AtoHE Project - Energy Sources How Clean is Green

7/31/2019 AtoHE Project - Energy Sources How Clean is Green

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Daniel Ireland Energy Sources 2011/2012

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Researched and published by Daniel Ireland


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Contents Page

Title Page Page 1

Contents Page - Page 2

Introduction Page 3

Brief Information on Renewable Energys:-

Biofuel Page 4

Biomass Page 5

Geothermal Page(s) 6 & 7

Hydro electricity Page 8

Solar Power Page(s) 9 & 10

Tidal Power Page 11

Wave power Page 12

Wind Power Page 13

Fossil Fuels Page 14

Nuclear Energy Page(s) 15 & 16

Research/analysis/conclusion of work exp. at United Utilities Page(s) 17 - 18

Analysis & Conclusions of Research Page(s) 19 - 22

References Page 23


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Renewable Energy

This project is based on sources of renewable energy, fossil fuel energy, nuclear and

the facts surrounding them. It will be looking at both sides of the argument for andagainst the use of fossil fuels, renewable energy & fuels and nuclear energy.

The need for renewable sources of energy and their derived fuels is becoming

increasingly important in todays society, as soaring energy costs and concern for

co carbon footprints, due to the use of fossil fuels. The other major factor is that

fossil fuels are not a limitless supply and as they become rarer the cost will be

extreme.

It would seem then that governments and energy companies taking action now and

heavily investing in new sources would not only be a boost to the economy but alsoensure that the future is bright for our children. It is also important for heavy

investment now as energy bills are continually rising and customers incomes are not

rising at the same rate. It is no longer affordable for many people nowadays, whether

this is down to what customers perceive as greedy energy companies and their

profits or the fact that fossil fuels are no longer a financially and sustainable viable

option, remains to be seen.

There are incentive schemes the government run at the moment such as the

Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI). These are designed by the government to invest in

alternative energy, reducing the impact on both the demand for fossil fuels and alsoreduce carbon emissions.

A quarter of the UKs carbon emissions come from the energy used in homes and a

similar amount comes from our businesses, industry and workplaces. The UK

government's target is to reduce those emissions by 2050.

Green Deal is a new government initiative designed to help meet the upfront cost of

making your home more energy efficient. Due to be launched in late 2012, the Green

Deal will allow you to install energy-efficiency measures and pay for the

improvements with the savings on your fuel bill. Although you will repay the cost overtime, this is not a conventional personal loan as the charge is attached to the meter

and paid back through your fuel bill. If you move out, the idea is that the new

occupant will pick up the charge while also benefiting from a more energy-efficient

property.

I hope by the end of this project to have provided detailed and structured arguments

for both sides concerning all the options available with energy/fuel and make a

judgement based on the facts.

I aim to answer some of the questions and concerns surrounding renewable energy.


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Biofuel

A biofuel is a fuel that is mainly derived from biomass or bio waste (biological carbon

fixation). One type of biofuel is biodiesel, which is made from used vegetable oil. It

can be when mixed with mineral diesel, be used in any diesel engine.

Another biofuel is bioalcohol. These are biologically produced and include methanol,

ethanol, propanol and butanol which all have high octane ratings. Butanol can bedirectly used as a replacement for gasoline however it is currently more difficult to

produce than methanol or ethanol.

Ethanol is the most commonly used biofuel in the world and when used in a mixture

with gasoline and 15% bioethanol, as it contains a higher octane, this is considered

more efficient when burnt. However, ethanol has lower energy content, so to drive

the same distance would require more fuel. When ethanol is burnt in the combustion

chambers, this has a corrosive effect. Aluminium, rubber hoses, gaskets and fuel

systems are also corroded by ethanol.

Biogas is another example of biofuel. Biogas is created when organic materials such

as; biomass, green waste, sewage and plant material are anaerobically digested by

anaerobes. Biogas consists of mainly methane and carbon dioxide. It can also

include hydrogen sulphide, moisture and siloxanes. Digestate is a by-product of the

production process and can be used as a biofuel or fertilizer.

