Attention 1. Definitions of Attention Concentration of mental resources Allocation of mental...
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Attention
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Definitions of Attention
• Concentration of mental resources
• Allocation of mental resources
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Multiple Aspect of Attention
• Divided attention
• Selective attention
• Theories of attention
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Divided Attention
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Reinitz & Colleagues (1974)
Divided Attention Condition
Subjects count the dots
Full Attention Condition
No instruction about dots
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Proportion of Responses that were “old” for Each of Two Study Conditions and Two Test Conditions
(Reinitz & Colleagues, 1994).
Study Condition
TestCondition
Full Attention Divided Attention
Old Face
ConjunctionFaces
.81
.48
.48
.42
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Divided Attention & Practice
• Hirst, et. al. 1980
• Spelke, 1976
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Demo
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Upset
Hotel
Judge
Employment
Map
Indulge
Pencil
Problem
Key
Terrible
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Can we always divide our attention with practice?
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Cell Phones & Driving – What Does the Research on Divided Attention Show?
• Is it safe to drive while talking on a cell phone?• Some states have passed legislation prohibiting
hand-held but not hands-free cell phones. Does this make any sense
• What about talking to someone in the car while driving versus talking on a cell phone?
• What are the chances of an accident?• Does practice make a difference? Why not?• Compare driving under the influence to cell phone
driving11
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Selective Attention
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Selective Attention (Dichotic Listening Task)
• Shadowing
• Irrelevant Channel
• Cocktail Party Effect - Morray (1959)
• Wood and Cowan (1995)
• Treisman (1960)
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Dichotic Listening Task
T, 5, H
LEFT
T
5
H
RIGHT
S
3
G
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Cocktail Effect
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Treisman’s Shadowing Study
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Stroop Effect
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Experiment 1
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Read the Word.
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Green
Blue
Red
Purple
Green
Blue
Orange
Red
Blue
Green
Red
Blue
Orange
Green
Blue
Red
Purple
Orange
Green
Black
Stop!
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Read the Word. Ignore the color
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Green
Blue
Red
Purple
Green
Blue
Orange
Red
Blue
Green
Red
Blue
Orange
Green
Blue
Red
Purple
Orange
Green
Black
Stop!
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Experiment 2
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Name the Color of the Ink
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xxxxx
xxx
xxx
xxxxxx
xxxxx
xxxxx
xxxxxx
xxx
xxxx
xxxxx
xxx
xxxx
xxxxxx
xxxxx
xxxx
xxx
xxxxxx
xxxxxx
xxxxx
xxxxx
Stop!
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Name the Color (e.g. Red say “blue”)
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Green
Blue
Red
Purple
Green
Blue
Orange
Red
Blue
Green
Red
Blue
Orange
Green
Blue
Red
Purple
Orange
Green
Black
Stop!
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Stroop’s 3 Experiments
• Exp 1 - Selectively attend to the verbal aspect of the stimulus; ignore ink color
• Exp 2 – Selectively attend to the ink color of the stimulus; ignore verbal aspect
• Exp 3 – Why does ignoring the verbal aspect of the stimulus interfere strongly with color naming; but not the reverse?
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Change Blindness Video
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Theories of Attention
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Filter Models of Attention
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Capacity Model of Attention
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Diagnostic Criteria for Automatic and Controlled ProcessesAutomatic Controlled
1. The process occurs withoutintention , wit hout a consciousdecision.
2. the mental process is not open toconscious awareness orintrospection.
3. The process consumes few i f anyconscious resources; that is, itconsumes littl e if any consciousattention.
4. (Informal) The process operatesvery rapid ly, usually w ithin onesecond.
1. The process occurs only withintention , wit h a deli beratedecision.
2. The process is open to awarenessand introspection .
3. The process uses consciousresources; that is, it d rains the poolof conscious attentional capacity.
4. (Informal) The process is relativelyslow, taking more than a second ortw o for completion.
Part ial Autonomy/ AutomaticityA process is said to be partially autonomous if it can begin automatically butrequi res a more conscious set of operations for completion (see Zbrodoff &Logan, 1986).
Diagnostic Criteria for Automatic Processes
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Cerebral Cortex & Attention
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