a Start event and an End Event, or more

precisely, between two sequenced processes). End (indicates the end of a BPD) – in a supplier-customer relationship,

the process can end with the order delivery (close order).


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Activities – is a work that an organisation (actor) performs via business processes. Task (atomic) – procedure carried out by an actor in order to achieve

an objective. Is used when the work in the process is not broken down to a finer level of process model detail.

Sub-process (non-atomic) – set of activities, gateways, and its sequence flow. Is a compound activity in that it has detail that is defined as a flow of other activities.

Process (non atomic, no notation) – is a sequence of activities that are supported by one or more participants (actors).


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Sub-process There are two notation forms for sub-processes: expanded and collapsed. The interior of an expanded sub-process diagrams its detailed flow. Incoming and out-going sequence flow must never be connected with the internal elements, but only with the boundary of the sub-process.


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Activities


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Collapsed and Expanded Sub-process


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Connecting objects

Sequence flow – shows the order of execution of activities within a BPD, from start to end event.Message flow – symbolises the information that is exchanged between participants (actors). Participants use messages to communicate with one another. Association – An association connects a data object with a flow object (activity, gateway, or event), a message flow, or a sequence flow.


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Message flow (some considerations)A message flow is used to show the flow of messages between two participants (pools) that are able to send and receive them.

The following connection rules for message flows must be taken into account. Message flows are permitted: Between two separate pools Between pool and flow object Between two flow objects


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Association(some considerations)Information, such as text annotations and data objects, can be appended to the model elements to be documented using the association.

Associations can be directional or non-directional and are modelled with a dotted line:


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Message flow (example)


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Connecting objects (some errors)


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Connecting objects (some errors)

Error 1: Sequence flow between pools is not permitted. Error 2: The direction of the message flow is incorrect. It must lead

from the throw to the catch event. Error 3: Flow objects must never be on the boundary of a pool or a

lane. Error 4: Message flows between lanes are not permitted. Error 5: Flow objects must never be on the boundary of a pool or a

lane.


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Connecting message flows


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Artifact – is a graphical object that provides supporting information about the process or elements within the process. However, it does not affect the flow of the process.


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Artifacts

Group – is a visual mechanism to group elements of a diagram informally.


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Description of the BPMN core elementsArtifacts

Text annotations – are a mechanism for a modeller to provide additional information for the reader of a BPMN diagram.Data object – is a business object that can be generated, required, changed, or destroyed by an activity. Moreover, a data object can have a specific state.


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Associations vs data objects/ message/sequence flows

Directional associations between data objects and message or sequence flows are not permitted. Associations have no direction in sequence or message flows.


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Gateway – depicts the control of divergence and convergence of the sequence flow of the elements in a BPD. Thus, it will determine branching, forking, merging, and joining of paths. Can be parallel (AND), exclusive (XOR), inclusive (OR) or complex.

Parallel – splits the sequence flow into two or more parallel flows and joins the parallel flows again.

Exclusive – restricts the sequence flow in such a way that exactly one alternative is selected from a set of alternatives at runtime.

Inclusive – sequence flow continues along one or more alternative pathways, depending on branch conditions.


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Parallel gateway


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Exclusive gateway


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Inclusive gateway


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Complex gateway


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Swimlanes – frequently, different roles, such as customer, organisation units, or an IT system participate in the handling of a business flow. Swimlanes structure a process according to organisational aspects. A swimlane is a graphical container for partitioning a set of activities from other activities.

Pool – represents a participant in a process and acts as the container for the sequence flow between activities (suppliers, focal firm, distribution centre, final customers, or a supply chain).

Lanes (within a pool) – is a sub-partition within a pool. Lanes are used to organise and categorize activities (internal organisation units or roles.


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Pools and lanes (some considerations)

Pools can be aligned vertically or horizontally. Every process is always located in a pool. A pool can contain multiple lanes, but each lane must always be completely within a single pool. Lanes can be further subdivided into more lanes too. All activities are always completely within a pool or within a lane.


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BPM: types of models/diagrams

Private (internal) business processes – internal to an organisation.

Source: Mili et al., 2010


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Abstract (public) business processes – represents the interaction points between a process that is internal to an organisation and the outside world.



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Collaboration (global) business processes – describe the interaction between two or more business entities, each of which has its own internal processes.



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Examples of Business Process Diagram

Source: Cabral, I. F. 2011


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Some considerations

Business analysts vs business users- The business analysts are the unique capable of modelling the

business process because they are the unique users that know and

understand the notations because of their technical capability. On

the other hand some business users can understand the notation

but they are not able to model their own business processes.

- Other problem is the impossibility of business analysts to model all

aspects of business because they do not have the sufficient

knowledge of the business processes to be modelled.


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References

- Cabral, I. F. (2011). An Information Model for Lean, Agile, Resilient and Green

Supply Chain Management. Master thesis, FCT/UNL

- (OMG), O. M. G. (January 2011). Business Process Model and Notation

(BPMN) (version 2.0)

- Curtis, B., Kellner, M. I., & Over, J. (1992). Process modeling. Communications

of the ACM. 35(9), 75 - 90

- Mili, H., Tremblay, G., Jaoude, G. B., Lefebvre, E., Elabed, L., & El Boussaidi,

G. (2010). Business Process Modeling Languages: Sorting Through the

Alphabet Soup. [Article]. Acm Computing Surveys, 43(1), 56.

- Hammer, M., & Champy, J. (1993). Reengineering the Corporation. New York:

Harper Business


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References

- Rodriguez, A., Fernandez-Medina, E., & Piattini, M. (2007). A BPMN extension

for the modeling of security requirements in business processes. Ieice

Transactions on Information and Systems, E90D(4), 745-752. doi:

10.1093/ietisy/e90-d.4.745

- Fernández, H. F., Palacios-González, E., García-Díaz, V., Pelayo G-Bustelo, B.

C., Sanjuán Martínez, O., & Cueva Lovelle, J. M. (2010). SBPMN — An easier

business process modeling notation for business users. Computer Standards &

Interfaces, 32(1–2), 18-28. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2009.04.006

- http://www.bpmn.org/Samples/Elements/Core_BPMN_Elements.htm - 28-02-2011

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2009.04.006

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2009.04.006



Aula 8 21032013 sii-vfinal

Technology

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