Finding credible data on whether biofuel carbon emissions are lower than fossil fuel

derivatives if difficult, as there a large number of factors to consider, such as land

space being used for planting crops, fertilizers and machinery etc. More research is

needed to clarify this. What is clear however is that biofuels derived from wasteproducts, such as waste water treatment and household waste etc., are far lower in


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terms of carbon emissions than fossil fuels. Plus there is the added bonus that these

wastes are being used for good purposes, rather than being dumped out at sea or

landfill sites.

Biomass

Biomass is a renewable energy source, which comes from sources such as; food

waste, industrial waste, wood, plant crops and sewage. They are biological materials

from living or recently living organisms. There are many benefits to using biomass

including it being carbon lean, can be sourced locally thus supporting the local

economy and less atmospheric pollutants generated from biomass.

Products of biomass include biogas, digestate and liquid liquor. These occur when

the biomass is processed through an anaerobic digester. The biogas produced can

be used to power generators which in turn provide electricity.

The use of biomass as a renewable energy source is becoming ever increasingly

popular as it is proving to be a sustainable method of harnessing energy from thesources and turning it into other kinds of energy.

When waste water is being treated by water utilities, they take raw sewage

(biomass) through a process. From this process, the sludge is then put through the

anaerobic digesters, which in turn creates biogas, digestate and liquid liquor. The

biogas is used to power generators which create electricity. As the generators run

and begin to get hot, this allows for the combustion to be most efficient. Heat is then

extracted from the generator which is then turned into steam thus creating more

electricity. The digestate can then be used as a compost alternative and the liquid

liquor used as fertilizer.


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Geothermal

Geothermal energy is thermal energy trapped between the earths core and its crust.

It is considered cost effective, reliable, sustainable and environmentally friendly. This

being said, there are some concerns that the fracturing process can cause seismic

events and trigger earthquakes.

Greenhouse gases are emitted from the geothermal wells, but these emissions are

much lower per energy unit than fossil fuels. As the technology is advancing, more ofthese emissions can be captured and injected back into the earths crust.

There are a few different processes that can be done with the geothermal energy

sources. One is to create electricity, another is by direct application.

When the geothermal energy is directly applied, the geothermal heat pump will pump

heated water round anywhere that space heating is required. In Reykjavik, Iceland,

spent water from these kinds of systems is then pumped round pipes under

pavements and roads, keeping them ice and snow free in the winter.

The Eden Project in Cornwall has recently gone ahead with a plan for a Geothermal

heating district. With a capacity of 3-4MW electric and the ability to generate 95% of

the time, it should produce enough electricity to supply Eden and around 3,500

households, as well as heating for the Biomes and possibly some district heating. It

is hoped that power will be delivered from late 2013.

The plant will be made up of two boreholes, driven around 4.5km into the granitebeneath Eden. The rock at that depth is at about 180C. Water injected down thefirst borehole will be returned to the surface at around 180C via the secondborehole. The superheated water will be used to generate electricity, and will then be

returned to the injection borehole.


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An EGS plant is very efficient when compared to many other systems. Around 30%of the power created by the plant will go back into pumping water around the system,so it can be said to be about 70% efficient overall. The plant should cover an areaabout the size of a rugby pitch, and the buildings no more than 10m (30ft) tall. Unlikeother sources of renewable energy, the plant will be able to run 24 hours a day more

than 345 days a year.

Geothermal is not suitable for all, as drilling anywhere within an unstable tectonic

region can potentially trigger earthquakes. Also, the earths crust has different depthswith places where it is thin termed a hot spot. These are more ideal for geothermaltechnology due to less drilling required and more heat available to meet energy

demands.


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Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectric power is the energy derived from flowing water. This can be from rivers

or man-made installations, where water flows from a high-level reservoir down

through a tunnel and away from a dam.

Turbines placed within the flow of water extract its kinetic energy and convert it to

mechanical energy. This causes the turbines to rotate at high speed, driving a

generator that converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy.

The amount of hydroelectric power generated depends on the water flow and the

vertical distance (known as head) the water falls through.

It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, which when completed, there is

no direct waste created and the greenhouse gases emitted are considerably lower

than the fossil fuel alternative. The greenhouse gases (methane) come from organic

matter being submerged. As this matter breaks down, this creates methane which is

released to the atmosphere when water passes through the turbines. There are not

any carbon emissions from hydroelectricity.

As hydroelectricity can be generated 24 hours a day, this is a good source for

renewable energy as opposed to some of the other options.

The disadvantages to hydroelectricity however, are that sometimes a river may be

completely diverted or a large space of land flooded to create a reservoir. This can

have a damaging and lasting impact upon the eco system immediately surrounding

the dam. Another issue is that the temperature of the water that is released back into

the river is warmer, meaning that this can cause problems with wildlife. These

problems can essentially have a damaging and lasting impact on the localecosystem.


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Solar Power

Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity.

Solar Power is currently, possibly one of the best available sources for renewable

energy. This is because it is completely green and a constant free energy source.

There are three different types of solar power; photovoltaic, concentrated solar

power and chemical solar power.

With photovoltaic, this is done by the solar panels capturing the photons which cause

the free electrons in the panels to move about, creating energy which flows using the

positive and negative terminals of the solar panels.

Concentrated solar power is where mirrors/lenses track the suns movement and

direct the beam on to a central tower which is used as a hear source.

Chemical solar power is where a chemical reaction is started by applying energy

from solar power to start the chain.


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Another new alternative is that of artificial photosynthesis. Although development is

at an early stage, it has been somewhat achieved. The idea is simple, take water

and use sunlight to split it thus creating energy.

Photosynthesis is all about using the sun's energy to split water into its constituents,

hydrogen and oxygen, and rearranging them into chemically more energetic

molecules - in the case of plants, carbohydrates made with the help of atmospheric

carbon dioxide. The idea is not just to replicate this, but to develop something better

and more efficient.


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Tidal Power

Tidal energy is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of the tides into

electricity or other useful forms of power. The tide is created by the gravitational

effect of the sun and the moon on the earth. Tidal energy is therefore a predictable

form of renewable energy, which can be harnessed in two forms:

Tidal Range

Tidal range occurs due to the movement of large volumes of water in the sea. As the

tides move (flow and ebb), the increasing water volume in an area causes the water

level to rise near the coast (high tide) and this reverses as the tide turns and thewater moves away from the coastline. The amplitude of these effects is dependent

upon the gravitational pull from the sun and moon and the local coastal morphology.

Barrages and lagoons use this potential energy component of the tide to generate

energy.

Tidal Stream

This is the flow of water as the tide ebbs and floods, and manifests itself as tidal

current. Tidal stream devices seek to extract energy from this kinetic movement of

water, much as wind turbines extract energy from the movement of the air.


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Wave Power

Waves are generated by the wind as it blows across the sea surface. Energy is

transferred from the wind to the waves.

Wave energy is sometimes confused with tidal energy, which is quite different.

Waves travel vast distances across oceans at great speed. The longer and stronger

the wind blows over the sea surface, the higher, longer, faster and more powerful the

sea is. The energy within a wave is proportional to the square of the wave height, so

a two-meter high wave has four times the power of a one-meter high wave.

Wave power works in various ways, with their being numerous different designs for

the means of capturing the energy in the waves.

One of these ways is the Pelamis device (seen above right) which works

hydraulically. The Pelamis machine consists of a series of semi-submerged

cylindrical sections linked by hinged joints. As waves pass along the length of the

machine, the sections move relative to one another. The wave-induced motion of the

sections is resisted by hydraulic cylinders which pump high pressure oil through

hydraulic motors via smoothing hydraulic accumulators. The hydraulic motors drive

electrical generators to produce electricity

Other methods include attenuators and buoys, again with various designs available.


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Wind Power

Wind turbines harness the power of the wind and use it to generate electricity. Forty

percent of all the wind energy in Europe blows over the UK, making it an ideal

country for domestic turbines (known as 'microwind' or 'small-wind' turbines). A

typical system in an exposed site could easily generate more power for your

electrical appliances use.

Wind energy uses the kinetic energy of the wind and turns into electrical energy.

Initial costs are quite steep, but in the long run they will prove to be much more cost

effective.

Wind turbines work by converting the kinetic energy carried by the wind. The wind

drives the propeller blades round which in turn, generates electricity which is then

exported back to the grid and distributed.

Although wind energy is a relatively cheap option when compared with some of the

alternatives, there are drawbacks that come with using the turbines. These being

that the turbines are unsightly. Also, wind is difficult to predict meaning that

generation of electricity would cease at times.

Wind turbines tend to be by the coast, at sea or in hilly regions where the greatest

chance of strong winds are to occur.


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Fossil Fuels

Fossil fuels firstly, fall in to 3 main categories. These are: Coal, Oil and Natural Gas.

These can then be broken down in to their derivatives.

Oil The derivatives start with Fuel Oil, Diesel Oil and Kerosene. These continue toNaphtha, Gasoline (Petrol) and Refinery Gases. As the price of crude oil continues

to increase, the demand for cheaper and cleaner alternatives will surely increase.

Coal This can be burnt directly to generate electricity and is currently (Aug 2011)

the cheapest method of generating electricity. Coal provides 29.6% of global primary

energy needs and generates 42% of the world's electricity.

There are also the derivatives of coal such as CTL (Coal to Liquid). The two methods

used for CTL are; direct liquefaction, this works by dissolving the coal in a solvent at

high temperature and pressure. This process is highly efficient, but the liquidproducts require further refining to achieve high grade fuel characteristics. The

second method is; indirect liquefaction, this gasifies the coal to form a syngas (a

mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide). The syngas is then condensed over a

catalystthe Fischer-Tropsch process to produce high quality, ultra-clean

products. Ultra-clean petrol and diesel can be then made from CTL. Although this

ultra-clean petrol produces fewer emissions than standard petrol, overall, the

process of CTL produces more emissions.

The environmental impact of Coal over the years has been widely publicised, with it

getting mostly negative press about it being considered as a dirty fuel. With

technological advances, the capture of emissions and particulates created from the

process of generating electricity or CTL has improved and there is also the possibility

of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) which would further offset the co emissions.

Natural Gas In its purest form, it is almost pure methane. Ethane, butane and

propane are also associated with natural gas. Natural gas is a vital component of the

world's supply of energy. It is one of the cleanest, safest, and most useful of all

energy sources. It is the cleanest of the fossil fuels, having fewer emissions. This is

because the main products when under combustion are carbon dioxide and water

vapour, the same as which we breathe out.


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Nuclear Energy

There are 2 types of Nuclear energy, Fission and Fusion.

Nuclear fission - This is the splitting of an atom's nucleus to release heat. Nuclear

power stations use the fission of uranium-235 to heat water. All nuclear reactors

produce radioactive waste. At present the most dangerous waste is sealed in glass-

like blocks which are buried deep within rocks. Careless disposal of waste in the past

has led to pollution of land, rivers and the ocean.

Nuclear fission is increasingly becoming outdated. The cons far outweigh its only

pro of it producing carbon free energy. Nuclear reactors, whilst being largely

unpopular and extremely expensive, produce waste material that currently has no

viable long term solution for safe disposable.

There is also the problem with the safety of Nuclear reactors following accidents

such as Chernobyl and Fukushima. Such incidents have highlighted the safety

concerns and forced some governments into abandoning use of their reactors.

The last such problem is the threat of terrorism. This alone causes alarm to many

about the potential catastrophe of such an attack taking place.

Nuclear Fusion This is the process that heats the Sun and all other stars, where

atomic nuclei collide together and release energy (in the form of neutrons). Fusionscientists and engineers are developing the technology to use this process in

tomorrow's power stations.

To get energy from fusion, gas from a combination of types of hydrogen deuterium

and tritium is heated to very high temperatures (100 million degrees Celsius). One

way to achieve these conditions is a method called magnetic confinement'

controlling the hot gas (known as a plasma) with strong magnets. The most

promising device for this is the tokamak', a Russian word for a ring-shaped magnetic

chamber.


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A Nuclear Fusion Reactor, called the International Thermonuclear Experimental

Reactor (ITER) is currently being built in the South France. ITER is a large-scale

scientific experiment that aims to demonstrate that it is possible to produce

commercial energy from fusion. The outcome remains to be seen, but in theory,

nuclear fusion does propose an interesting way forward for potentially supplying thefuture of our worlds energy demands.


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Research whilst on work experience at United Utilities Wastewater Treatment Plant

and analysis/conclusions

I observed whilst on work experience with United Utilities in Oct 11 that they were

not only treating the waste water but also making use of the by-products of the

process. They are the water utility service provider for the North West and Cumbria.

They are actually underway with a project to extend their waste water capabilities at

their Davyhulme WWT site. This includes upgrading their on-site generators

powering the plant from 2 to 5.

The process starts with treating the sludge, then putting the sludge through

anaerobic digesters which break down the sludge, which in turn produces by-

products such as gas, digestate and liquid liquor. The gas is extracted and is used to

power the generators (which under their project scheme are being upgraded from 2

to 5). This will actually allow the site to export electricity back to the grid. Thiscoupled with the carbon credits scheme makes this kind of renewable energy

lucrative.

They also are involved in making biodiesel from the algae during the waste treatment

process. The algae can be mixed with diesel to create biodiesel thus cutting carbon

emissions.

They are involved in a scheme called SUPRABIO. Between February 2010 and

January 2014, 16 partner organisations will be undertaking research with the aim of

developing sustainable and competitive bio-refinery processing schemes for a rangeof geographical and social conditions.

United Utilities Water has been responsible for many innovative developments in the

water industry. A notable recent development is Enzymic Hydrolysis, which has

become the new standard for sewage sludge treatment in the UK delivering

enhanced biogas production and superior pathogen control capability.

Such innovative ideas of rethinking how we manage our waste and by products are

not only kinder to the environment but also potentially lucrative. Their involvement in

schemes such as SUPRABIO, aiming to produce biodiesel shows initiative to be atthe forefront of future technology aimed at improving the use of by-products of waste

water treatment. United Utilities are a FTSE100 listed company and with regards to

the schemes they are involved in, it isnt hard to see why.

Learning about these things, albeit initially not in such detail, ultimately led me to

create this beginners guide report on alternative energy sources etc.


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This diagram shows the SUPRABIO model process (which includes United Utilities)

for sustainable and competitive biofuels.


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Analysis & Conclusions of Research

In a world with an ever increasing demand for energy, the need for alternative

energy sources is rising. This coupled with the environmental challenge of reducing

carbon emissions means a lot of research and development of current and new

technologies to try and find an abundant energy source that fits the bill.

From my research I have come to the conclusion that when all things are

considered, nuclear fusion, for me is the future. If they can achieve their research

goals on fusion, then it has the potential to not only provide a new virtually carbon

free energy source, but to open the door of possibility to developing the technology

for other purposes.

All the energy sources have their different pros and cons. But it really depends on

your reason for looking at alternative energy. If you look at it from the angle of

tackling climate change, then you would tend to lean towards green sources ofenergy. Although again, this depends on which side of the argument you stand on

with regards to global warming. Some people believe it is a myth, and others believe

it is responsible for many of the changing patterns in the weather system.

There are truths and facts in the climate change debate. Such as:

The Earths surface has warmed by about 0.75C on average since around 1900

and by around 0.4C since the 1970s.

More than 30 billion tonnes of CO2 are emitted globally each year by burning fossilfuels.

The Carbon Emissions Reduction Target (CERT) requires all domestic energy

suppliers with a customer base in excess of 250,000 customers to make savings in

the amount of CO2 emitted by householders. Suppliers meet this target by promoting

the uptake of low carbon energy solutions to household energy consumers, thereby

assisting them to reduce the carbon footprint of their homes.

The primary aim of CERT is to make a contribution to the UKs legally binding target

under the Kyoto protocol (to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 12.5% below 1990

levels by 2008-2012) and the Climate Change Act 2008 requirement (to cut

emissions of greenhouse gas emissions by 80% below 1990 levels by 2050).

However, CERT will also help: reduce energy demand; enhance the UKs security of

supply; reduce energy bills for those receiving measures; reduce fuel poverty; and,

secure jobs in energy efficiency industries.

The following diagram from New Scientist explains the global warming effect.


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So it would seem that using any energy that does not derive from the suns heat will

increase the warming effect on the planet. This leaves wind, hydro and wave power

to supply energy without altering the balance of the planet.

This in turn though, can cause other potential problems. Renewable energy sources

can also affect the climate. Wind farms are one such potential problem. They can

affect the local climate where they are situated. Surface temperatures behind the

wind turbines were higher than in front during the night, but as much as 4C lower by

day. It is thought that this is caused by turbulence which sucks air down from above.

Farmers in California and Florida are already using strategically placed turbines to

combat frost by sucking down warmer air.

It is possible, that on a large enough scale, trying to harness the winds power will

alter the patterns thus altering the movement of the different weather fronts that bring

the heat, cold and rainfall with it.

Solar Power could also affect the climate of the planet by making it less reflective.

The effects of this however, would depend proportionally on the efficiency of the

solar power technology.

So looking at some of the options, it seems that harnessing the green energies can

bring with it complications. Perhaps then, another approach would better suit our

needs. What if, existing fossil fuel methods of electricity generation were developed

to be more efficient, carbon was captured and stored underground and particulates

collected preventing pollution. Would this satiate the energy demand? I think the

answer may lie somewhere else, as fossil fuels are a limited source.

Personally, I think that updating and making more efficient technologies alongside

introducing long term energy options is the best solution. I think having numerous

energy sources would keep the market competitive for consumers and reduce the

demand on any particular source.

If, like I said earlier, nuclear fusion is the way forward, is it possible to offset the

warming effect on the planet of creating energy. Perhaps with CCS (Carbon Capture

& Storage) offsetting other carbon emissions, we could utilise geo-engineering to

return the planet to equilibrium thus avoiding climate change.

Would this idea ever work? Well in theory you would have to say it would. Nuclear

fusion is in development already and the idea (although needing more research) of

geo-engineering seems a distinct possibility. This idea hints at artificially inducing the

planets weather systems to reduce the warming effect created by free energy. This

could also lead the way to manipulating the weather patterns to suit the needs of

farmers etc. For example, farmers and drought regions getting rain when needed.

Lastly, I find that my own approach to energy sources is that of an ethical one. I

believe in recycling waste materials and not in land fill sites. Whatever you add or


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take from this planet must be balanced either way. Life has a cycle, not just for us,

but for every other species on the planet including animals and plants.

As a human race, through evolution we have mastered many skills to become the

dominant species on the planet. We now need to master harnessing energy sources,

as this will surely lead to a brighter future for us all. There is a fine balance that we

must try and work to, because sooner or later if we dont, we will have a problem that

we may not be able to do anything about. So whilst the choice to take action

regarding energy sources is here, we should do our upmost to address it.

Recycling also has a bearing on the demand for energy sources. If we can recycle

virtually everything and find uses for their by-products, then surely this can help

reduce the demand on fossil fuel derived energy sources.

Such an example of this would be the treatment of waste water. There is a process

which finds excellent uses for these by-products of waste. The sludge has algaewhich contains oil. This oil can be mixed with diesel to create biodiesel, reducing the

demand on the need for diesel.

When the sludge is then put through anaerobic digesters, this gives off a gas, which

can then be used to power generators which in turn create electricity. The final

digestate when dried can be used as compost alternative and liquid liquor used as a

fertilizer. So the benefits of this are there to be seen, not only environmentally, but

financially.

These processes are already implemented in places, by utility waste water treatmentcompanies. If these processes were more wide scale, then there would be less

dumping of sludge out at sea and more benefits to be had from the by-products.

Other companies are also looking at ways of implementing biodiesel. It not only

makes transport kinder to the environment with the carbon emission savings, but

with the constant rising price of diesel also makes financial sense.

Nowadays companies are becoming more environmentally conscious and want to be

environmentally sustainable. With the constantly rising price of oil and governments

targets of carbon emission saving, biodiesel is ever increasingly looking like a sound,viable option.

To conclude, I believe nuclear fusion and geo-engineering will return the planet to

equilibrium in regards to carbon emissions & the global warming effect. This will

bring us to become a type-I civilization (type-I civilization refers to work by Dr Michio

Kaku).

Ultimately once nuclear fusion is mastered, this will allow us to harness the power of

a star and although an entirely different subject altogether, I believe fusion will power

space travel.


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References

Wikipedia

Scienceonline.co.uk

decc.gov.uk

energy-saving-trust.org.uk

tidalenergyltd.com

pelamiswave.com

stockporthomes.org

ofgem.gov.uk

edenproject.com

worldcoal.org

naturalgas.org

ccfe.ac.uk

iea.org

iter.org

conserve-energy-future.com

newscientist.com

clickgreen.org.uk

suprabio.ee

United Utilities

AtoHE Project - Energy Sources How Clean is Green

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